This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile technologies from 1G to 4G. It discusses the key features and services of each generation including 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G and 4G. 1G provided basic voice calling using analog signals while 2G introduced digital technology and SMS. 3G enabled broadband data, video calls and Internet access on mobile devices. 4G provides significantly higher data rates and bandwidth to allow rich multimedia services to users on mobile networks. The document also outlines some challenges faced during adoption of 3G and considerations for deployment of 4G networks.
In networking terminology, wireless is the term used to describe any computer network where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communications. Wireless system includes different generations of wireless technology - 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G and 5G.
In the last few decades, Mobile Wireless Communication networks have experienced a remarkable change. The mobile wireless Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the system, speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, latency etc.
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@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
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The internet technology is divided into many stages and one of them is 1G. The topics cover up in this : history, explanation, flaws and future version.
In networking terminology, wireless is the term used to describe any computer network where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communications. Wireless system includes different generations of wireless technology - 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G and 5G.
In the last few decades, Mobile Wireless Communication networks have experienced a remarkable change. The mobile wireless Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the system, speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, latency etc.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
The internet technology is divided into many stages and one of them is 1G. The topics cover up in this : history, explanation, flaws and future version.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
Mini guida sulle procedure da seguire per gestire al meglio il fenomeno legato a crawler e spambot che alterano i risultati statistici negli strumenti di monitoraggio come Google Analytics e Piwik.
Recandovi nei vvostri profili di Analytics ad esempio, troverete certamente dei nomi di domini anche abbastanza ambigui che "hanno fatto rimbalzare" qualche utente (fantasma) sul vostro sito web. Un fenomeno davvero invadente e che sta arrecando difficoltà non da poco a tutti coloro che necessitano degli strumenti di monitoraggio per i propri clienti o il proprio lavoro.
Grazie a questo documento speriamo di poter trasferire delle utili nozioni che aiutino a contrastare i Referrer Spam e quindi ripulire i vostri dati statistici.
Il documento è stato redatto da E2ict.it e reso disponibile in un articolo presente su Impresattiva.it che analizza il fenomeno dell'Analytics Spam
The explanation with explicit picture of phone type used during each network generation. We covered 0G, 1G, 1.e or Edge, gprs, 4g, 4g+ and the upcoming 5g. YOu can get get the seminar report after following and liking my page. thank y'all.....
3G is the next generation of technology which has revolutionized the telecommunication industry. Apart from increasing the speed of communication, the objective of this technology is to provide various value-added services like video calling, live streaming, mobile internet access, IPTV, etc on the mobile phones. These services are possible because the 3G spectrum provides the necessary bandwidth.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
2. INTRODUCTION
1G TECHNOLOGY
2G TECHNOLOGY
MODELS OF 1G & 2G
2.5 TECHNOLOGY
3G TECHNOLOGY
4G TECHNOLOGY
3G vs. 4G
WIRELESS MOBILES OF 3G & 4G
ESTIMATION OF GLOBAL WIRELESS SUBSCRIBER GROWTH
3. WHAT IS WIRELESS ?
The word wireless is dictionary defined “having no wires ” .
In networking terminology , wireless is the term used to
describe any computer network where there is no physical
wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the
network is connected by radio waves and or microwaves to
maintain communications.
4.
5.
6. The First generation of wireless telecommunication
technology is known as 1G was introduced in 1980’s in
Japan.
Features:-
Using Analog signals
Listen to handset
Frequency is 150MHz & above
7. Poor voice quality
Poor battery life
Large phone size
No security
Frequent call drops
Limited capacity and poor handoff
8. 2G phones using global system for mobile communications
(GSM) were first used in the early 1990’s in Europe. GSM
provides voice and limited data services and uses digital
modulation for improved audio quality. Digital AMPS ,
CDMA were some of the 2G systems.
•SMS
•Fax
• 2 Dimensional
9. The GSM is a circuit switched , connection oriented
technology, where the end systems are dedicated for the entire
call session.
