Questor Technology Inc. is an international environmental technology company that specializes in waste gas incineration solutions. Their products help clients operate cost effectively while protecting the environment and ensuring sustainable operations. Questor develops customized incineration systems that efficiently combust waste gases, improving air quality at a competitive cost.
CCS Projects Integration Workshop - London 3Nov11 - TCM - Project IntegrationGlobal CCS Institute
This presentation was given at the Global CCS Institute/CSLF meeting on CCS Project Integration that was held in London on 3 November 2011. The aim of the meeting was to share experiences on CCS project integration; and to identify priority integration topics that need further attention to facilitate CCS project development and deployment.
You can view more presentations from the event at http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/community/blogs/authors/klaasvanalphen/2011/11/25/presentations-global-ccs-institutecslf-meeting-ccs
This document provides an overview of the key components and processes in an ammonia plant. It describes the desulphurization process to remove sulfur from natural gas and naphtha feeds. It then explains the multi-step reforming process used to produce hydrogen and other gases from these feeds, including pre-reforming, primary reforming, and secondary reforming. The shift reaction process is also summarized, which converts carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. Overall temperatures, pressures, catalysts and reactions for each major unit are outlined to concisely explain the production of ammonia.
3 Things You Should Know About the Changing Refrigeration ClimateAllison Banko
This webinar provides the latest information regarding the regulatory changes and the potential impacts to food manufacturers and distributors. It also focuses on emerging technologies which meet the new guidelines and are innovative for cooling and freezing applications.
ICR NOx Optimised reburn staging and SNCRTom Lowes
This document discusses methods for controlling NOx emissions from cement plants, including reburn, staging, and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). It provides three key points:
1) Hot reburn involves combusting fuel volatiles sub-stoichiometrically at 1300°C for 0.15s or 1200°C for 1.2s to promote the conversion of NO to N2 before allowing air to mix. This can reduce NOx levels below 500 mg/Nm3 without SNCR.
2) Air staging, where fuel is injected below tertiary air ducts at 70% sub-stoichiometry for 1s, can also achieve NOx levels under 500 mg/Nm
Siemens provides fuel gasification technology for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants and industrial applications. The Siemens Fuel Gasification technology uses an entrained-flow gasifier capable of converting a wide range of fuels into syngas. The gasifier offers benefits such as feedstock flexibility, high carbon conversion rates, and the ability to operate at high pressures. Siemens can provide engineering services, key equipment, and full turnkey solutions for gasification projects.
The document discusses NOx assessment and reduction techniques. It provides information on:
1) NOx emissions from cement kilns can range from <500 to >1500 mg/Nm3 without additional controls, depending on factors like fuel used, kiln operation, and calciner design. Getting below 500 mg/Nm3 typically requires optimized reburn design or retrofits.
2) Hot reburn designs by CINAR involve maintaining temperatures of 1200C or 1300C for short residence times (0.15-1 seconds) before additional air/meal introduction to allow NOx reduction reactions while avoiding re-oxidation.
3) Optimizing SNCR for maximum NOx reduction requires understanding the impact of CO
This document discusses optimum flame theory (OFT), which seeks to establish scientific principles for optimizing flames in cement kilns. OFT is based on combustion aerodynamics and jet mixing laws. It provides guidelines known by the mnemonic "SADAM" to optimize flame size, alignment, dryness, air, and momentum. Properly applying these guidelines can improve output, reduce build-up issues, and improve clinker quality by ensuring complete fuel-air mixing before combustion. The document explains how burner momentum should be calculated based on thermal load, and how swirl can be effectively used to induce internal reverse flow and heat fuels if the swirl is sufficiently strong and contained by axial flow.
This workshop presentation provides regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the operational processes behind thermal conductive heating (TCH) utilizing a gas powered system known commercially as Gas Thermal Remediation (GTR). A brief review of the various thermal options available today is presented to highlight the key differentiating operational factors. Additionally, benefits from heat generation, such as increased rates of naturally occurring processes (including hydrolysis, increased bio-availability, different forms of bio-degradation at various temperature regimes), and the primary contaminant removal mechanisms for thermal conductive heating are reviewed through three published literature references and case study review. The course examines various site conditions, identifies the remediation challenges leading to a thermal solution, and evaluates the results.
