The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
Additive manufacturing 3D Printing technologySTAY CURIOUS
Additive manufacturing 3D Printing
3D printing is the process of building an object one thin layer at a time. It is fundamentally additive rather than subtractive in nature. To many, 3D printing is the singular production of often-ornate objects on a desktop printer.
Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) - Theory, Properties and ApplicationsNithin Thomas
The presentation deals with a basic overview regarding the Theory, Properties and Applications of Shape-memory Polymers (SMPs).
It also discusses concepts such as Shape memory effect, Programming of Polymers and Practical applications of SMPs.
RTM is a low-pressure molding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are injected into a closed mold containing a fiber pack or preform . when the resin has cured the mold can be opened and finished component removed.
Advanced Optical Materials was issued as a section of Advanced Materials in 2012 and launched as an individual journal under the same name in 2013. Publishing formats for the section of Advanced Materials were three or four page (short) communications, detailed full papers, and reviews. The stated purpose of this section was to communicate significant discoveries which advance the fields of photonics, plasmonics, and metamaterials. Fundamental research is also covered.....
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a technique that is widely used to characterize a material’s properties as a function of temperature, time, frequency, stress, atmosphere or a combination of these parameters.
University Course "Micro and nano systems" for Master Degree in Biomedical Engineering at University of Pisa. Topic: Selective laser sintering, electron beam melting, laser engineering net shaping
Reference:
Joseph J. Richardson, Mattias Björnmalm and Frank Caruso: Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilms (2015) Science 348 (6233). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa2491
Additive manufacturing 3D Printing technologySTAY CURIOUS
Additive manufacturing 3D Printing
3D printing is the process of building an object one thin layer at a time. It is fundamentally additive rather than subtractive in nature. To many, 3D printing is the singular production of often-ornate objects on a desktop printer.
Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) - Theory, Properties and ApplicationsNithin Thomas
The presentation deals with a basic overview regarding the Theory, Properties and Applications of Shape-memory Polymers (SMPs).
It also discusses concepts such as Shape memory effect, Programming of Polymers and Practical applications of SMPs.
RTM is a low-pressure molding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are injected into a closed mold containing a fiber pack or preform . when the resin has cured the mold can be opened and finished component removed.
Advanced Optical Materials was issued as a section of Advanced Materials in 2012 and launched as an individual journal under the same name in 2013. Publishing formats for the section of Advanced Materials were three or four page (short) communications, detailed full papers, and reviews. The stated purpose of this section was to communicate significant discoveries which advance the fields of photonics, plasmonics, and metamaterials. Fundamental research is also covered.....
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a technique that is widely used to characterize a material’s properties as a function of temperature, time, frequency, stress, atmosphere or a combination of these parameters.
University Course "Micro and nano systems" for Master Degree in Biomedical Engineering at University of Pisa. Topic: Selective laser sintering, electron beam melting, laser engineering net shaping
Reference:
Joseph J. Richardson, Mattias Björnmalm and Frank Caruso: Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilms (2015) Science 348 (6233). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa2491
A Study of Pulse by Pulse Microscale Patch Transfer Using Picosecond LaserIJERA Editor
The shape restoring capability of Ti/Ni has potential to overcome the shrinkage of polymer in mould cavity, which has potential of solving the demoulding problems and helps dimension accuracy in micro/nano injection molding. However, the deposition of Ti/Ni film precisely and securely on specific location of the micro mould cavity present difficulties with conventional deposition methods. In this paper, the use of photonic impact forward transfer method to deposit Ti/Ni film patches on specific locations of a substrate is demonstrate using a picosecond laser. Pulse by pulse deposition control parameters affecting position accuracy and spot size were studied in this paper. It was found that although laser power, and distance between donor films and the substrate all influence the spot sizes of pulse by pulse deposited patches, adjusting spot size by changing laser power is better than changing distance due to separated particles being found around the deposited film patches. Results of this study proved the feasibility of depositing Ti/Ni film patches on specific location using pico-second laser with high position accuracy. The potential of using photonic impact forward transfer as a complementing method to laser powder 3D printing of difficult to process material to produce better surface quality microproducts such as micro moulds for micro-injection molding is tremendous.
