The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban culture, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or conflicts with invading groups.
1.3 Town Planning in Indus valley civilization Sachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
1.3 Town Planning in Indus valley civilization Sachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
The arts of Indus Valley civilization, one of the earliest civilizations of the world, emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age).
Indus Valley Civilisation - Art, Design, Architecture, AestheticsAkansha Choudhary
Class presentation on Indus Valley Civilisation. Short notes about Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Infrastructure, Architecture, Technology, Art, Sculpture, Ornaments, Culture, and Lifestyle.
Architectural detail about Indus valley civilization which is also also called as Harappan civilization and it is mainly known for Mohenjo - Daro and Harappan civilization.
The arts of Indus Valley civilization, one of the earliest civilizations of the world, emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age).
Indus Valley Civilisation - Art, Design, Architecture, AestheticsAkansha Choudhary
Class presentation on Indus Valley Civilisation. Short notes about Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Infrastructure, Architecture, Technology, Art, Sculpture, Ornaments, Culture, and Lifestyle.
Architectural detail about Indus valley civilization which is also also called as Harappan civilization and it is mainly known for Mohenjo - Daro and Harappan civilization.
Harappan Civilizations ICSE History & CivicsAashish Singla
Harappan Civilizations/Indus Valley Civilization
ICSE History & Civics
Grade IX ICSE History
Chapter 1. The Harappan Civilization
According to latest syllabus.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Introduction
Early civilizations in the world
Stages of Harappan Civilization
Geography of the civilization
Major Cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
Streets
Houses
Drainage system
The Great Bath
Granary
Crafts quarters
Language
Indus Script
3. Cont…
Seal
Religious symbol
The Priest
The Statue of a Dancing Girl
Ornaments
Burial
Economy
Trade
Dockyard – Lothal
Agriculture
Pottery
Artifact
Clay Sculpture
Figurines
Decline of Indus Valley Civilization
Conclusion
4. Introduction
It existed along the Indus river in what is present day
North-Western Part of India, Pakistan and Eastern part of
Afghanistan.
It was considered to be the first ever urban civilization.
The towns developed during that time were well planned
and well executed.
The spectacular city planning of that time surpassed all present
civilizations as well.
The houses were made of baked bricks and had two or
more stories.
The people of Harappa knew the measuring tools of
length, mass and time. They were the first in the world in
developing a system of uniform weights and measures. Their
measurements were extremely precise.
5. Most of the early civilizations grew near rivers.
1. Mesopotamian civilization – Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
2. Ancient China – Huang Ho (Yellow) River
3. Indus Valley Civilization – Indus River
4. Egyptian Civilization – Nile River
6. Stages of the Civilization
Stage 1 : Early Harappan Stage
from 3300 B.C. to 2600 B.C.
Stage 2 : Mature Harappan Stage
from 2600 B.C. to 1900 B.C.
Stage 3 : Late Harappan Stage (Decline)
from 1900 B.C. to 1500 B.C.
14. The cities are well known for their impressive,
organized and regular layout.
They have well laid our plumbing and drainage
system, including indoor toilets.
Over one thousand other towns and villages also
existed in this region.
16. Houses
Most of the houses had a courtyard in the centre.
The houses had many rooms.
Many of the brick houses were two storey high, with thick walls
and high ceilings to keep the rooms cool in the hot summer
months.
Besides houses, some other buildings have also been
discovered.
17. Drainage system
They had wide roads and a well-developed drainage system
The bathrooms were well-made.
They had sloping floors to allow the dirty water to drain off.
The drains ran along the streets and were covered.
18. The Great Bath
In Mohenjodaro a big water tank has been found. This had been
named the Great Bath.
The great bath is the earliest public water tank.
It measured 12m north – south and 7 m wide, with a maximum
depth of 2.4 m approximately.
Two staircases lead down into the tank. At the foot of the stairs
was a small ledge with a brick edging that extends the entire
width of the pool.
19. Granary
Harappa has the remains of a big granary which was used to store
extra grains.
It is a brick structure built on a massive brick foundation over 45 m
north-south and 45 m east-west.
20. Crafts Quarters
The people of Indus were skilled craftspeople. Inside the city is
an area that has been identified as a crafts quarter.
Large quantities of manufacturing debris have been found in this
area indicating the presence of workshops for making stone
beads, shell ornaments, glazed faience ornaments, stone tools
and possibly even gold working.
