2.characteristics of countours
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This document contains a lecture on contour mapping given by Mohd Salman Ahmed, a lecturer in civil engineering at Ahmed's Institute of Excellence. The lecture discusses the characteristics of contours, how to read contour plans, and how to interpret information from contour maps. Key points covered include that contours have the same elevation, spacing depends on slope, closed contours indicate hills or depressions, and contours cannot cross except at overhanging cliffs. The document provides examples and a short quiz to assess understanding.
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1) Contour lines on a map connect points of equal elevation and represent the topography of the land.
2) Contour surveys are conducted at the start of engineering projects to select suitable sites, locate alignments to minimize earthworks, and understand the terrain.
3) Contours are located either directly by tracing lines in the field or indirectly by taking spot levels and interpolating lines on the map. Indirect methods using cross-sections or tacheometry are more efficient for large areas.
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1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
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3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
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*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
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*The equipment required for the job
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1) Contour lines on a map connect points of equal elevation and represent the topography of the land.
2) Contour surveys are conducted at the start of engineering projects to select suitable sites, locate alignments to minimize earthworks, and understand the terrain.
3) Contours are located either directly by tracing lines in the field or indirectly by taking spot levels and interpolating lines on the map. Indirect methods using cross-sections or tacheometry are more efficient for large areas.
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1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
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3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
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Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
1) Given: Actual area of plot = 1.28 hectares = 12800 sqm
Area shown on map = 8 sqcm
2) To calculate RF:
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RF = 12800 sqm / 8 sqcm
RF = 12800 / 8 = 1600
RF = 1/1600
3) Length of scale = RF x Maximum length to be measured
Maximum length = 100m
Length of scale = 1/1600 x 100m = 6.25cm = 6cm (approx.)
4) Draw a line 6cm long divided into 10 equal parts to read up to 10m
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1080093 634446814277798750
Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
1) Given: Actual area of plot = 1.28 hectares = 12800 sqm
Area shown on map = 8 sqcm
2) To calculate RF:
RF = Actual Dimension / Shown Dimension
RF = 12800 sqm / 8 sqcm
RF = 12800 / 8 = 1600
RF = 1/1600
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Maximum length = 100m
Length of scale = 1/1600 x 100m = 6.25cm = 6cm (approx.)
4) Draw a line 6cm long divided into 10 equal parts to read up to 10m
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Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
1) Given: Actual area of plot = 1.28 hectares = 12800 sqm
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2) To calculate RF:
RF = Map Area / Actual Area
= 8 sqcm / 12800 sqm
= 8 / 12800
= 1/1600
3) Length of scale = RF x Maximum length
= 1/1600 x 100m (let's take max length as 100m)
= 100/1600 cm = 6.25 cm
4) Draw a line 6.25 cm long and divide it into 10 equal parts to read up to 1 decimal place.
5) Draw a perpendicular line
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2.characteristics of countours
- 1. Department of Technical Education Telangana Name : Mohd Salman Ahmed Designation : Lecturer Branch : Civil Engg Institution : Ahmed’s Institute Of Excellence Year/semester : II year Subject : Surveying III Topic : Levelling Duration : 100 minutes Teaching aids : PPT, Animations, Diagrams 9C105.97 & 98 1
- 2. Objectives • Upon completion of this topic, you would be able to understand • The characteristics of contours • How to read contour plan • How to get information from contour plan 9C105.97 & 98 2
- 3. Contours • Every point on contour has same elevation • Contour plan will depict character of ground 9C105.97 & 98 3
- 4. Characteristics of Contours (contd.) 2. The contour lines are closed curves. They may close on the map itself or out side of the map depending upon the topography 9C105.97 & 98 4
- 5. Characteristics of Contours 1. The spacing between the contour lines depends upon the slope of the topography a) In steep slopes the spacing is small and for gentle slopes the spacing is large 9C105.97 & 98 5 Steep slope Gentle slope
- 6. Characteristics of Contours (Contd.) 9C105.97 & 98 6 b) Uniformly placed contours indicate uniform slope
- 7. Characteristics of Contours (Contd.) c) Straight and equally spaced contours indicate plane surface 9C105.97 & 98 7
- 8. Characteristics of Contours (Contd.) d) If the contour lines are parallel, straight and equally placed, they represent a plane surface 9C105.97 & 98 8 Plane surface
- 9. Characteristics of Contours (Contd.) 3. A series of closed contour lines on the map or plan indicate either hill or pond a) In case of hill the values of elevation go on increasing towards the centre 9C105.97 & 98 9
- 10. Characteristics of Contours (Contd.) b) A series of closed contours with higher values outside indicate a depression 9C105.97 & 98 10
- 11. Characteristics of Contours (Contd.) 4. Contour lines can not end anywhere but close on themselves 5. Contour lines can not merge or cross one another on map except in the case of an overhanging cliff 9C105.97 & 98 11 Overhanging cliff
- 12. Characteristics of Contours (Contd.) 6. A vertical cliff is indicated when several contours coincide When the horizontal equivalent is zero they coincide to form a one line and indicate a vertical cliff 9C105.97 & 98 12
- 13. Characteristics of Contours (Contd.) 7. The Contour lines form pair of loops in case of “saddle” 9C105.97 & 98 13
- 14. Characteristics of Contours 8. Irregular contours indicate rugged terrain • A Ridge line is indicated when the values inside the loop are higher 9C105.97 & 98 14
- 15. Characteristics of Contours 10. A valley line is indicated when lower values are inside the loop 9C105.97 & 98 15
- 16. Summary We have discussed • The characteristics of contours • How to read contour plans • How to interpret contour maps 9C105.97 & 98 16
- 17. Quiz 1. Closed contours with higher values inside represent A. Hill B. Depression C. Flat surface D. Steep slope Ans: A 9C105.97 & 98 17
- 18. 2. Closed contours with lower values inside represent A. Hill B. Depression C. Flat surface D. Steep slope Ans: B 9C105.97 & 98 18 Quiz (contd.)
- 19. 3. Contour lines merge or cross in a a. Hill b. Depression c. Over hanging cliff d. Vertical cliff Ans: C 9C105.97 & 98 19 Quiz (contd.)
- 20. 4. Contour lines coincide in case of A. Hill B. Depression C. Overhanging cliff D. Vertical cliff Ans: D 9C105.97 & 98 20 Quiz (contd.)
- 21. Frequently asked questions 1) Explain the characteristics of contours. 2) Draw neat sketches of contours for the following a) Hill b) Vertical cliff 9C105.97 & 98 21
- 22. AHMED’S INSTITUTE OF EXCELLENCEAHMED’S INSTITUTE OF EXCELLENCE NEAR YAKUTPURA RAILWAY STATION, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA TUITION CLASSES FORTUITION CLASSES FOR DIPLOMA, (CIVIL, MECHANICAL, ECE, EEE & CME) INTERMEDIATE,(MPC, CEC & HEC) DEGREE,(B.COM, BSC & BA) ENGINEERING (CIVIL, MECHANICAL, ECE, EEE & CSE) CONTACT:CONTACT: MOHD SALMAN AHMED 9700573988 DIRECTOR DCE.,BE.,ME