Thin Film Materials: Alternative Methods for Creating Surface WrinklesRoderik S
A discussion of some modern methods to achieve buckling in thin film materials. Buckling is mechanical phenomenon, which effects have gained much appeal in the industry of thin film materials.
Modeling Fabrication and Testing of Artificial Gecko Adhesion using Multi Lay...IJLT EMAS
The idea of designing a micro level artificial gecko
adhesive structure is inspired from ability of geckos to climb any
surface. Gecko can climb any rough or smooth surface because
of its hierarchical structure present on feet which functions as a
smart adhesive [1]. The key parameter that affects gecko
adhesion are pattern periodicity of a synthetic setae, hierarchical
structure, length, diameter, angle, size, stiffness of end tips and
flexibility of a base [2]. The design and fabrication of number of
single and multi-level hierarchical pattern were performed. CO2
LASER cutting machine having power of 60 W is used to
manufacture moulds. The mould is fabricated from methyl
methacrylate sheets of different thickness 3 mm to 10 mm.
Liquid silicone polymer PDMS is used as a cast material. Various
patterns having dimensionsupto200 micrometer with different
tip shapes and geometries were fabricated. For single level
patterns like dense pattern, mushroom shape pattern and wedge
pattern (lamellar structure) were fabricated. Attempts were
made to design and fabricate Multi-level hierarchical structure
patterns that mimics gecko like foot structure. These micro level
artificial gecko structure have large scope of applications such as
climbing robots, non-sticky adhesion tapes, military surveillance
and even medical applications.
To ensure good adhesion between a 200 nm thick silicon dioxide layer and a 4.5 μm thick hardcoat polymeric coating, a better understanding of mechanisms of adhesion at this interface is needed. To reach this purpose, focus is placed on two axes: characterizing mechanical properties of materials composing the system and in parallel, finding an applicable and effective method to quantify adhesion. Small dimension of SiO2 thin film makes it challenging to accurately characterize it. Hence the use of both nano-indentation and AFM to attempt assessment of SiO2 thin film elastic modulus Ef; taking into account limitations and uncertainty associated with each technique. Elastic modulus of SiO2 thin film determined by nano-indentation is roughly 50 GPa on a wafer substrate and 15 GPa on a lens substrate. As for AFM, modulus measured is approximately 56 GPa on a wafer substrate and 22 GPa on a lens substrate. This highlights significant influence of substrate for both techniques. Impact on mechanical properties between SiO2 thin films under different intrinsic stresses was also investigated. Results suggest that higher density of SiO2 thin film leads to higher elastic modulus.
To quantify adhesion, micro-tensile and micro-compression tests were performed. Micro-tensile experiments give ultimate shear strengths of hardcoat-substrate interface ranging from 9 to 14 MPa. Values of energy release rates of SiO2 / Hardcoat, range from 0.1 J/m² to 0.5 J/m², depending on moduli values found on wafer or lens substrate.
Plasma treatment is used to modify and improve the surface conditions of various materials. The use of plasma technology on plastic and composite carbon substrates enables these heat-sensitive materials to be successfully coated with ultraviolet (UV) curable powder coatings.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Three dimensional printing (3DP) technology is a new
strategy for rapid-fire prototyping, which constructs solid
objects by deposit of several layers in sequence.
The preface and operation of 3D printing have promoted
enormous inventions in numerous different fields,
including aerospace diligence, framework, tissue
mastermind, biomedical investigation and drugstore.
The recent preface of the first FDA approved 3D- printed
medicine has fuelled interest in 3D printing technology,
which is set to transform healthcare.
Generally, the polymer systems has always attained the
attention of manufacturers due to their unique
characteristics similar as ease of processing, light
weight, low cost, long life, and frequently rigidity.
2
3. 3
►Facilitate rapid-fire prototyping (e.g., elimination of tooling engineering of molds, dies, or
institutions).
►Enhance design rigidity and fabrication customizability (e.g., cells, configurations, froths, etc).
►Enable complex configuration and dimensions (e.g., topologies, substructures and undercuts).
►Tune localized chemical compositions (e.g., multi-materials, biomaterials, functional grading).
►Knitter physical morphologies (e.g., the exposure of constitute structure blocks).
►Waste zero or limited materials (e.g., no machining required and high recyclability of feedstocks).