21. Language
The Harappans used a pictographic script.
In addition to the pictographic signs, the seals and amulets often
contain iconographic motifs, mostly realistic pictures of animals
apparently worshipped as sacred, and a few cultic scenes,
including anthropomorphic deities and worshippers.
This material is important to the investigation of the Harappan
language and religion, which continue to be major issues.
Some 3500 specimens of this script survive in stamp seals carved
in stone, in molded terracotta, in fragments of pottery, and in a
few other categories of inscribed objects.
23. Religious symbol
Many seals have been discovered with images of different gods
and goddesses people worshipped the Mother goddess and lord
Pashupati (lord of all animals).
A seal discovered during excavation of the Mohenjodaro
archaeological site in the Indus Valley has drawn attention as a
possible representation of a “yogi” or “proto-Shiva” figure.
This “Pashupati” seal shows a seated figure surrounded by
animals.
24. Dockyard – Lothal
A dockyard has been discovered at Lothal, so they must have
built ships and used them for trade with other places.
The hydraulic knowledge of the ancient Harappans can be
judged by the fact that boats could dock at Lothal in the 1850s.
It is said that then the dockyard could hold 30 ships of 60 tons
each or 60 ships of 30 tons each. Harappan seals have been
found here.
25. Burial
The body was placed inside a wooden coffin (which late decayed) and
entombed in a rectangular pit surrounded with burial offerings in
pottery vessels.
26. Economy – Trade
The Harappan civilization was mainly urban and mercantile.
Inhabitants of the Indus valley traded with Mesopotamia, southern
India, Afghanistan, and Persia for gold, silver, copper, and turquoise.
28. Economy – Agriculture
The Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture was used to take
advantage of the fertile grounds along the Indus river.
Earthen walls were built to control the river’s annual flooding. Crops
grown included wheat, barley, rice, peas, melons, and sesame.
This civilization was the first to cultivate cotton for the production of
cloth.
Several animals were domesticated including the elephant which was
used for its ivory.
30. Pottery
The glazed Harappan potttery is the earliest example of its kind
in the ancient world.
The Harappan pottery includes goblets, dishes, basins, flasks,
narrow necked vases, cylindrical bottles, tumblers, corn
measures, spouted vases and a special type of dish on a stand
which was a offering stand or incense burner.
31. Artifacts
These egg shaped whistles may have been used for music, a
tradition that is still present in rural areas of Pakistan and India.
33. Figurines
Three-dimensional representations of living beings in the
Harappan world are confined to a few stone and bronze statues
and some small objects crafted in faience, stone, and other
materials – with one important exception.
Ranging in size from slightly larger than a human thumb to
almost 30 cm in height, the anthropomorphic and animal
terracotta figurines from Harappa and other Indus civilization
sites offer a rich reflection of some of the Harappan ideas about
representing life in the Bronze Age.
34. Statue of a Dancing Girl
A bronze statuette dubbed the “Dancing Girl”, 10.8 cm high and
some 4,500 years old, was found in Mohenjodaro in 1926.
A number of gold, terra-cotta and stone figurines of girls in
dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form.
35. The Priest
in 1927, a seated male figure, 17.5 cm tall, was found in a
building with unusually ornamental brickwork and a wall-niche.
Though there is no evidence that priests or monarchs ruled the
city, archeologists dubbed this dignified figure a “Priest-King”.
The central ornament worn on the forehead of the famous
“priest –king” sculpture appears to represent an eye bead,
possibly made of gold with steatite inlay in the center.
36. Ornaments
The collection of gold and agate ornaments includes objects
found at both Mohenjodaro and Harappa. At the top are fillets
of hammered gold that would have been worn around the
forehead.
The other ornaments include bangles, chokers, long pendant
necklaces, rings, earrings, conical hair ornaments, and broaches.
These ornaments were never buried with the dead, but were
passed on from one generation to the next.
These ornaments were hidden under the floors in the homes of
wealthy merchants or goldsmith.
37. Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization
We still don’t know how the civilization came to an end.
Archaeologists have offered four explanations for the collapse of
the Harappa civilization.
The people might have died due to some disease.
There may be Floods.
It may be because of earthquakes which could have also
destroyed them.
They may have been attacked by an enemy. (Invasion of Aryans)