CCS Projects Integration Workshop - London 3Nov11 - TCM - Project IntegrationGlobal CCS Institute
This presentation was given at the Global CCS Institute/CSLF meeting on CCS Project Integration that was held in London on 3 November 2011. The aim of the meeting was to share experiences on CCS project integration; and to identify priority integration topics that need further attention to facilitate CCS project development and deployment.
You can view more presentations from the event at http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/community/blogs/authors/klaasvanalphen/2011/11/25/presentations-global-ccs-institutecslf-meeting-ccs
This document provides an overview of the key components and processes in an ammonia plant. It describes the desulphurization process to remove sulfur from natural gas and naphtha feeds. It then explains the multi-step reforming process used to produce hydrogen and other gases from these feeds, including pre-reforming, primary reforming, and secondary reforming. The shift reaction process is also summarized, which converts carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. Overall temperatures, pressures, catalysts and reactions for each major unit are outlined to concisely explain the production of ammonia.
3 Things You Should Know About the Changing Refrigeration ClimateAllison Banko
This webinar provides the latest information regarding the regulatory changes and the potential impacts to food manufacturers and distributors. It also focuses on emerging technologies which meet the new guidelines and are innovative for cooling and freezing applications.
ICR NOx Optimised reburn staging and SNCRTom Lowes
This document discusses methods for controlling NOx emissions from cement plants, including reburn, staging, and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). It provides three key points:
1) Hot reburn involves combusting fuel volatiles sub-stoichiometrically at 1300°C for 0.15s or 1200°C for 1.2s to promote the conversion of NO to N2 before allowing air to mix. This can reduce NOx levels below 500 mg/Nm3 without SNCR.
2) Air staging, where fuel is injected below tertiary air ducts at 70% sub-stoichiometry for 1s, can also achieve NOx levels under 500 mg/Nm
Siemens provides fuel gasification technology for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants and industrial applications. The Siemens Fuel Gasification technology uses an entrained-flow gasifier capable of converting a wide range of fuels into syngas. The gasifier offers benefits such as feedstock flexibility, high carbon conversion rates, and the ability to operate at high pressures. Siemens can provide engineering services, key equipment, and full turnkey solutions for gasification projects.
The document discusses NOx assessment and reduction techniques. It provides information on:
1) NOx emissions from cement kilns can range from <500 to >1500 mg/Nm3 without additional controls, depending on factors like fuel used, kiln operation, and calciner design. Getting below 500 mg/Nm3 typically requires optimized reburn design or retrofits.
2) Hot reburn designs by CINAR involve maintaining temperatures of 1200C or 1300C for short residence times (0.15-1 seconds) before additional air/meal introduction to allow NOx reduction reactions while avoiding re-oxidation.
3) Optimizing SNCR for maximum NOx reduction requires understanding the impact of CO
This document discusses optimum flame theory (OFT), which seeks to establish scientific principles for optimizing flames in cement kilns. OFT is based on combustion aerodynamics and jet mixing laws. It provides guidelines known by the mnemonic "SADAM" to optimize flame size, alignment, dryness, air, and momentum. Properly applying these guidelines can improve output, reduce build-up issues, and improve clinker quality by ensuring complete fuel-air mixing before combustion. The document explains how burner momentum should be calculated based on thermal load, and how swirl can be effectively used to induce internal reverse flow and heat fuels if the swirl is sufficiently strong and contained by axial flow.
This workshop presentation provides regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the operational processes behind thermal conductive heating (TCH) utilizing a gas powered system known commercially as Gas Thermal Remediation (GTR). A brief review of the various thermal options available today is presented to highlight the key differentiating operational factors. Additionally, benefits from heat generation, such as increased rates of naturally occurring processes (including hydrolysis, increased bio-availability, different forms of bio-degradation at various temperature regimes), and the primary contaminant removal mechanisms for thermal conductive heating are reviewed through three published literature references and case study review. The course examines various site conditions, identifies the remediation challenges leading to a thermal solution, and evaluates the results.
This document provides information on the Benfield process for removing carbon dioxide from gas streams. It discusses key aspects of the process including:
- Absorption of CO2 into a potassium carbonate solution and regeneration of the solution by heating.
- Use of an activator like DEA to improve CO2 absorption.
- Comparison with other CO2 removal processes like Rectisol and considerations for process selection.
- Parameters that affect the absorption and regeneration steps like pressure, temperature, and flow rates.
