The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization. It discusses the following key points: 1. The Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern day Pakistan and northwest India. Mohenjo-Daro was a major city of the civilization. 2. Mohenjo-Daro was discovered in 1922 and large scale excavations in the 1930s revealed details of the city including its planned layout with streets intersecting at right angles. 3. The civilization had advanced features such as developed systems of sanitation, drainage, and hygiene. Houses and other buildings were made from burnt bricks. Occupations included agriculture, domestication

1. INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
BY- SAKSHI VASWANI

2. INDUS VALLEYCIVILIZATION

3. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
🠶 The Indus Valley Civilization was an
ancient civilization located in what is
Pakistan andnorthwest India today, onthe
fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its
vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in
this areadatebackapproximately to 5500
BCE.Farming settlements beganaround
4000 B C E andaround 3000 B C E there
appearedthe first signs of urbanization.B y
2600 B C E , dozensof towns andcities had
beenestablished, and between 2500 and 2000
B C E the Indus Valley Civilization was at
its peak.

4. MOHENJO DARO
Mohenjo Daro, or "Mound of theDead" is anancient Indus Valley
Civilization city that flourished between2600 and1900 B C E . I t was oneof
thefirst world andancient Indian cities. The site was discovered in the 1920s
andlies in Pakistan's Sindh province. Only ahandful of archaeologists have
excavated here, described in the introduction and illustrated essay Mohenjodaro:
A n Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis.

5. DISCOVERY AND MAJOREXCAVATIONS
🠶 Mohenjo-daro was discovered in 1922 by R. D . Banerji, an officer
of the Archaeological Survey of India, two years after major
excavations had begun at Harappa, some 590 km to the north. Large-
scale excavations were carried out at the site under the direction of
John Marshall, K . N . Dikshit, Ernest Mackay, andnumerous
other directors through the 1930s.

6. DISCOVERYOF HARAPPA
🠶 Sir John Marshall was thefirst person to use theterm‘Indus civilisation’.
The Indus or the Harappan civilisation belongsto theChalcolithic or Bronze
Age since the objects of copperandstone were found at the various sites of
this civilisation. Nearly, 1,400 Harappan sites are known so far in thesub-
continent.
🠶 They belongto early, mature andlate phasesof theHarappan culture. B u t the
numberof thesites belongingto the mature phase is limited, and of them only
half a dozen can beregarded as cities.
🠶 Some of thenoteworthy sites which havebeenexcavatedare Harappa (1921)by
Daya Ram Sahni, Mohenjodaro (1922)byR . D . Banerjee, Dholavira (1967-
68) byJ . P . Joshi and(1990-91)by R.S. Bisht, Kalibangan by D r . A .
Ghosh, Lothal (1955-63), Chanhu-daro, Banawali (1975-77), etc.

7. TIMELINE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
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8. FEATURES
🠶 TownPlanning:The excavations of the ruins showed a remarkable skillin town planning. The main streets
and roads were set in a line, sometimes running straight for a mile, and were varying in width from 4
meters to 10 meters. Most of these roads and streets were paved with fire brunt bricks. On the either side
of the street stood houses of various sizeswhich did not protrude into the streets. The main streets
intersected at right angles, dividing the city into squares or rectangular blocks each of which was divided
length wise and cross wise by lanes. Some buildings had a lamp post and a well. There was an elaborate
drainage system which emptied into the river.
🠶 TheDrainageSystem;The Drainage System of the Indus Valley Civilization was far advanced. The drains
were covered with slabs. Water flowed from houses into the street drains. The street drains had manholes
at regular intervals. Housewives were expected to use pits in which heavier part of the rubbish will settle
down while only sewerage water was allowed to drain off. All soak pits and drains were occasionally
cleaned by workmen. Inevery house there was a well-constructed sink, and water flowed from the sink
into the underground sewers in the streets. This elaborate drainage system shows that the Indus Valley
people were fully conversant with the principles of health and sanitation.
🠶 Great Granary: Another large building in the city was the Great Granary which was made about 45
meters long and 15 meters wide. Itwas meant to store food grains. Ithad lines of circular brick platforms
for pounding grain. There were barrack like quarters for workmen. The granary also had smaller halls and
corridors

