This document provides an overview of changes in India from approximately 700 CE to 1750 CE. It discusses how maps of India changed significantly over this thousand-year period as information improved. New social and political groups emerged during this time taking advantage of economic opportunities. Religions like Hinduism and Islam saw major developments as beliefs evolved with changes in social organization. Historians study this period using sources like manuscripts, coins, inscriptions and architecture, though manuscripts pose challenges due to copying errors over time.
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS 6 HISORY CHAPTER WHAT WHERE HOW AND WHEN
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 6 CHAPTER IN THE EARLIEST CITIES HARAPPAN CIVILISATION MOHANJODARO KALIBANGAN GREAT BATH FIRE ALTER LOTHAL DOCKYARD
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS 6 HISORY CHAPTER WHAT WHERE HOW AND WHEN
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RC Plus Two History Chapter-2 Kings, Farmers, And Towns:
Early State and Economies (C 600 BCE - 600 CE)
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvspzI2XZhkwBn2qbS_q8Q
Why do we need political parties?
Functions of Political Parties
Parties contest elections
Parties put forward different policies and programm
Parties make laws for a country
Parties form and run governments
Losing party play the role of opposition
Parties shape public opinion
Parties provide people access to government machinery
and welfare schemes implemented by governments
Why parties are a necessary condition for democracy ?
One-party systems
Two-party system
Multiparty system
National political parties
Conditions to be called National political parties
Indian National Congress (INC)
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Communist Party of India - (CPI)
Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
State parties
Challenges to political parties
Lack of internal democracy within parties
Dynastic succession
Growing role of money and muscle power in
parties
very often parties do not seem to offer a
meaningful choice
How can parties be reformed?
What does democracy do?
What outcomes can we reasonably expect of democracy?
Does democracy fulfil these expectations in real life?
How to assess the outcomes of democracy?
Democracy is better because
Accountable, responsive and legitimate government
ELECTION,DEBATE AND INFORMATION
PEOPLE’S NEED AND CORRUPTION
Economic growth and development
Reduction of inequality and poverty
Accommodation of social diversity
Dignity and freedom of the citizens
Means of Transportations
Roadways
Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
• National Highways
State Highways:
District Roads
Other Roads
Border Road
Railways
Pipelines
Waterways
Major Sea Ports
Airways
Communication
International Trade
Tourism as a Trade
GLOBALISATION AND INDIAN ECONOMY CLASS 10 X NCERT CBSEMahendra SST
How do we understand these rapid transformations?
PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRY
SPREADING Of PRODUCTION By MNC –
INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRY-
MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies.
FOREIGN TRADE AND INTEGRATION OF MARKET –
WHAT IS GLOBALISATION-
FACTORS THAT ENABLED GLOBALISATION-
LIBERLISATION –
Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as liberalisation.
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION-
DEVELOPMENT
What is Development –
What Development Promises – Different People Different Goal
Income And Other Goal
National Development
How To Compare Different Countries Or States
Income And Other Criteria
Public Facilities
Sustainability of Development
ncert cbse class 10ecinomics
2 role of the government in health class vii 7Mahendra SST
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS SUBJECT SPL CHAPTER ROLE OF GOVT IN HEALTH What is health?
THE COST OF A CURE
Division Of Health Services
(a) Public health services and
(b) Private health facilities
Is adequate healthcare available to all?
What can be done?
The Kerala experience
The Costa Rican approach
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
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CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 8 CHAPTER permanent settlement ryotwari and mahalwari system holt mackenzi charles cornwalis indigo and blue rebellion
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 9 CHAPTER poverty as challenge poverty definition poverty social exclusion vulnerability poverty line method causes of poverty
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 9 CHAPTER the story of village palampur factors of production farming in palampur non farming activities land labour physical capital fixed capital working capital human capital
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE CLASS 6 CHAPTER GOVERNMENT ITS FUNCTIONS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONARCHY AND DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATIVE GOVT RIGHT TO VOTE
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 10 CHAPTER money and credit barter system modern form of noney formal and informal sectors of credit collateral terms of credit
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 10 CHAPTER political parties components of political parties national and state parties how can political parties are reformed
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 9 CHAPTER our detailed election process constituencies candidate nomination challenges to election process
Cbse NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 10 CHAPTER classifications of minerals conventional and non conventional energy resources
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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3. महेंद्र पारीक
3
The two maps are quite different even though they are of the same area.
