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The document defines key concepts related to database schemas including: - A database schema describes the logical structure and design of a database using a formal language. It acts as a blueprint for how the database will be constructed. - A schema diagram provides a visual representation of some aspects of a database schema. - The schema dictates how data is stored, accessed, and relates to other data through specifications, rules, and conventions. It affects the performance, reliability, and scalability of the database.
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Db architecture
The document defines key concepts related to database schemas including:
- A schema defines the structure and data in a database including entities, relationships, and constraints.
- A schema diagram provides a visual representation of the database schema.
- Database schemas have three levels: external, conceptual, and internal. The conceptual schema hides physical storage details.
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Adbms 7 database languages and tools
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- Centralized and client-server database system architectures
Database system-DBMS
The document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers topics such as data models, schemas and instances; DBMS architecture and data independence; database languages and interfaces; the database system environment; and classification of database management systems. Specifically, it describes the three-schema architecture used to support data independence, different types of database languages, interfaces for users and programmers, components of a DBMS, and utilities used in database systems.
Database system
The document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers topics such as data models, schemas and instances; DBMS architecture and data independence; database languages and interfaces; the database system environment; and classification of database management systems. The key points are data models define a database's structure and constraints, schemas describe a database, and instances are the actual stored data. DBMSs use a three-schema architecture to provide data independence and multiple views of data.
Database Management system, database architecture unikkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
The document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses the key concepts of database schema and instance, the three schema architecture consisting of the internal, conceptual and external schemas, and the goals of data independence. It also describes database languages like DDL and DML used at different levels, common DBMS interfaces, components and utilities. Finally, it covers centralized and client-server architectures and classifications of DBMS based on data model, number of users/sites, software, cost and purpose.
Database system
The document summarizes key concepts related to database systems, including data models, schemas, instances, DBMS architecture, languages, interfaces, environment, and classification of DBMSs. It defines data models as concepts to describe database structure and constraints. The three-schema architecture supports data independence through conceptual, internal, and external schemas. Database languages include DDL for schema definition and DML for data manipulation. DBMS interfaces provide access for different types of users.
Database system
The document provides an overview of key concepts in database systems, including data models, schemas, instances, DBMS architecture, languages, interfaces, and classification of DBMSs. It describes conceptual, physical, and implementation data models, and how schemas define database structure while instances capture the current stored data. The three-schema DBMS architecture is introduced to support data independence. Database languages include DDL for schema definition and DML for data manipulation. DBMS interfaces provide various ways to interact with databases. Utilities and tools support database management. DBMSs can be classified by data model, users, sites, and purpose.
Database system concepts
This document defines basic database terminology and concepts. It describes key terms like database, tables, fields, records, cells, and objects. It also explains the differences between a database instance and schema. Additionally, it outlines the three schema architecture and how it provides data independence. Finally, it briefly discusses database system components, interfaces, utilities, and classification.
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
This document discusses database concepts and architecture. It covers data models including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It discusses the history of relational, network and hierarchical data models. It also covers the three-level database architecture including the external, conceptual and internal schemas. The architecture supports logical and physical data independence. The document discusses database languages like DDL and DML and different database interfaces and systems.
Chapter02.ppt
This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers topics such as data models and their categories, schemas and instances, the three-schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages and interfaces, and centralized and client-server architectures. The three-schema architecture defines three levels of schemas - internal, conceptual, and external - to support program-data independence and multiple views of the data. Data independence allows changes to lower-level schemas without affecting higher-level schemas and applications. A variety of DBMS languages exist, including DDL for schema definition and DML for data manipulation.
ch02-Database System Concepts and Architecture.pdf
This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers several topics:
- Data models define database structure, operations, and constraints. Common categories are conceptual, physical, and implementation models.
- Schemas describe database structure and constraints, while instances represent actual stored data. The three-schema architecture separates conceptual, internal, and external schemas.
- Data independence allows changes to lower-level schemas without affecting higher levels.
- DBMS languages include DDL for definition and DML for manipulation. Interfaces provide access for users, programmers, and administrators.
- Database architectures range from centralized to client-server. Client-server divides processing between client machines and centralized database servers.
ch02-Database System Concepts and Architecture.ppt
This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers several topics:
- Data models and their categories including conceptual, physical and implementation models.
- The three-schema architecture with internal, conceptual and external schemas.
- Concepts of database schemas that define structure and constraints versus database states that represent stored data.
- Data independence which aims to isolate applications from changes in the database.
- Database languages including DDL for schema definition and DML for data manipulation.
- Database interfaces for users, programmers and administrators.
- Database utilities and tools that perform functions like backup, recovery and reporting.
- Centralized and client-server architectures with the latter distributing processing across server and client tiers.
Database management system overview
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses key concepts such as the components of a database system including hardware, software, people and procedures. It also describes different database models like hierarchical, network and relational models. The document explains database languages for data definition (DDL) and data manipulation (DML). It discusses database users and administrators and their roles. Some common applications of DBMS and advantages like improved data sharing and integrity are highlighted. Disadvantages like increased costs are also mentioned.