- Causes and prevention of corrosion in the system through vanadium addition and factors that can cause foaming of the solution.
Flare and vent disposal systems molcularseal -siavash2010
Flare and vent disposal systems collect and discharge gas from process components to the atmosphere during normal and abnormal operations. They include knockout drums to remove liquid, and flashback protection like seals and flame arrestors. Flare stacks are elevated and supported by structures like guy wires or derricks. Offshore, flares are mounted on booms or towers. Proper design considers factors like gas quantity, velocity, dispersion, radiation, and wind.
The document discusses using mineralisers like HiCAl products in cement production to improve efficiency. It summarizes the results of Ml-CFD modelling evaluating different scenarios for injecting HiCAl into a calciner. The modelling shows that HiCAl can be injected with raw meal, main fuel, or separately and achieve over 95% burnout. However, the calciner design and operating conditions, along with HiCAl's particle size and inlet location, influence combustion behavior. Optimized locations allow coarser HiCAl with over 37% larger than 90μm to fully burnout.
Air liquide lurgi 2016 overview of coal heavy oil ch4 to syngas h2 ammonia me...Steve Wittrig
This document provides an overview of Air Liquide's coal gasification and syngas generation capabilities. It discusses various gasification technologies like Lurgi FBDB and MPG that can convert coal and residues into syngas for downstream products like hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and power. It also summarizes Air Liquide's experience with over 75 gasification units and references various coal and residue gasification projects around the world. Finally, it briefly discusses steam methane reforming technology and Air Liquide's experience with building large hydrogen plants.
100% High S petcoke and AFR with < 500 mg/Nm3 NOxTom Lowes
The document discusses achieving 100% alternative fuel rates (AFR) and using high sulfur petcoke fuels to produce cement clinker with NOx emissions below 500 mg/Nm3 without selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). It outlines fundamental rules and shares case studies where plants achieved these goals. Micro-mixing of oxygen, volatiles, and precise temperature control in the kiln and calciner were critical to ensure proper combustion. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling helped identify issues like stratification and recommend solutions like increased burner momentum. Maintaining the right operating parameters and combustion fundamentals can allow plants to use more alternative fuels and reduce emissions.
Max AFR and Output and Relevant OH&S ConcernsTom Lowes
The document discusses criteria for maximizing output and use of alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) at cement plants while meeting occupational health and safety (OH&S) requirements. It outlines how to understand the impact of AFR on plant operations and emissions in order to minimize output losses through proper pre-processing, handling, and process optimization aided by modeling software. The document also stresses the importance of understanding potential OH&S risks associated with waste handling and implementing controls at all stages of the waste management process.
This document discusses key topics related to optimizing ammonia plant performance:
1) Carbon formation in primary reformers can be minimized by maintaining proper steam-to-carbon ratios and avoiding temperature excursions. Tube wall temperatures, pressure drop, and methane approach to equilibrium should be monitored.
2) Flow distribution in catalytic reactors is important to ensure proper catalyst utilization. Poor distribution can increase costs by reducing conversion efficiency.
3) Operational upsets and transient conditions like startups and shutdowns can lead to carbon formation if not carefully controlled. Sulfur poisoning from even small amounts in feed can significantly impact temperatures.
This document discusses gas turbine fire suppression systems and focuses on CO2 fire suppression in particular. It outlines the key advantages of CO2 systems, including that CO2 is versatile, fast-acting, leaves no residue, and is relatively inexpensive. However, it also notes that high concentrations of CO2 can impact the central nervous system and heart function. As an alternative, the document introduces high-pressure water mist systems, which provide a safe alternative to CO2 while still being fast-acting and minimizing fire damage.
The document discusses different types of reformers used in ammonia plants, including pre-reformers, primary reformers, and secondary reformers. It provides details on the process, internals, catalysts, and operating conditions of each reformer type. Primary reformers are described as duplex reforming furnaces containing nickel catalyst-loaded tubes that are fired by natural gas burners to drive the endothermic reforming reactions. Key variables that impact the reforming reactions such as temperature, pressure, steam-to-carbon ratio, and catalyst activity are also summarized.