Map 1 was made in 1154 CE by theArab geographerAl-Idrisi.The section
reproduced here is a detail of the Indian subcontinent from his larger map
of the world.
In al-Idrisi’s map, south India is where we would expect to find north
India and Sri Lanka is the island at the top. Place-names are marked in
Arabic, and there are some well-known names like Kanauj in Uttar
Pradesh (spelt in the map as Qanauj).
Map 2 was made in the 1720s by a French cartographer. (Cartographer
A person who makes maps.)
Map 2 was made nearly 600 years after Map 1, during which time
information about the subcontinent had changed considerably.This map
seems more familiar to us and the coastal areas in particular are
surprisingly detailed.This map was used by European sailors and
merchants on their voyages (Ch.6).
4. New and Old Terminologies
महेंद्र पारीक
4
language and meanings changed with time.Medieval Persian, for
example, is different from modern Persian.The difference in grammar,
vocabulary & the meanings of words also change over time.
“Hindustan”, Today - “India”, the modern nation-state.
Hindustan in 13th century by Minhaj-i-Siraj, a chronicler who wrote
in Persian, he meant the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands
between the Ganga andYamuna. He used the term in a political
sense for lands that were a part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultan.
The term never included south India.
Early 16TH century Babur used Hindustan to describe the geography,
the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.
The 14TH century poet Amir Khusrau used the word “Hind”.
While the idea of a geographical and cultural entity like“India” did exist,
the term “Hindustan” did not carry the political and national meanings
which we associate with it today.
5. महेंद्र पारीक
5
Take another example, a simple term like “foreigner”.Today-
someone who is not an Indian.
In the medieval period a “foreigner” was any stranger who
appeared say in a given village, someone who was not a
part of that society or culture. (In Hindi pardesi in Persian,
ajnabi.)
A city-dweller, therefore, might have regarded a forest-dweller as
a “foreigner”, but two peasants living in the same village were not
foreigners to each other, even though they may have had different
religious or caste backgrounds
6. Historians and their Sources
महेंद्र पारीक
6
In this book we will read about the following thousand, from
roughly 700 to 1750.
Historians for the study of this period still rely on coins,
inscriptions, architecture and textual records for
information. But there is also considerable discontinuity.
The number and variety of textual records increased dramatically
during this period.They slowly displaced other types of available
information.Through this period paper gradually became cheaper
and more widely available.
People used paper to write holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters
and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for
registers of accounts and taxes.
7. Historians and their Sources
महेंद्र पारीक
7
Manuscripts were collected by wealthy people, rulers, monasteries
and temples.They were placed in libraries and archives.
(Archive A place where documents and manuscripts are
stored.Today all national and state governments have
archives where they keep all their old official records
and transactions. )
These manuscripts and documents provide a lot of detailed
information to historians but they are also difficult to use.
8. महेंद्र पारीक
8
There was no printing press in those days so scribes copied manuscripts
by hand.
Manuscript copying is somewhat similar copying of your friend’s work.
As scribes copied manuscripts, they also introduced small changes – a
word here, a sentence there.These small differences grew over centuries
of copying until manuscripts of the same text became substantially
different from one another.
we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today.We are totally
dependent upon the copies made by later scribes.As a result historians
have to read different manuscript versions of the same text to guess what
the author had originally written.