9. FEATURES
🠶 Houses:The houses were of different sizes varying from a palatial building to one with two small rooms. The houses
had a well, a bathroom, and a covered drain connected to the drain in the street. The buildings were made of burnt
bricks, which have been preserved even to this day. Sun-dried bricks were used for the foundation of the buildings
and the roofs were flat and made of wood. The special feature of the houses was that rooms were built around an
open courtyard. Some houses were double storied. Some buildings had pillared halls; some of them measured 24
square meters. Itis assumed that there also must have been palaces, temples or municipal halls.
🠶 Great Bath: One of the largest buildings was the Great Bath measuring 180 feet by 108 feet. The bathing pool, 39 feet
long, 28 feet wide and 8 feet deep was in the center of the quadrangle, surrounded with verandahs, rooms and
galleries. A flight of steps led to the pool. The pool could be filled and emptied by means of a vaulted culvert, 6 feet
and 6 inches high. The walls of the pool were made of burnt bricks laid on edge, which made the pool watertight.
The pool was filled with water from a large well, situated in the same complex. Periodic cleaning of the pool was
done by draining off the used water into a big drain. The Great Bath building had six entrances. The Great Bath
reflected the engineering genius of those ancient days.
🠶 TheAssembly Hall: An important feature of Mohen-jo-daro was its 24 square meters pillared hall. Ithad five rows of
pillars, with four pillars in each row. Kiln baked bricks were used to construct these pillars. Probably, it was the
Assembly Hall or the ruler's court. Itis said that it also housed the municipal office which had the charge of town
planning and sanitation.

10. FEATURES
🠶 Dress:From the sculptured figures it can be seen that the dress of men and women consisted of two
pieces of cloth-one resembling a dhoti, covering the lower part, and the other worn over the left
shoulder and under the right arm. Men had long hair designed differently. Women wore a fan shaped
head dress covering there hair. The discovery of a large number of spindles showed that they knew
weaving and spinning. Similarly it was concluded, by the discovery of needles and buttons, that the
people of this age knew the art of stitching.
🠶 Ornaments:Both men and women wore ornaments made of gold, silver
, copper and other metals.
Men wore necklaces, finger rings and armlets of various designs and shapes. The women wore a head
dress, ear rings, bangles, girdles, bracelets and anklets. Rich people wore expensive ornaments made
of gold while the poor had ornaments made of shell, bone or copper.
🠶 Cosmetics: The ladies of Mohen-jo-daro were not lagging behind in styles as used by the ladies of the
present day, when it came to the use of cosmetics and the attainment of beauty. Materials made of
ivory and metal for holding and applying cosmetics prove that they knew the use of face paint and
collyrium. Bronze oval mirrors, ivory combs of various shapes, even small dressing tables, have been
found at Mohen-jo-daro and other sites. Women tied the hair into a bun and used hair pins made of
ivory. Toilet jars, found at Mohen-jo-daro, show that women took interest in cosmetics.

11. FEATURES
🠶 Furnitureand Utensils:The furniture and utensils found at Mohen-jo-daro show a high degree of
civilization because of their variety in kind and design. The beautifully painted pottery, numerous
vessels for the kitchen, chairs and beds made of wood, lamps of different material, toys for children,
marbles, balls and dice, indicate what people manufactured in those days.
Conveyance A copper specimen found at Harappa resembles the modern Ekka (cart) with a top-
cover. Bullock carts with or without the roof was the chief means of conveyance.
Amusementsand Recreation:The Indus Valley people liked more of indoor games than outdoor
amusements. They were fond of gambling and playing dice. Dancing and singing were considered
great arts. Boys played with toys made of terracotta, while girls played with dolls.
🠶 Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation of the Indus Valley people. Crops such as wheat,
barley, peas and bananas were raised. In the olden days, there was enough rain in that region and
occasional floods brought a great deal of fertile soil to the area. People used to plough the land with
wooden ploughshares drawn by men and oxen. From the existence of granaries it is concluded that
there were surplus food-grains.