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
Hydrogen Plant Flowsheet - Effects of Low Steam RatioGerard B. Hawkins
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on the Steam Reformer
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on H T Shift & PSA
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on Gross Efficiency
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on Net Efficiency
Alternative schemes for improving heat recovery
Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced through gasification processes. It can be used directly as fuel or to synthesize other fuels and chemicals. The main industrial processes for syngas production are steam reforming, autothermal reforming, and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Partial oxidation involves reacting hydrocarbons with oxygen without steam, producing syngas at lower costs but higher temperatures than steam reforming. Catalytic partial oxidation uses catalysts to control the reaction and reduce heat generation. Research continues to improve catalyst heat resistance and prevent coking while reducing costs of syngas production.
This document discusses different thermal extraction techniques for preparing samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis without using solvents, including pyrolysis, purge and trap, and thermal desorption. It provides an overview of CDS Analytical's pyrolysis, purge and trap, and thermal desorption equipment and describes their applications for analyzing various sample types such as polymers, biomass, soils, and air. The document promotes these techniques as green alternatives to traditional solvent-based sample preparation methods.
This document discusses different types of fuels including their classification, characteristics, and uses. It covers solid fuels like coal and wood, liquid fuels like petroleum and biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas. Coal is classified based on carbon content and other properties into peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Petroleum is refined through fractional distillation to produce useful fractions like gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oils. Characteristics of good fuels and methods of determining calorific values are also outlined. Alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, biodiesel produced through transesterification of vegetable oils, and compressed natural gas.
1. The residence time in a rotary kiln is calculated using a formula that considers the angle of repose of the limestone, length of the kiln, kiln inclination, effective diameter, and rotation speed.
2. A rotary kiln's capacity is determined by considering factors like the capacity of the ID fan, preheater cyclone design, proclaimed design and volume, kiln inclination and volume, kiln filling percentage, specific volume and thermal loading, and kiln drive capacity.
3. Important kiln parameters include the specific volume loading, specific thermal loading, cooler specific loading, and kiln percentage filling, which should be between 4-16%.
The document discusses various technologies for producing hydrogen and synthesis gas, including steam reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, and water electrolysis. It provides an overview of the main industrial processes used for ammonia synthesis gas production, noting that about 85% is based on steam reforming of natural gas or other light hydrocarbons. Various hydrogen and syngas production processes are also compared in terms of energy consumption, investment cost, and production cost.
The document describes a gasification process that involves multiple steps. Waste is fed into a combustion chamber heated to 1000°C to produce fuel gas. The gas then passes through a melting pot heated to 1400°C to remove heavy metals. Emissions are treated through a wet scrubber, SCR system, and bag and HEPA filters before being discharged. Operational temperatures at different levels of the process are listed, along with diagrams of equipment like the waste heat boiler and melting pot structure.
This document provides information on the Benfield process for removing carbon dioxide from gas streams. It discusses key aspects of the process including:
- Absorption of CO2 into a potassium carbonate solution and regeneration of the solution by heating.
- Use of an activator like DEA to improve CO2 absorption.
- Comparison with other CO2 removal processes like Rectisol and considerations for process selection.
- Parameters that affect the absorption and regeneration steps like pressure, temperature, and flow rates.
- Causes and prevention of corrosion in the system through vanadium addition and factors that can cause foaming of the solution.
Flare and vent disposal systems molcularseal -siavash2010
Flare and vent disposal systems collect and discharge gas from process components to the atmosphere during normal and abnormal operations. They include knockout drums to remove liquid, and flashback protection like seals and flame arrestors. Flare stacks are elevated and supported by structures like guy wires or derricks. Offshore, flares are mounted on booms or towers. Proper design considers factors like gas quantity, velocity, dispersion, radiation, and wind.
The document discusses using mineralisers like HiCAl products in cement production to improve efficiency. It summarizes the results of Ml-CFD modelling evaluating different scenarios for injecting HiCAl into a calciner. The modelling shows that HiCAl can be injected with raw meal, main fuel, or separately and achieve over 95% burnout. However, the calciner design and operating conditions, along with HiCAl's particle size and inlet location, influence combustion behavior. Optimized locations allow coarser HiCAl with over 37% larger than 90μm to fully burnout.
Air liquide lurgi 2016 overview of coal heavy oil ch4 to syngas h2 ammonia me...Steve Wittrig
This document provides an overview of Air Liquide's coal gasification and syngas generation capabilities. It discusses various gasification technologies like Lurgi FBDB and MPG that can convert coal and residues into syngas for downstream products like hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and power. It also summarizes Air Liquide's experience with over 75 gasification units and references various coal and residue gasification projects around the world. Finally, it briefly discusses steam methane reforming technology and Air Liquide's experience with building large hydrogen plants.