Complete first chapter rdbm 17332
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines key terms like data, database, DBMS, and discusses the disadvantages of file processing systems and advantages of DBMS. It explains concepts like data abstraction, database languages including DDL, DML, DCL. It also describes database schema and instance, data independence, and the overall architecture of a DBMS including components like the query processor and storage manager.
Introduction to SQL
This document discusses database systems and SQL. It begins by defining key database concepts like data models, schemas, and instances. It then provides an introduction to SQL, explaining what SQL is used for and some of its main functions. The document goes on to describe database system architecture, languages, and interfaces. It discusses the three-schema architecture and concepts of data independence. It also covers database management system components, utilities, and classifications.
8028.ppt
The document discusses key concepts of relational database models and data modeling. It defines relations, tuples, attributes, and domains as core components of the relational model. It also describes conceptual, representational, and physical data models and compares hierarchical and network models. The document outlines database schemas, instances, and the three-schema architecture. It defines data independence and common DBMS languages and interfaces.
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This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It defines key concepts like data models, schemas, and instances. It also describes the three schema architecture with internal, conceptual, and external schemas. This architecture provides data independence which allows changes to one schema without affecting others. The document outlines common DBMS languages, interfaces, components, and utilities. It concludes with classifications of database management systems.
Similar to 3 db architecture (20)
Database Management system, database architecture unikkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
Database Management system, database architecture unikkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
ch02-Database System Concepts and Architecture.pdf
ch02-Database System Concepts and Architecture.pdf
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ch02-Database System Concepts and Architecture.ppt
ch02-Database System Concepts and Architecture.ppt
ch02-Database System Concepts and Architecture.ppt
More from Mr Patrick NIYISHAKA
Summary
This document discusses vectors, force systems, and moments of force. It provides examples of torques, moments, and the cross product as they relate to force vectors. It also uses a skateboard and a hinged rectangular platform suspended by a cable as examples to illustrate moments of force and bending stresses. The document aims to explain vectors with force systems and resultants, and how moments are calculated as both scalar and vector formulations. It concludes with a problem asking the reader to find the moment about each coordinate axis of the force exerted by a cable suspending a hinged platform.
3 summary
This document introduces the topic of distributed database systems. It discusses distributed data independence and transaction atomicity. It provides a real-life example of a travel company using a distributed database with branches around the world. It then gives a quiz to test understanding of distributed database definitions, types, and functionality.
2 ddb architecture
This document discusses distributed database architecture. It describes the advantages as improved processing power through distributed processing across multiple machines, removal of single point of failure, and easier expandability. The disadvantages include increased complexity, costs, security challenges, and difficulties with integrity control and standardization. Different architectures are shared-nothing, shared-disk, and shared-memory. Distributed databases are well-suited for applications involving multiple sites like manufacturing, military systems, and airline reservations.
1 ddb
1. The document discusses types of distributed databases and distributed database architecture. It describes distributed databases as collections of shared data distributed over a computer network. Distributed databases can be either homogeneous, with all sites using the same DBMS, or heterogeneous, with different sites using different DBMSs. A distributed DBMS manages the distributed database and aims to make the distribution transparent to users.
2 countermeasures
This document discusses various countermeasures for database security including authorization, authentication, backups, journalizing, encryption, RAID technology, user-defined procedures, and checkpoints. It also discusses responses to different types of database failures such as aborted transactions, incorrect data, system failures with the database intact, and total database destruction. The preferred and alternative recovery approaches are outlined for each failure scenario.
2 countermeasures
This document discusses various countermeasures for database security including authorization, authentication, backups, journalizing, encryption, RAID technology, user-defined procedures, and checkpoints. It also discusses responses to different types of database failures such as aborted transactions, incorrect data, system failures with the database intact, and total database destruction. The preferred and alternative recovery approaches are outlined for each failure scenario.
3 summary
The document discusses database security and authorization. It covers threats to data security like human error and theft. Authentication verifies users' identities while authorization grants access privileges. Encryption encodes data for safe access. The document provides examples of improper authorization in schools and banks. It also includes a quiz on database security and authorization topics.
1 db security
Database security aims to protect data from accidental or intentional harm through threats like human error, software/hardware failures, theft, and improper access. These threats can result in losses of privacy, secrecy, confidentiality, data integrity, and availability. Countermeasures and responses to database failures help increase database security against various threats.
4 summary
This document covers transaction processing concepts including:
- Typical OLTP environments and how to recover from failures
- The ACID properties of transactions including atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability
- Transaction states like active, aborted, and committed
- Transactions as concurrency units and how they execute concurrently while maintaining serializability
- Quizzes to test understanding of transaction processing, ACID properties, transaction states, and ensuring consistency through synchronization
3 summary
This document discusses concurrency control techniques for managing concurrent execution of transactions. It provides an example of how concurrency control is needed when multiple passengers try to purchase the last remaining airline ticket. The document then covers topics like transaction serialization, pessimistic and optimistic concurrency control, locking techniques, and two-phase locking. It concludes with sample multiple choice questions about problems with concurrent transactions, methods for serialization, locking data items, and definitions of deadlock and concurrency control.