12. FEATURES
🠶 Food:Specimens of wheat and barley show that they were cultivated in that region. Rice was also
probably grown. There is evidence to show that date palms were grown in the area. Besides these, the
diet of the people consisted of fruits, vegetables, fish, milk and meat of animals i.e. beef, mutton and
poultry.
🠶 DomesticationofAnimals:The people of Harappa domesticated animals like oxen, buffaloes, pigs,
goats and sheep. Camels and asses were used as means of transport. Dogs and cats were kept as
pets. The humped bull was considered a great asset in the farming community. Crafts The discovery of
spindles at the sites of Harappan culture shows that the people used to spin and weave. Goldsmiths
made jewellery of gold, silver and precious stones. People were also engaged in brick-laying and in the
art of sculpture. The making of seals was developed during this period. Bronze-smiths made various
types of weapons and tools such as knives, spears, saws and axes which were used in daily life.
🠶 Trade:Traders carried on trade in the country as well as with other countries like Egypt, Babylon and
Afghanistan. Many seals of Harappa found in Mesopotamia show that trade existed between the two
countries. The seals were made of terracotta and were used by merchants to stamp their goods.
The people of the Indus Valley used weights and measures in their business transactions. They used 16
and its multiplies: 64,160 and 320, in measurement and weight.

13. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
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14. TOWNPLANNING DURINGTHE HARAPPA PERIOD
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15. ARTS
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16. THE LIFE OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

17. The great bath
🠶 The most interesting structure of this metropolis of Mohenjo-daro
isthe Great Bath which isabout 55 meters long and 33 meters
wide.
🠶 It is found to contain a large, open space at the centre and
galleries, rooms lie on all sides.
🠶 In the central space, there was the provision of a large swimming
enclosure, having the measurements of 12 meters long, 7 meters
wide and 24 meters deep.
🠶 The water was discharged probably by a huge drain with a cor-
belled roof more than 1.8 meters in height.
🠶 The strength and durability of the constructions of Great Bath of
Mohenjo-daro were superb as they could withstand the ravages
of five thousand years.

18. Grannary
🠶 Built on top of a tapered brick platform, this building had a
solid brick foundation that extended for 50 meters east
west and 27 meters north south. The foundation was
divided into 27 square and rectangular blocks by narrow
passageways, two running east west and eight running
north south. A section of the northern foundation had
hollow sockets for wooden beams used to support a
stairway or wooden structure. Later wells and walls are seen
in the foreground.

19. Room
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20. LARGE COURTYARD W
ITHM
UDBRICKFILLING, DK-GAREA
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21. NARROWLANE, DK-G AREA
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22. FIRST STREET, DK-GAREA
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23. STREET W
ITHLIMESTONECOVERED DRAIN SD AREA

24. STREET W
ITHLIMESTONECOVERED DRAIN SD AREA

25. WELL
🠶 Small well(on left). Large well (on right)

26. WELL
Public well (on left). Well with platform(on right)

27. PRIVATE WELL

28. BATHINGPLATFORM, SD AREA
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29. DECLINE OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
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30. Hindu Temple Architecture
Gupta and Early Chalukyan Phase
BY-SAKSHI VASWANI

31. Time-line of Guptas

32. A Brief Introduction
The Gupta dynasty was founded by Srigupta.
Timeline of Gupta empire is about (319-550AD).
The main rulers of this dynastywereSamudraguptaand Chandragupta-II (Vikramaditya).
The Gupta era is also known as golden era in Indian history. ( Art, Architecture, Litrature,
Culture)
c. 380
The Great Indian poet
and author- Kalidasa
• Abhijnanashakuntala
• Vikramorvashi
• Malavikagnimitra
• Raghuvamsha
• Kumarasambhava
• Meghaduta
• Poetry on Ramayana,
the Mahabharata and
the Puranas
476–550 CE
The Great Indian
Mathematician- Aryabhatta
• Approximation of pi value
• Concepts of Trigonometry functions
• Summation of squares and cubes
• Rotation of Earth
• Early concept of Gravity

33. Architecture of the Golden Era
- Monuments
- Stupas
- Chaitya, Viharas
- Cave art and Architecture
- Temple Architecture
• Guptaarchitecture was diverse in style, design
and features.
• It can beclassified intocaves , stupaand
temples.
• A wide variety of towers and elaborate
carvingsadorned the templesthatwere built
from stone.