100% High S petcoke and AFR with < 500 mg/Nm3 NOxTom Lowes
The document discusses achieving 100% alternative fuel rates (AFR) and using high sulfur petcoke fuels to produce cement clinker with NOx emissions below 500 mg/Nm3 without selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). It outlines fundamental rules and shares case studies where plants achieved these goals. Micro-mixing of oxygen, volatiles, and precise temperature control in the kiln and calciner were critical to ensure proper combustion. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling helped identify issues like stratification and recommend solutions like increased burner momentum. Maintaining the right operating parameters and combustion fundamentals can allow plants to use more alternative fuels and reduce emissions.
Max AFR and Output and Relevant OH&S ConcernsTom Lowes
The document discusses criteria for maximizing output and use of alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) at cement plants while meeting occupational health and safety (OH&S) requirements. It outlines how to understand the impact of AFR on plant operations and emissions in order to minimize output losses through proper pre-processing, handling, and process optimization aided by modeling software. The document also stresses the importance of understanding potential OH&S risks associated with waste handling and implementing controls at all stages of the waste management process.
This document discusses key topics related to optimizing ammonia plant performance:
1) Carbon formation in primary reformers can be minimized by maintaining proper steam-to-carbon ratios and avoiding temperature excursions. Tube wall temperatures, pressure drop, and methane approach to equilibrium should be monitored.
2) Flow distribution in catalytic reactors is important to ensure proper catalyst utilization. Poor distribution can increase costs by reducing conversion efficiency.
3) Operational upsets and transient conditions like startups and shutdowns can lead to carbon formation if not carefully controlled. Sulfur poisoning from even small amounts in feed can significantly impact temperatures.
This document discusses gas turbine fire suppression systems and focuses on CO2 fire suppression in particular. It outlines the key advantages of CO2 systems, including that CO2 is versatile, fast-acting, leaves no residue, and is relatively inexpensive. However, it also notes that high concentrations of CO2 can impact the central nervous system and heart function. As an alternative, the document introduces high-pressure water mist systems, which provide a safe alternative to CO2 while still being fast-acting and minimizing fire damage.
The document discusses different types of reformers used in ammonia plants, including pre-reformers, primary reformers, and secondary reformers. It provides details on the process, internals, catalysts, and operating conditions of each reformer type. Primary reformers are described as duplex reforming furnaces containing nickel catalyst-loaded tubes that are fired by natural gas burners to drive the endothermic reforming reactions. Key variables that impact the reforming reactions such as temperature, pressure, steam-to-carbon ratio, and catalyst activity are also summarized.
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
Hydrogen Plant Flowsheet - Effects of Low Steam RatioGerard B. Hawkins
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on the Steam Reformer
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on H T Shift & PSA
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on Gross Efficiency
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on Net Efficiency
Alternative schemes for improving heat recovery
Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced through gasification processes. It can be used directly as fuel or to synthesize other fuels and chemicals. The main industrial processes for syngas production are steam reforming, autothermal reforming, and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Partial oxidation involves reacting hydrocarbons with oxygen without steam, producing syngas at lower costs but higher temperatures than steam reforming. Catalytic partial oxidation uses catalysts to control the reaction and reduce heat generation. Research continues to improve catalyst heat resistance and prevent coking while reducing costs of syngas production.
This document discusses different thermal extraction techniques for preparing samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis without using solvents, including pyrolysis, purge and trap, and thermal desorption. It provides an overview of CDS Analytical's pyrolysis, purge and trap, and thermal desorption equipment and describes their applications for analyzing various sample types such as polymers, biomass, soils, and air. The document promotes these techniques as green alternatives to traditional solvent-based sample preparation methods.
This document discusses different types of fuels including their classification, characteristics, and uses. It covers solid fuels like coal and wood, liquid fuels like petroleum and biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas. Coal is classified based on carbon content and other properties into peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Petroleum is refined through fractional distillation to produce useful fractions like gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oils. Characteristics of good fuels and methods of determining calorific values are also outlined. Alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, biodiesel produced through transesterification of vegetable oils, and compressed natural gas.