4. 4
1. TYPES OF POLYMERS &
NANOPARTICLES
2. DISPERSION OF
NANOPARTICLES
3. INTERFACIAL INTERACTION
4. ORIENTATION OR ALIGNMENT
OF PARTICLES OR POLYMER
CHAIN
5. 5
1. PHOTOCURING BASED PROCESS
SLA based printing
2PP/MPP based printing
DLP based printing
2. JETTING BASED PROCESS
Inkjet based printing
EHD based printing
Binder Jet based printing
3. EXTRUSION BASED PROCESS
FDM based printing
LDM based printing
PBF based printing
METHODS
PHOTOCURING
JETTING
EXTRUSION
6. 6
► SLA(Stereolithography) is form of 3D printing technology as a
vat photopolymerization process used to produce parts from
photopolymer materials in a liquid state using one or further lasers
to widely cure to a predestined consistency and harden the
material into shape layer upon layer.
► Microcapsules filled with healing fluids synthesized using in situ
interfacial polymerizations were dispersed in marketable resin
before SLA 3D printing self- healing compound samples; the
microcapsules survived the SLA process and fluid was released
during mending procedures. SLA- published structures have
advantages in biomedical usages.
► As a result, optimizing the interfacial relations combined with
the SLA- enabled, gradually ordered biomaterials has displayed
accommodated biological and medical functionalities.
► Still, the preface of underpinning fillings can cause problems,
similar as increased density, scattering of UV light, and
overheating of localized regions. The increased density
will reduce down processing.
1. SLA BASED PRINTING:
7. 7
►UVlight scattering reduces UV penetration depth and side resolution, preventing a more
comprehensive irradiation energy source, an advanced laser power, or UV-transparent
underpinning fillings.
►The localized overheating may cause pre-mature curing or prematurely- stage polymer
degradation.
►Additives distributed in the resin/ particle system can ease polymerization, modify density,
stabilize the particle suspensions, or enhance interfacial adhesion.
► A many particles have known underpinning effects in polymers for Young’s modulus, tensile and
flexural strength, and durability.
8. 8
1. one-photon polymerization(1 PP): An generator in a
photopolymerization vat ( i.e., photoresist) substantially
composed of monomers or oligomers absorbs one UV photon
with a short wavelength through a linear absorption to initiate
polymer chain growth. Due to low penetration effectiveness,
the photoresist absorbs UV light only within the first few
micrometers and provides the same microns’ resolution.
2. two-photon polymerization(2 PP): It is effectively confined to
the narrow focal volume or point of the laser (e.g., 60 nm in
three range), which is much lower than the diffraction limit of
the excitation laser wavelength (e.g., 780 – 800 nm
polymerization (MPP) has a simultaneous absorption of three
or further photons during polymer photocrosslinking.
Two-photon or multiphoton
approaches, also known as Direct
Laser Writing (DLW) and first
introduced in monomer
polymerizations, have been helpful in
tissue engineering and drug delivery
due to their important fabrication
capability for building precise
microstructures with high spatial
resolution on both the microscopic
and nanometric scale.
9. 9
►Utmost photo curable resins are free-radical or cationic
photoresponsive and display high brittleness upon curing. It was
developed high- performance elastomeric materials to overcome
the high crosslinked structure and printed object fragility. During
amalgamated preparation, a type of branched mercaptan-
functionalized polysiloxane was synthesized and compounded with
different-molecular- weight vinyl- terminated poly
(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Different contents of underpinning
fillings (e.g., particles of fused silica and precipitated silica at a
concentration of 5 wt-20 wt), photoresists, and photoinitiators
showed tunable mechanical properties and adaptability for
silicone/ silica admixtures.
►Thus improved materials with super stretchability, high
biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity are advantageous for soft
robots and biomedical devices. Silicone can serve as a preceramic
polymer resin. Thus, silicone’s fast solidification in DLP can rapidly
prototype complex structures, similar as porous,
cellular, and layered structures.
► DLP(Digital Light Processing)
is a 3D printing technology
which used to rapidly produced
photopolymers parts. It is very
similar to SLA the only
diiference is DLP uses projected
light source to cure the entire
layer at once
10. 10
►Each deposited layer must be cured in between successive
depositions, and the curing process will vary depending on the
materials used to print your product. Inkjet 3D printing systems
include equipment for curing each layer within the system.