34. Architecture of the Golden Era- Caves (Ajanta)
Ajanta caves are located in the Aurangabad
district of Maharashtra.
Only cave no.16 and 17 belongs to Gupta period.
These caves are carved on a perpendicular cliff.
There are 25 Viharas and 4 Chaityas.
As they are on perpendicular side,
There are no courtyards.
All the three forms of art are combined in these
caves: Architecture ,Sculpture ,Paintings.
Ajanta cave 16 is a popular and renowned for
the work of sculptor and frescoes.

35. Architecture of the Golden Era- Caves (Ellora)
This cave site is located in Aurangabad
district and contains Buddhist, Brahmanical
and Jain caves.
Contribution of Rashtrakutas is visible on this
cave.
Cave 10 is a chaitya hall for Lord Buddha ,
cave 13 & 14 belongs to Ravan ki Khai, cave
15 to Dashavatara temple and cave 16
belongs to Kailash temple.
Three storey caves are also present in Ellora.
Most of the temples have courtyards.
Cave no 10 is a
chaityahall for
lord Buddha.
Cave no 14 is related
with Ravan ki khai.
Cave no 15 belongs
to Dashavatara
temple.

36. Architecture of the Golden Era- Caves (Ellora)
Cave 16 is related with
The Kailash temple.

37. Architecture of the Golden Era- Caves (Junagarh)
These caves are found in the Junagarh
district of Gujarat , hence the name.
It has many interesting Buddhist caves
and was evidently the site of Buddhist
monastery of ancient times.
It was an ancient fortress whose
entrance in the form of an archway is
a fine specimen of Hindu Torana.
The most distinguishing feature of this
cave is uparkots means, citadel
which is around 30-40 feet high.

38. Architecture of the Golden Era- Hindu Temples
Gupta period marks the beginning of Indian temple architecture.
Manuals were written regarding how to form temples.
The Gupta temples were of five main types.
Type 1-
Square building with flat roof and shallow pillared porch.
The nucleus of a temple, the sanctum or cella
(garbhagriha) with a single entrance and a porch
(mandapa) appears for the first time here.
Notable examples are: kankali devi temple (tigawa) and
vishnu varah temple (eran).

39. Architecture of the Golden Era- Hindu Temples
Type 2-
An elaboration of type 1 with the addition
of an ambulatory (pradakshina) around the
sanctum.
Some temples had a second storey.
Notable examples are: Shiva temple at
Bhumara (M.P.) and Ladkhan temple at
Aihole.

40. Architecture of the Golden Era- Hindu Temples
Type 3-
Square temple with a pillared approach and
a high platform at a base.
Appearance of curvilinear tower known as
“shikhara”. The panchayatan style was
introduced along with the concept of
subsidiary shrines.
Notable examples are:
Dashavtara temple at Deogarh, Jhansi and
the brick temple at Bhitargaon , Kanpur.

41. Architecture of the Golden Era- Hindu Temples
Type 5-
This stage introduced circular temples with
shallow rectangular projections at the four
cardinal faces.
The only monument exemplifying the style
is the Maniyar math shrine at Rajgir, Bihar.

42. Temple Architecture
It was a gradual evolution starting from the rock cut- cave temples to
monolithic rathas which finally culminated in structural temples.
Temples are widely classified into following:-
- Nagara (in North India)
- Dravida (in South India)
-At times, the Vesara style of temples as an independent style created
through the mixing of Nagara and Dravida orders.

43. Temple Architecture
Garbhagriha:
It literally means ‘womb-house’ and
is a cave like a sanctum.
In the earliest temples, it was a
small cubical structure with a single
entrance.
Later it grew into a larger complex.
The Garbhagriha is made to house
the main icon (main deity) which is
itself the focus of much ritual
attention.

44. Temple Architecture
Mandapa:
It is the entrance to the temple.
It may be a portico or colonnaded
(series of columns placed at regular
intervals) hall that incorporates space
for a large number of worshippers.
Dances and such other entertainments
are practiced here.
Some temples have multiple mandapas
in different sizes named as
Ardhamandapa, Mandapa, and
Mahamandapa.

45. Temple Architecture
Shikhara or Vimana:
They are mountain like the
spire of a free-standing temple.
Shikhara is found in North
Indian temples and Vimana is
found in South Indian temples.
Shikhara has a curving shape
while vimana has a pyramidal-
like structure.