2 con control
This document discusses concurrency control techniques for databases, including pessimistic and optimistic concurrency control. It describes locking techniques used for synchronization, including binary locks, certify locks, and two-phase locking to ensure serializability. It also discusses problems that can occur with locking such as deadlocks and starvation.
1 con exe
This document discusses concurrency control and methods to ensure serializability when transactions execute concurrently in a database. It begins by describing three problems that can occur with concurrent transaction execution: lost updates, unrepeatable reads, and dirty reads. It then explains two methods for achieving serializability: multi-version concurrency control and timestamp ordering. Timestamp ordering assigns timestamps to transactions and data items and uses the timestamps to determine when transactions can read and write data items to prevent conflicts. The document also briefly mentions using concurrency control protocols that employ locking to serialize transaction access.
1 basic concepts
This document discusses transaction processing in online transaction processing (OLTP) environments. It covers typical OLTP environments like airline, banking, and trading systems. It also covers topics like transactions being atomic units of execution that must have ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) properties and can be in different states during processing. Transactions are sequences of database operations that must generate a consistent database when applied to a consistent one.
2 recovery
The document discusses database recovery from failures. It explains that a DBMS uses techniques like logging transactions, periodic backups, and mirroring databases to restore the system to a consistent state if a failure occurs. There are two types of recovery - from transaction failures, where the DBMS undoes uncommitted transactions, and from catastrophic failures like disk or system crashes, where the entire database must be restored from a backup and the log is used to replay committed transactions. Proper recovery is needed to ensure transactions are fully committed or have no effect, and that the database remains in a consistent state.
3 transaction
The document discusses the ACID properties that transactions should possess:
1. Atomicity - Transactions are atomic units that are fully completed or not completed at all.
2. Consistency - Transactions preserve consistency by ensuring the database only transitions between valid states.
3. Isolation - The execution of one transaction is isolated and not interfered with by other concurrent transactions.
4. Durability - Committed transaction changes persist in the database and survive failures through logging and recovery.
3 summary
The document discusses query processing and optimization techniques. It provides an example of querying a database to find the name of the last member to borrow a book with the title "Zeus". There are several ways to structure the query, but some methods are more optimized than others. Query processing involves translating SQL queries into relational algebra operations, generating execution plans, and executing the queries. Query optimization examines multiple query plans to identify the most efficient plan to retrieve the required data.
1 query processing
The document discusses the process of query processing, which includes translating SQL queries into relational algebra, generating an evaluation plan, and executing the query. It provides examples of translating a SQL query into relational algebra expressions and generating an annotated evaluation plan specifying the detailed strategy for evaluating the query.
1 query processing
The document discusses the process of query processing, which includes translating SQL queries into relational algebra, generating an evaluation plan, and executing the query. It provides examples of translating a SQL query into relational algebra expressions and generating an annotated evaluation plan specifying the detailed strategy for evaluating the query.
2 optimization
The document discusses query optimization techniques used by database systems. It describes how a database catalog is used to estimate query execution costs. Alternative execution plans are enumerated using heuristic rules and the lowest cost plan is selected. Examples are provided of applying translation rules to optimize a query tree by pushing down select and project operations, avoiding Cartesian products, and reordering joins and selections. Cost estimation considers factors like I/O, memory usage, and computation to select a suboptimal but efficient execution plan.
2 collision
This document discusses collisions, center of mass, and impulse and momentum. It provides information on inelastic 2D collisions and notes that analyzing collisions using impulse and momentum is useful when solving for collisions between two bodies. It also defines center of mass as the point where all the mass of an object or system can be considered concentrated.
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3 db architecture
- 1. Schema: - Logical structure of the database Database Schema - Described in a formal language by the DBMS - Be able to create a blueprint of how a database will be constructed Schema Diagram - A diagrammatic display of (some aspects of) a database schema
- 3. Definition: The set of specifications, rules, processes -- dictate how data is stored in a database -- how data is accessed by components of a system. Includes data types, relationships, and naming conventions. Describes the organization of all database objects and how they work together. Affects integrity, reliability, scalability, and performance. Involves anything that defines the nature, the structure of the data, or how the data flows.
- 4. Database Independence : Logical data independence The capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to change external schema or application programs. Ex: employee (e#, name, address, salary) Physical data independence The capacity to change the internal schema without having to change the conceptual (or external) schema.
- 5. Database Language : Data Definition Language (DDL) Used to specify the conceptual schema of a database. For defining internal and external schemas(view). * In some DBMSs, separate storage definition language (sdl) and view definition language (vdl) are used to define internal and external schemas. Data Manipulation Language (DML) Used to specify database retrievals and updates. DML commands can be embedded in a general-purpose programming language (host language), such as COBOL, C . Data Control Language (DML) High/Low level or Procedural/non-procedural languages.
- 6. Definition : The aggregate of means by which people interact with the database. - Input : users to manipulate a system - Output : to produce the effects of the users' manipulation. Examples : Stand-alone query language interfaces. Programmer interfaces. * Pre-compiler approach * Procedure (subroutine) call approach User-friendly interfaces. * Menu-based, popular for browsing on the web * Forms-based, designed for naïve users * Graphics-based (point and click, drag and drop etc.) * Natural language: requests in written English