On occasion authors revised their chronicles at different times.The 14th
-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356
and another version in 1358.The two differ from each other but
historians did not know about the existence of the first version until the
1960s. It remained lost in large library collections.
10. New Social and Political Groups
महेंद्र पारीक
10
At different moments in this period new
technologies made their appearance – like
the Persian wheel in irrigation, the
spinning wheel in weaving, and firearms
in combat.
New foods and beverages arrived in the
subcontinent – potatoes, corn, chillies,
tea and coffee.
All these innovations – new technologies
and crops – came along with people, who
brought other ideas with them as well.
As a result, this was a period of economic,
political, social and cultural changes
11. महेंद्र पारीक
11
Mobility. Groups of people travelled long distances in search of
opportunity.The subcontinent held immense wealth and the
possibilities for people to carve a fortune.
The Rajputs, a name derived from “Rajaputra”, the son of a ruler - a
group of warriors who claimed Kshatriya caste status.
The term included not just rulers and chieftains but also soldiers and
commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all
over the subcontinent.
A chivalric code of conduct – extreme valour and a great sense of
loyalty – were the qualities attributed to Rajputs by their poets and
bards.
Marathas, Sikhs, Jats,Ahoms and Kayasthas (a caste of scribes and
secretaries) also used the opportunities of the age to become
politically important.
12. Environment, Settlement and Jatis
महेंद्र पारीक
12
There was a gradual clearing of forests and the extension of
agriculture, a change faster and more complete in some areas than
in others. Changes in their habitat forced many forest-dwellers to
migrate so they became peasants
(Habitat Refers to the environment of a region and the
social and economic lifestyle of its residents )
These new peasant groups gradually began to be influenced by
regional markets, chieftains, priests, monasteries and temples.They
became part of large, complex societies, and were required to pay
taxes and offer goods and services to local lords.
Some possessed more productive land, others also kept cattle, and
some combined artisanal work with agricultural activity during the
lean season.As a result, significant economic and social differences
emerged amongst peasants.
13. Environment, Settlement and Jatis
महेंद्र पारीक
13
As society became more differentiated, people were grouped into
jatis or sub-castes and ranked on the basis of their backgrounds and
their occupations. Ranks were not fixed permanently, and varied
according to the power, influence and resources controlled by
members of the jati.The status of the same jati could vary from area
to area
Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct
of their members.These regulations were enforced by an assembly
of elders, described in some areas as the jati panchayat. But jatis
were also required to follow the rules of their villages. Several
villages were governed by a chieftain.Together they were only one
small unit of a state.
14. Region and Empire
महेंद्र पारीक
14
Large states of the CholasTughluqs or Mughals encompassed many
regions.
A Sanskrit prashasti (प्रशस्ती) praising the Delhi Sultan
Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287) explained that he was the ruler
of a vast empire that stretched from Bengal (Gauda) in the east to
Ghazni (Gajjana) in Afghanistan in the west and included all of
south India (Dravida).
People of different regions – Gauda,Andhra, Kerala, Karnataka,
Maharashtra and Gujarat – apparently fled before his armies.
Historians regard these as exaggerated claims of conquests.
15. Region and Empire
महेंद्र पारीक
15
There was considerable conflict between these states. Occasionally
dynasties like the Cholas, Khaljis,Tughluqs and Mughals were able
to build an empire that was pan-regional – spanning diverse
regions. Not all these empires were equally stable or successful.
When the Mughal Empire declined in the eighteenth century, it
led to the re-emergence of regional states
Through the thousand years between 700 and 1750 the character
of the different regions did not grow in isolation.
These regions felt the impact of larger pan-regional forces of
integration without ever quite losing their distinctiveness.
17. Old and New Religions
महेंद्र पारीक
17
Major developments in religious traditions.
People’s belief in the divine was sometimes deeply personal, but more
usually it was collective.
Collective belief in a supernatural agency – religion – was often closely
connected with the social and economic organisation of local
communities.As the social worlds of these groups altered so too did
their beliefs.