1. The residence time in a rotary kiln is calculated using a formula that considers the angle of repose of the limestone, length of the kiln, kiln inclination, effective diameter, and rotation speed.
2. A rotary kiln's capacity is determined by considering factors like the capacity of the ID fan, preheater cyclone design, proclaimed design and volume, kiln inclination and volume, kiln filling percentage, specific volume and thermal loading, and kiln drive capacity.
3. Important kiln parameters include the specific volume loading, specific thermal loading, cooler specific loading, and kiln percentage filling, which should be between 4-16%.
The document discusses various technologies for producing hydrogen and synthesis gas, including steam reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, and water electrolysis. It provides an overview of the main industrial processes used for ammonia synthesis gas production, noting that about 85% is based on steam reforming of natural gas or other light hydrocarbons. Various hydrogen and syngas production processes are also compared in terms of energy consumption, investment cost, and production cost.
The document describes a gasification process that involves multiple steps. Waste is fed into a combustion chamber heated to 1000°C to produce fuel gas. The gas then passes through a melting pot heated to 1400°C to remove heavy metals. Emissions are treated through a wet scrubber, SCR system, and bag and HEPA filters before being discharged. Operational temperatures at different levels of the process are listed, along with diagrams of equipment like the waste heat boiler and melting pot structure.
(1) Several carbon capture technologies were discussed including post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel capture.
(2) Current state-of-the-art carbon capture technologies impose significant efficiency penalties on power plants, ranging from 7-12% points.
(3) There is an urgent need to reduce these efficiency penalties to accelerate full-scale deployment of carbon capture and meet climate change targets. Barriers including cost, technical challenges, and public acceptance must be addressed.
Thermal conversion processes include thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking, and coke calcination. Thermal cracking involves cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at high temperatures. Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking process used to reduce the viscosity of residues and produce fuel oil, naphtha, and gas oil. Coking involves heating residues to very high temperatures to produce coke and lighter hydrocarbon products.
The KBR process for ammonia synthesis uses natural gas as a feedstock that is reformed through primary and secondary reforming to produce syngas. The syngas is then purified through shift conversion, CO2 removal, methanation, drying and cryogenic purification. The purified syngas is then used to synthesize ammonia through a reaction with nitrogen in the presence of a catalyst at high pressure and moderate temperatures. The KBR process offers advantages such as a clean syngas that reduces load on equipment and achieves higher conversion efficiency through low inert content.
Incepted in 2007, Urja Thermal Solutions is a prominent company engaged in the Manufacturing, Exporting and supplying of Thermal Solutions. The company is working under the valuable assistance of its Owner, Mr. Swapnil Gautam. His successful contribution has helped the company grow in leaps and bounds. The company is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
8 b 8.1 - mercury abatement in the us cement industry v2John Kline
Cement production accounts for a small percentage of total mercury emissions in the US. The document discusses mercury emissions from cement kilns and regulations requiring reductions. It notes that mercury levels can vary significantly between raw materials and plants. Kiln design and operating conditions also influence mercury behavior and emissions. The compliance deadline for the 55 pound mercury limit was extended to September 2015 to allow more time for installations to reduce emissions.
This document describes an ammonia plant with three urea plants. It summarizes the key details of each plant including their commissioning dates, capacities, and revamp history. It then provides details on the ammonia and urea production processes, including descriptions of the main units involved at each stage of production from natural gas feedstock to the final urea product. Process diagrams and pictures are included to illustrate the key components and flow of materials through the plant.
Ntpc (national thermal power corporation) sipat boiler haxxo24 i~ihaxxo24
The document discusses key points about subcritical and supercritical boiler design, operation, and control including:
- Differences between subcritical and supercritical boiler technologies
- Design parameters like steam pressure and temperature, air flow rates, and coal requirements
- Chemical treatment, feedwater, and boiler control systems
- Startup procedures including boiler filling and transitioning between wet and dry modes
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
This document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity in several steps: coal is burned to create heat energy, which turns water into high-pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to create electrical energy. It also describes the major components involved like boilers, turbines, condensers, and alternators. Furthermore, it compares the technical specifications and costs of 660MW and 500MW subcritical and supercritical steam generators.
1. The document discusses gas burner technology and design for application, covering topics such as combustion reactions and products, emissions, heat transfer effects, design considerations, CFD and FEM analysis, testing, and noise.