►inkjet printing is complexity agnostic, meaning the printing time is
nearly independent of product complexity. The time required to print a
fully functional product depends solely on the time required to deposit
the necessary amount of material and the curing time.
►As a result, the cost structure only depends on the weight of the
material being deposited and the energy consumed during
deposition—costs in both of these areas are fixed. When printing
complex multilayer and non-planar PCBs, all interconnects,
mounting holes, and vias can be printed directly without additional
machining steps.This reducesthe total manufacturing time from
weeks to hours with a highly predictable cost structure.
1. INKJET BASED PRINTING
► 3D inkjet printing is a low-
temperature, low-pressure process
that involves the deposition of liquid
materials or solid suspensions.
Polymers, dielectric nanoparticles,
and conductive nanoparticles can
be deposited with this process,
making it adaptable to a broad range
of materials. In this process, the
printing material is extruded through
a small nozzle within a print head. As
the print head raster scans over a
surface, multiple layers are built up in
a layer-by-layer process.
11. 11
►General principles should be followed for using the EHD jet.
1. First, the EHD printhead radius should be small. Different
organic, inorganic, or metallic particles are useable, and
needle size should be larger than the particle size.
2. Second, the electrical field strength and the inflow rates
should match so that droplets formed are cone- jet or micro-
dripping. The actuation principle from the electrical voltage
pulse allows the conformation of droplets as small as tens of
nanometers.
3. Third, the electrical field strength is tunable for drop deposit
range that generally increases with a high electrical field. For
illustration, the printing line range can range from 1 to 10 μm
during 700 – 1000V.
4. Finally, the stage moving rates on the EHD platform can
determine the printing line morphology (coiled or
continuous) and the fiber radius.
►Electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet)
printing is a high resolution
printing technology where the
printed liquid is driven by an
electric field. Exposure to an
electric field causes mobile ions
in a polarizable liquid to
accumulate at the liquid surface.
12. 12
►Binder jetting, also named drop-on- bed (DOB), jets liquid binders through an inkjet printer head on
spread powders and widely combines them into a patterned layer with x/ y direction. Ideal binders have
proper rheology, sufficient wettability, stable chemistry, and effective binding strength.
►The binder inks impact the polymer powder with small picoliter drop. The impact speed is on the scale
of meters/ s. A high impact speed will increase production rates but will also increase impact radius and
reduces spatial resolution.
►There's a balance between drop spreading and infiltration depth, with the former controlled by surface
tension and the ultimate driven by capillary effects.
►The primary advantages of binder jetting include:
I. high friendliness to a broader range of materials than selective laser sintering,
II. room temperature admixture that avoids polymer oxidation or degradation,
III. no support structures required as in FDM
IV. Better control of material viscosity by simply tuning heating temperatures for void coalescence.
13. 13
FDM-BASED PRINTING:
► Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technology works with specialized 3D printers and production-
grade thermoplastics to build strong, durable and dimensionally stable parts with the best accuracy
and repeatability of any 3D printing technology.
► FDM 3D Printing, is a method of additive manufacturing where layers of materials are fused together
in a pattern to create an object. The material is usually melted just past its glass transition
temperature, and then extruded in a pattern next to or on top of previous extrusions, creating an
object layer by layer.
► Fused deposition modeling (FDM), a type of 3D printing technology, is the most quoted when dealing
with production of drug delivery devices, because of the low cost of printers; printing precision,
fundamental to guaranteeing medicine quality parameters; and hot-melt extrusion, a technological
process incorporated in the pharmaceutical field.