Important changes occurred in Hinduism.
1The worship of new deities
2The construction of temples by royalty
3The growing importance of Brahmanas, the priests, as dominant
groups in society
18. महेंद्र पारीक
18
4 Brahmanas knowledge of Sanskrit texts earned the
Brahmanas a lot of respect in society.
5 Brahmanas dominant position was consolidated by the
support of their patrons – new rulers searching for prestige.
(Patron An influential,wealthy individual who supports
another person – an artiste,a craftsperson,a learned
man,or a noble)
6The emergence of the idea of bhakti – of a loving, personal
deity that devotees could reach without the aid of priests or
elaborate rituals.
19. महेंद्र पारीक
19
New religions appeared in the subcontinent.
Merchants and migrants first brought the teachings of the holy Quran to
India in the seventh century.
Muslims regard the Quran as their holy book and accept the sovereignty of
the one God,Allah, whose love, mercy and bounty embrace all those who
believe in Him
Many rulers were patrons of Islam and the ulama – learned
theologians and jurists.
Like Hinduism, Islam was interpreted in a variety of ways by its followers.
Shia Muslims who believed that the Prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law,Ali,
was the legitimate leader of the Muslim community
The Sunni Muslims who accepted the authority of the early leaders
(Khalifas) of the community, and the succeeding Khalifas.
Various schools of law (Hanafi and Shafi’i mainly in India), and in theology
and mystic traditions.
20. Thinking about Time and Historical Periods
महेंद्र पारीक
20
Time also reflects changes in social and economic organisation, in the
persistence and transformation of ideas and beliefs.
The study of time is made somewhat easier by dividing the past into
large segments – periods – that possess shared characteristics.
Middle of 19th century British historians divided the history of India
into three periods: “Hindu”,“Muslim”and“British”.
Why this division was not rational ?
This division was based on the idea that the religion of rulers was the
only important historical change, and that there were no other
significant developments – in the economy, society or culture.
Such a division also ignored the rich diversity of the subcontinent.
No historians follow this periodisation today.
Most historians look to economic and social factors to characterise the
major elements of different moments of the past.
21. महेंद्र पारीक
21
Ancient history included a wide range of early societies – hunter-
gatherers, early farmers, people living in towns and villages, and early
empires and kingdoms. (class vi)
“Medieval History ” -the spread of peasant societies, the rise of
regional and imperial state formations, the development of Hinduism
and Islam and the arrival of European trading companies.
The 16th and 18th centuries were quite different from the 8th or the
11th .Therefore, describing the entire period as one historical unit is
not without its problems.
“Medieval” period is often contrasted with the “modern” period.
Modern History “Modernity” carries with it a sense of material
progress and intellectual advancement.
This seems to suggest that the medieval period was lacking in any
change whatsoever. But of course we know this was not the case.
During these thousand years economies in several regions reached a
level of prosperity that attracted the interest of European trading
companies.
22. महेंद्र पारीक
22
1.Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past?
2. State whether true or false:
(a)We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.
(b)The Marathas asserted their political importance during
this period.
(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands
with the spread of agricultural settlements.
(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlledAssam, Manipur
and Kashmir.
23. महेंद्र पारीक
23
3. Fill in the blanks:
(a)Archives are places where ——————— are kept.
(b) —————— was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c) ——, ———, ———, ——— and ——— were
some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent
during this period.
4. List some of the technological changes associated with this
period.
5.What were some of the major religious developments
during this period?
24. महेंद्र पारीक
24
6. In what ways has the meaning of the term “Hindustan”
changed over the centuries?
7. How were the affairs of jatis regulated?
8.What does the term pan-regional empire mean?
9.What are the difficulties historians face in using
manuscripts?
10. How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they
face any problems in doing so?
25. VOTE OF THANKS
महेंद्र पारीक
25
ALMIGHTY GOD
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ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA
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