46. Temple Architecture
Amalaka:
It is a stone disc like structure
at the top of the temple and
they are common in North
Indian temples.
Kalasha:
It is the topmost point of the
temple and commonly seen in
North Indian temples.

47. Temple Architecture
Antarala (vestibule):
Antarala is a transition area
between the Garbhagriha and
the temple’s main hall
(mandapa).
Jagati:
It is a raised platform for sitting
and praying and is common in
North Indian temples.

48. Temple Architecture
8. Vahana:
It is the mount or vehicle of
the temple’s main deity along
with a standard pillar or Dhvaj
which is placed axially before
the sanctum.

49. Early Chalukyan Phase
The kingdom was founded by raja
Jaisimha after defeating Kadamba (The
Royal family of Northern Karnataka
region). The Chalukyan kings shifted their
early Capital from Aihole to Vatapi now
known as Badami.
The Chalukyans were Vaishnavites but
were tolerant towards other religion.
Hence they encouraged construction of
Shiva and Jain temple.

50. Early Chalukyan Phase
The rule of the Chalukyas
important milestone in the
marks an
history of
South India. It is also called as a golden
age in the history of Karnataka.
The Chalukyan Dynasty was a dominant
power in northern Karnataka during the
6th century.
Pulakeshin I in 543–566 founded the
dynasty. Built major Hindu temples in the
Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal region.
He is referred to as Satyashraya, Vallabha
and Dharmamaharaja in inscriptions.

51. Early Chalukyan Phase
-Pulakeshin II (609–642 AD) was the first
ruler in South India to issue gold coinage.
-Vikramaditya I (655–680 AD) restored
order in the fractured kingdom and made
Vatapi as capital.
Someshvara IV (1184–1200 AD) was the
last king of the Western Chalukya empire.
He managed to capture Basavakalyana but
failed to prevent feudatories from
completely overwhelming the Chalukya
empire by 1200.

52. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
This dynasty is attributed with having
introduced its own style of temple
architecture called Chalukyan Architecture.
This architecture blends the finer aspects
of the Dravidian and Nagara temple
architecture. Hence it is also referred as
Vesara.
Badami, Aihole and Pattadkal are eloquent
evidences of the evolution of the temple
architecture from the cave temples to
structural temples.

53. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
They built a number of rock-cut cave-
temples and structural temples of stone
dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma.
Badami Architecture style is called as the
Vesara style and Chalukya style.
The Chalukya style mainly originated in
Aihole and Badami and was perfected in
Pattadakal and Mahakuta.

54. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Features:
The architecture gets distinguished into Rock cut and
Structural temples.
• Chalukyan built several structural temples majorly along
the edge of the lake and hill tops .
•About 15 km from Badami, at Mahakuta, stands a group
of temples Enclosed by a fort-like heavily built wall.
•At Aihole and Pattadkal that experimentation in temple
building Conducted from from 450 - 650 A.D. gave birth to
the hindu temple and evolved its various architectural
components and features. Aihole is a small vilage on the
banks of River Malaprabha, located near Badami in the
state of Karnataka. The village of Aihole contains over 125
temples from the Early Western Chalukya and later periods
(6th - 12th century).
Aihole, often termed as the ‘cradle of Indian architecture’

55. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Features:
The early chalukyans combined some
features of contemprory north and South
Indian style of construction i.e. Nagara and
Dravidian to create. Their own style of
construction which is characterized by:
1. High platform
2. Pithas ornate door frame
3. Plinth moulding
4. Vestibule-projected roof
5. Octagonal Shikara over Garbhghira

56. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Ladkhan Temple:
Few modifications they set are the task of adapting its timber
Structural form to the permanency of stone masonry, and its
village council plan to one fit for the worship of gods.
•The result of their innocent Endeavour is a temple, which for
some curious reason is popularly known as Lad Khan
•It is a square hall 50ft side, Roofed with huge sloping stone
slabs.
•Instead of timber post to hold up the roof ,there is an inner
double row of massive stone columns.
•The load of the roof is taken up by walls of cyclopean stone
blocks piled one over without the use of binding material.
•In the middle of rear wall a small portion was partitioned to
Garbhagriha.
•In the attached portico the worshippers sit and chat after their
rituals are over, even the bench has been reproduced in stone,
there by serving two function of sitting and a baluster.

57. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Ladkhan Temple:
The chalukyans builders copied the timber prototype
of their choice as faithfully as their Buddhist
predecessors.
•The projecting edges of the slabs of the roof are
rounded off to inmate the original thatch covering.
•It is called lad khan because Lad Khan make it as its
residence.

58. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
The Durga Temple at Aihole:
•The Chalukyans builders in the search of an appropriate
monumental shrine tried to adapt the plan of Buddhist chaitya
hall to Hindu worship.
•The temple stands on a high moulded plinth 3m high and
consist of pillared hall or Mukha Madapa and an additional
verandah all around with an apsidal sanctuary, like Buddhist
Chaitya.
•Two flight of steps one from north and other from south are
provided in front of the porch
•Two row of columns separate the hall into central nave and
two side aisles.
•The temple derives its name because of fort like enclosure
called Durga. No wonder that it failed to win hindu approval as
an appropriate sacrosanct edifice.
•They intercepted the Hindu concept of temple as a house of
god.

60. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Hucchimalli Gudi temple:
•Hucchimalli is a 7th-century Hindu temple
(gudi). The building faces west, and consists of a
mandapa plus sanctuary.
•It was the first south indian temple with a porch.
•A distinctively slanted roof covers the
circumambulatory passage around the temple
shrine.
NORTH SHRINE
•The tower of this small detached shrine appears
to be fashioned in pyramidal style, unlike the
curving tower of the main temple.
•The pierced stone screen between porch and
shrine is a later addition.

61. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
GaudaraGudi temple:
•Gaudura Temple appears to be the oldest of all
Aihole temples. The temple has16 pillars, a sanctum
and parikrama path.

62. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Rock Cut Structures:
Ravana Phadi
•It is the earliest rock cut temple in chalukyan dynasty.
•The 6th century cave temple is dedicated to Shiva. A broken column lines up with the cave entrance,
which opens to the southwest. The cave is dramatically recessed on a deep ledge, with free-standing
shrines on either side.
It is carved out of the sandstone
outcrop. It has retained its
originality quite well with the
lapse of time. It is Dedicated to
Shiva.
There is a Sivalinga in the
sanctum sanctorum. The walls
and sides of the temple are
covered with large
Figures.
Ar
. Pranay Kumar Tode

63. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Rock Cut Structures:
Ravana Phadi
•Shiva, in his ten-armed form (compare Ellora
Cave 29), dances beside Ganesh and Parvati
(left, hidden behind pillar).
•The panel is located in a shallow chamber on
the left side as you face the linga shrine.
•Shiva's elongated torso, high hat, and
pleated garments are markers of the Early
Western Chalukya style in sculpture.

64. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Rock Cut Structures
(Badami):
•The Chalukyan capital Badami was
surrounded by moat.
•The most interesting thing in Badami is
the series of four caves temple hewn from
top to bottom in the scrap of southern hill
called Ranmandal.
•These are Brahminical in nature ,one
Shaivite, two Vishnavites and the fourth
belongs to Jain.
A.Cave 1 (Shaiva cave): this cave can be
reached by climbing 35 steps.
B.This is L-shaped cave ,and measures
14m long and 7.5m deep and faces toward
northern side.

65. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Temples at Pattadakkal, Karnataka:
• There are ten temples at Pattadakkal including a Jain temple and is a UNESCO
world Heritage Site.
• Out of ten temples, four are in Dravida style, four are in Nagara style and one is a
Jain temple, The Papanatha Temple is built in a fusion of both Nagara and Dravida
styles.
• The Jain temple (Jain Narayana temple) was built by Rashtrakutas in the 9th Cen.
• The Virupaksha temple at Pattadakkal is also known as Sri-Lokeswar-Maha-Sila-
Prasad, was built by Loka Mahadevi, the Queen of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya
II (733-44).
• It was probably built around 740 CE to commemorate her husband’s victory over
the Pallavas of Kanchipuram.
• It closely resembles the Kailasnath temple at Kanchipuram on plan and elevation.
• It represents a fully developed and perfect stage of the Dravida architecture.