This causes inefficiency in usage of bandwidth and
resources.The GSM enabled systems do not support high data
rates. They are unable to handle complex data such as video.
Reduce range of sound.
Weaker digital signal.
11. An interim stage that is taken between 2G and
3G that is 2.5G
Features includes:-
o Phone calls/ Fax
o Voice mail
o Send/Receive e-mail messages
o web browsing
o camera phones
o speed: 64-144 kb/sec
o Time to download a 3 min MP3 song: 6-9 min
12. To meet the growing demand in network
capacity, rates required for high speed data
transfer and multimedia applications, 3G
standards started evolving.
It is based on the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of
standards.
3G technologies enable network operators to
offer users a wider range of more advanced
services.
Services include wide-area wireless voice
telephony, video-calls and broadband wireless
data , all in a mobile environment.
The data are sent through the technology
called Packet switching.
13. Phone calls/ fax
Global roaming
Send/receive large email messages
High speed web
Navigation / maps
Video conferencing
TV streaming
Speed: 200 kb/sec-2mb/sec
Time to download a 3 min MP3 song:
11 sec-1.5 min
14. Music is an important mobile
content category.
Mobiles can’t compete with Ipods
etc.
True mobility immediate & direct
access to downloadable music,with
no cables or PC.
15. Not simply rebroadcast of TV or
website.
Enhanced existing service for mobile
environment.
Multi-faceted – 24*7 access to multiple
live streams , video , image & text
content , messaging.
User interaction on multiple levels.
Fully integrated in browser – one click
access.
16. New radio spectrum to relieve overcrowding
in existing systems.
More bandwidth , security & reliability.
High data rates.
Rich multimedia services.
17. Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses.
Numerous differences in the licensing terms.
It is a challenge to build the necessary
infrastructure for 3G
Expense of 3G phones .
Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for the new 3G
wireless services.
18.
19. Features:-
Faster and more reliable – 100 Mbps
Lower cost than previous generations.
Multi-standard wireless system
- Bluetooth , Wifi
Coverage of wide area.
Wide Variety of services capability.
Only packet switching used unlike previous generations.
OFDMA(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple access)
and MIMO(Multiple In Multiple Out) replace CDMA
spread spectrum radio technology.
20. Video streaming , TV broadcast
Video calls , video clips- news , music , sports
Enhanced gaming , chat , location services…
High speed Tele-working / VPN access
Sales force automation
Video conferencing
Real-time financial information demonstration
21. High usability: anytime, anywhere and with any
technology.
Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost.
Higher bandwidth
Tight network security.
The equipment required to implement a next generation
network is still very expensive.
Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure
that expenses are kept realistic.
22. Except for the Scandinavian Countries (Northern Europe that includes
Denmark and two of the nations of Scandinavian , Norway and
Sweden. ), a few countries have started the 4G commercially.
In the US, Sprint Nextel and Others Germany , Spain, China , Japan
and England are also using the 4G services and mobiles .
23. Specifications 3G 4G
Frequency band 1.5- 2.8 GHz 2-8 GHz
Band width 5-20 MHz 5-20 MHz
Data rate upto 2 Mbps 20 Mbps or more
Switching Circuit/ Packet Packet
Top speeds 200kmph 200kmph
Short for Code-Division Multiple Access
CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications than other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile
LTE, an abbreviation for Long-Term Evolution, commonly marketed as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones
It was introduce in 1980.
AMPS- Advanced mobile phone system
CDMA- Code-Division Multiple Access
In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a discrete signal.
Circuit switching is a methodology of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel(circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate
10
a mobile communication standard that allows mobile phone,computers and other portable electronic devices to accesss the network wirelesly.
Edge – exchange data rate for GSM evaluation
Multi-faceted= having many phases or abilities
Radio spectrum refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies.
Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society.
18
VPN : Virtual private network
abbreviated SFA, sales force automation is a technique of using software to automate the business tasks of sales, including order processing, contact management, information sharing, inventory monitoring and control, order tracking, customer management, sales forecast analysis and employee performance evaluation.