► uses heat to melt a polymeric filament and deposit it layer by layer in the x, y and z-axes, creating a
three-dimensional product.The filament used to feed the printer is produced by hot-melt extrusion
using active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical grade polymers
14. 14
►There are three ways to print particle- included polymer mixes:
I. Integrate liquid resin and in-situ polymerization before extrusion (e.g., anterior polymerization);
II. Fuse molten thermoplastic on moving nonstop filaments (e.g., CF) with core- shell fibers;
III. Extrude pre-impregnated paddings with polymer coatings.
15. 15
►Enhanced productivity: 3D printing works more quickly in contrast to traditional methods especially
when it comes to fabrication of items like prosthetics and implants with an additional benefit of better
resolution, repeatability, more accuracy, and reliability
►Customization and personalization: One of the pioneer benefits of this technology is the liberty of
fabrication of customized medical equipment and products. Customized implants, prosthetics, surgical
tools, fixtures can be a great boon to patients as well as physicians
►Increased cost efficiency: Objects produced by 3D printing are of low cost. It is an advantage for
small-scale production units or for companies that produce highly complex products or parts because
almost all ingredients are inexpensive.By eradicating the use of unnecessary resources, manufacturing
cost can also be reduced. For instance, 20-mg tablets could be potentially formulated as 1-mg tablets
as per need.
►3DP allows controlled size of droplets, complex drug release profiles, strength of dosage and multi-
dosing
16. 16
►Unique dosage forms: infinite dosage forms can be created using 3D printing. Inkjet-based 3D printing
and inkjet powder-based 3D printing are the two main printing technologies employed in the
pharmaceutical industry. Microcapusles, antiobiotic printed micropatterns, mesoporous bioactive glass
scaffolds, nanosuspensions, and hyaluronan-based synthetic extracellular matrices are some of the
novel dosage forms formulated using 3D printing.
►Personalized drug dosing: Drugs with narrow therapeutic index can easily be prepared using 3D
printing; and, by knowing the patient’s pharmacogenetic profile and other characteristics like age, race
etc., optimal dosage can be given to the patient. Preparation of entirely new formulation is another vital
potential of 3D printing for instance fabrications of pills that have a blend of more than one active
pharmaceutical ingredient or dispensed as multi-reservoir printed tablets. Hence patients suffering from
more than one disease can get their formulation ready in one multi-dose form at the healthcare point
itself, thereby providing personalized and accurate dose to the patient with better or best compliance.
17. 17
►Complex drug release profile: In most conventional compressed dosage forms, a simple drug release
profile which is a homogenous mixture of active ingredients is observed. Whereas in 3D printed dosage
forms, a complex drug release profile that allows fabrication of complex geometries that are porous and
loaded with multiple drugs throughout, surrounded by barrier layers that modulate release, is found.
►One example is the printing of a multilayered bone implant with a distinct drug release profile alternating
between rifampicin and isoniazid in a pulse release mechanism. 3D printing has also been used to print
antibiotic micropatterns on paper, which have been used as drug implants to eradicate Staphylococcus
epidermidis.
18. 18
►3D printing technology is a valuable and potential tool for the pharmaceutical sector, leading to
personalized medicine focused on the patients’ needs. It offers numerous advantages, such as
increasing the cost efficiency and the manufacturing speed. 3D printing has revolutionized the way in
which manufacturing is done. It improves the design manufacturing and reduces lead time and tooling
cost for new products. This chapter has summarized different fabrication methods and some notable
applications of 3D printing in the healthcare sector, especially in pharmaceutical sciences.
19. 19
► 3D printing for polymer/particle-based processing: Weiheng Xu a,1, Sayli Jambhulkar a,1, Yuxiang Zhu a, Dharneedar
Ravichandran a, Mounika Kakarla b, Brent Vernon c, David G. Lott d, Jeffrey L. Cornella e, Orit Shefi f, Guillaume
Miquelard-Garnier g, Yang Yang h, Kenan Song
►
► R. Durga Prasad Reddy, V. Sharma, Additive manufacturing in drug delivery applications: a review, Int. J. Pharm. 589
(2020) 119820.
► A.J. Capel, R.P. Rimington, M.P. Lewis, S.D.R. Christie, 3D printing for chemical, pharmaceutical and biological
applications, Nat. Rev. Chem. 2 (12) (2018) 422–436.
► G. Chen, Y. Xu, P. Chi Lip Kwok, L. Kang, Pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing, Addit. Manufact. 34 (2020)
101209.
► ASTM, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies, F2792 12a, 2012.
► S. Infanger, A. Haemmerli, S. Iliev, A. Baier, E. Stoyanov, J. Quodbach, Powder bed 3D-printing of highly loaded drug
delivery devices with hydroxypropyl cellulose as solid binder, Int. J. Pharm. 555 (2019) 198–206