2. Key aspects of burner design include the burner body/flame diffuser, distributor, and front flange, which impact modulation, emissions, and noise behavior. Design is customized based on the application and gases used.
3. Testing evaluates performance with reference and limit gases to ensure stability, emissions, and modulation over a range of gas qualities. CFD and FEM are used to analyze flame shape, temperatures, stresses, and failure prediction.
This document discusses different types of fuel gases, including their composition, production methods, and uses. It covers producer gas, water gas, coke oven gas, natural gas, and LPG. Producer gas is made from coal or coke with air and steam. Water gas involves heating carbon with air and producing gas through reactions with steam. Coke oven gas is a byproduct of coking coal to produce coke. Natural gas and LPG are extracted from natural gas wells and oil refineries. The key engineering challenges involve designing reactors and purification processes to efficiently produce and treat these various fuel gases.
The document describes various refining processes used in an oil refinery to separate and convert crude oil into useful products. Key processes include distillation to separate crude oil into fractions like gasoline and diesel; desulfurization to remove sulfur from fuels; platforming to increase gasoline octane; hydrocracking heavier fractions into lighter products; bitumen processing; and sulfur recovery from sulfur-containing gases. The overall refining process allows crude oil to be converted into a variety of high value fuels, lubricants, and petrochemical feedstocks.
Steam reforming is a common method for producing hydrogen in refineries. It involves reacting light hydrocarbons like methane with steam over a nickel catalyst at high temperatures. The Terrace Wall Steam Reformer is a compact design that uses inclined terraces on both sides of catalyst tubes to provide uniform heating. This leads to lower costs and allows natural draft operation while maintaining full hydrogen production.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Solena Technology & Bio Energy Platform Usaid&Usea 01 Sept09smotycka
1. The document is a presentation by Solena Group on their bioenergy technology platform.
2. Solena has developed a plasma gasification technology that can convert biomass into a clean syngas, and can be used in their bioenergy plants to generate electricity or liquid transportation fuels.
3. Solena's bioenergy platform includes biopower plants that use the syngas to power gas turbines for electricity, and biojet fuel plants that convert syngas into biofuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. They also have a carbon sequestration program using algae to absorb CO2 from plant operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. QUESTOR TECHNOLOGY INC.
Waste Gas
Incineration
I i ti
Technology Serving
Government, Industry
and Community
TOTAL
2011
2. QUESTOR TECHNOLOGY INC.
Questor Technology Inc. (“Questor”)
Inc
is an international environmental
nvironmental
technology company specializing in
custom solutions to eliminate flared
g
gas. Our products enable our clients
p
to operate cost effectively in an
environmentally responsible and
sustainable manner.
3. WHY QUESTOR?
High efficiency combustion is key to improving air
quality and assisting in energy efficiency.
Improvement of air quality is one of the key
I t f i lit i f th k
elements to sustainable development worldwide.
Incineration technology optimizes energy
utilization
QTI develops ‘application-specific’ solutions
p pp p
5. COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS
99.99% combustion requires the right mix of air and fuel
CH4 + 2 O2 = heat + CO2 + 2 H2O
Methane + Oxygen = heat + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Poor combustion results in the creation of:
Unburned hydrocarbons
Carbon
C b monoxide
id
Volatile organic hydrocarbons or VOC’s
(benzene, styrene, toluene, xylenes etc.)
