Genre research summarizes the key aspects of indie pop music. It emerged in the UK in the mid-1980s from post-punk bands signed to independent labels like Rough Trade and Postcard Records. Indie pop focuses on emotional experiences and life journeys in a lighthearted way using jangling guitars. Early influential artists included Primal Scream and The Pastels, but The Smiths came to dominate the genre with songs like "This Charming Man" and "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now." The style was influenced by 1960s-1980s fashion and often featured retro clothing. While early indie pop had a moodier tone, modern versions tend to be more lighthearted and positive.