Sulfur compounds besides to SO2
(H S,
( 2S carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfides,
f f
mercaptans)
+ over 250 other compounds identified in the research
7. FLARING INCINERATION
Difficult to measure efficiency Measured independently at 99.99%
and varies from site to site consistently
Heavily influenced by crosswinds Combustion occurs in a closed
allowing gases to escape chamber unaffected by winds
unburned
Difficulty burning rich gases often High temperatures efficiently burn
producing soot deposits and rich gas. Air pre-mixed with the
black smoke (BTEX, VOC, PAH)
( , , ) waste gas prior to combustion
Entrained liquid droplets Not effected by liquid droplet size
decrease combustion efficiency
Visible flame No visible flame
Based on ARC and U of A Findings:
8. QTI INCINERATORS
Proprietary gas b
P i burner
control creates a high
velocity vortex
y
Air is naturally drawn in
Air and fuel is pre-mixed
Refractory lined chamber
o
– 1200 C stack top temperature
Optimal SO2 dispersion
with velocity temperature
velocity, temperature,
and effective height
>99.99%
>99 99% efficiency
10. INCINERATION APPLICATIONS
Permanent
Dehydration facilities
Acid gas & tail gas
Solution gas
Plant turnarounds
Waste water treatment
In S operations
Situ
FPSO offshore
Portable
Coal bed methane
Well testing and workovers
Early production testing
Pipeline blowdowns
p
Landfill waste gas
11. INNOVATIVE
SOLUTIONS
Benzene Destruction
Dehydration app
Meet regulations
Integrated package
Reduced footprint
Smaller l
S ll lease sizei
Reduced piping
80% less fuel used
Heat recovery
Four month payout
Dominion Transmission West Virginia
Q250 Incinerator Unit
12. Questor Incinerator HeatQuest Heat Recovery
Process Waste Water Vapourizing
Gas to Further Processing Tank Vapours
Production Storage
Inlet Gas Tanks
QTI-HX-VAP
Inlet Separation
HeatQuest
Exchanger
Acid Gas
Hot water to
Water to be be vaporized
heated in in Combustion
Exchanger
g Chamber
Amine Regenerator
Vaporize process waste water Waste gas
and eliminate trucking and Combustion Flash Gas
disposal expenses
Still
Column
Vapours
Flash
Waste Water Vessel
PUMP
Glycol Dehydration
13. ACID GAS INCINERATION
Alberta Environment approval
20% H2S/60% CO2
538° C stack temperature
20 MJ/m3 heating value
continuous SO2 monitoring
Reduced fuel usage:1410 m3/d to
290 m3/d (50 to 10 mcf/d)
80% reduction in fuel - reduced
operating costs
Four month payout
No issues with air quality
Opportunity to generate greenhouse
gas credits Compton Clayhurst Facility
Q250 Incinerator Unit
14. OILSANDS IN-SITU FLUE GAS COMBUSTION
Petrobank,
Petrobank, Saskatchewan
<1% H2S 99% CO2 and N2
S,
Safe and efficient destruction of H2S
in low heat content produced gas
Significant cost savings with the
reduced fuel gas usage
Replacement of existing flares with
incinerators
Improved air quality
Significantly reduce noise levels
Q3000 Incinerator Unit
17. SHALE GAS: Antero: United States
Antero:
No smoke odor or flame
smoke,
Environmental integrity
Regulatory compliance
Landowner acceptance
Reduced operating costs
Q3000 Incinerator Unit
19. WELL TEST SHALE GAS:
Schlumberger, Germany
Flare elimination
EU compliance
99% measurable efficiency
y
Social acceptance
Transportation ease
Tandem utilization
Q3000 Incinerator Units
20. FPSO: North Sea
Safe and efficient combustion of H2S
waste gas streams
Significant reduction in H2S
emissions
Comply with platform spacing and
design for offshore environment
Meet all IEEE and ASME codes
Replacement of existing flare system
Safety of personnel critical
21. HeatQuest - Electric Power Generation
CONDENSER
PUMP
TURBINE GENERATOR
QTI-HX-PG
Waste Gas Rankine Cycle
Incinerator Power Plant
EVAPORATOR
HeatQuest
Exchanger
Optional: Excess heat from
Waste gases other sources
Waste gas from various
Combustion sources
PUMP
25. ADVANTAGES OF QTI INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY
High performance: >99.99% combustion efficiency
NO flame, NO odor, NO smoke
Improves air quality and reduces negative health impacts
Competitive capital cost
Economical solution: low operation costs
Accountability: measurable and auditable results (Regulatory)
QTI has years of extensive combustion experience
Ensures social acceptance
Contributes to sustainable development
High productivity: optimal energy utilization
CDM opportunities
Heat utilization and power generation opportunities
26. COST REDUCTION PUBLIC
FOR CLIENTS CONFIDENCE
QUESTOR TECHNOLOGY INC
www.questortech.com
ENVIRONMENTAL
O
PROTECTION #1121, 940-6th Avenue S.W.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
T2P 3T1
(403) 571 1530 (Phone)
571-1530 (Ph )
(403) 571-1539 (Fax)
+(403) 539-4374
Contact: Ritchie St
C t t Rit hi Stagg
Director of Sales
rstagg@questortech.com