Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere that would otherwise escape to space. This occurs when fossil fuels are burned, releasing CO2. Effects of global warming include melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and disruption of habitats. The Kyoto Protocol committed developed countries to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, though impacts are already being felt globally through changes in water availability, food security, and energy access. Estimates indicate the Earth's average surface temperature has risen about 0.9°C from pre-industrial levels due to increased CO2 in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
This document discusses energy pathways and balances at Earth's surface. It explains that 51% of incoming solar energy (insolation) is absorbed at the surface on average, while 29% is absorbed directly and 22% is absorbed after scattering. About 4% of insolation is reflected from the surface. The greenhouse effect occurs as the atmosphere absorbs and re-radiates heat, warming the planet. Urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to surfaces like asphalt and concrete that absorb and retain heat, creating urban heat islands.
Climate Science Literacy Brochure Final V4 1sbrumber
The document discusses several key principles of climate science:
1. The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth's climate system and drives natural cycles like seasons and ice ages.
2. Climate is regulated by complex interactions among components of the Earth system, including the sun, atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and life.
3. Climate varies over space and time through both natural and human-influenced processes. Significant climate change can disrupt ecosystems and threaten species.
The document discusses the Earth's radiation balance and how human activity is impacting it through increased greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming. It explains that the Earth maintains a temperature balance through absorbing and emitting radiation. Increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane absorb more outgoing radiation, disrupting this balance and causing warming. It outlines various impacts of global warming like melting ice caps, more extreme weather, and discusses efforts to reduce emissions and mitigate further impacts.
This Presentation covers the following topics:-
-Radiation
-Albedo
-Factors affecting albedo
-Albedo-ice feedback
-Impacts of Albedo On Environment
-Heat island effect
-Innovative ways to reduce albedo
-Insolation effects
-Black body
-Kirchhoff's perfect black bodies
Credits - Aditi Shah
Green House Effect & Global Warming | Presented by Mamoona GhaffarMamoona Ghaffar
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It defines the greenhouse effect as a process where gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun, causing the gradual rise in Earth's temperature. It then lists common greenhouse gases and their sources. Global warming is defined as the continuing rise in average temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, and threat to biodiversity. Solutions proposed are transitioning to renewable energy, improving efficiency, sustainable practices, and reducing consumption.
The document summarizes key concepts about the Earth's energy balance. It explains that the atmosphere absorbs and scatters some incoming solar radiation while allowing visible light to pass through, and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere absorb outgoing infrared radiation from the Earth's surface, enhancing the greenhouse effect and warming the planet. The Earth's temperature remains relatively constant over time as the gains and losses of radiant energy are balanced on a global scale, though human activities can affect these energy flows and potentially disrupt this balance.
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere that would otherwise escape to space. This occurs when fossil fuels are burned, releasing CO2. Effects of global warming include melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and disruption of habitats. The Kyoto Protocol committed developed countries to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, though impacts are already being felt globally through changes in water availability, food security, and energy access. Estimates indicate the Earth's average surface temperature has risen about 0.9°C from pre-industrial levels due to increased CO2 in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
This document discusses energy pathways and balances at Earth's surface. It explains that 51% of incoming solar energy (insolation) is absorbed at the surface on average, while 29% is absorbed directly and 22% is absorbed after scattering. About 4% of insolation is reflected from the surface. The greenhouse effect occurs as the atmosphere absorbs and re-radiates heat, warming the planet. Urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to surfaces like asphalt and concrete that absorb and retain heat, creating urban heat islands.
Climate Science Literacy Brochure Final V4 1sbrumber
The document discusses several key principles of climate science:
1. The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth's climate system and drives natural cycles like seasons and ice ages.
2. Climate is regulated by complex interactions among components of the Earth system, including the sun, atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and life.
3. Climate varies over space and time through both natural and human-influenced processes. Significant climate change can disrupt ecosystems and threaten species.
The document discusses the Earth's radiation balance and how human activity is impacting it through increased greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming. It explains that the Earth maintains a temperature balance through absorbing and emitting radiation. Increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane absorb more outgoing radiation, disrupting this balance and causing warming. It outlines various impacts of global warming like melting ice caps, more extreme weather, and discusses efforts to reduce emissions and mitigate further impacts.
This Presentation covers the following topics:-
-Radiation
-Albedo
-Factors affecting albedo
-Albedo-ice feedback
-Impacts of Albedo On Environment
-Heat island effect
-Innovative ways to reduce albedo
-Insolation effects
-Black body
-Kirchhoff's perfect black bodies
Credits - Aditi Shah
Green House Effect & Global Warming | Presented by Mamoona GhaffarMamoona Ghaffar
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It defines the greenhouse effect as a process where gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun, causing the gradual rise in Earth's temperature. It then lists common greenhouse gases and their sources. Global warming is defined as the continuing rise in average temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, and threat to biodiversity. Solutions proposed are transitioning to renewable energy, improving efficiency, sustainable practices, and reducing consumption.
The document summarizes key concepts about the Earth's energy balance. It explains that the atmosphere absorbs and scatters some incoming solar radiation while allowing visible light to pass through, and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere absorb outgoing infrared radiation from the Earth's surface, enhancing the greenhouse effect and warming the planet. The Earth's temperature remains relatively constant over time as the gains and losses of radiant energy are balanced on a global scale, though human activities can affect these energy flows and potentially disrupt this balance.
Canada is a North American country located between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Its capital is Ottawa. The document lists various landmarks and locations across Canada, including Ottawa, Toronto, Quebec City, Vancouver, Montreal, Niagara Falls, the Canadian Rockies, and Yukon. It provides pictures of these places from an archive.
Kantara Initiative is a nonprofit focused on developing frameworks for digital identity, privacy, security and interoperability. It was founded in 2009 and has over 60 organizational members and hundreds of participants from public, private and government sectors. Kantara Initiative develops trust frameworks, assurance programs and technical standards to enable identity credential recognition across industries and jurisdictions. Its frameworks have been approved or accredited at different levels of assurance and its work references international standards organizations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
An update on the status, progress and activities of the Kantara Initiative. Overview of our Trust Framework offerings, our governance and how our programs develop. We provide a neutral forum for industry, business, governments and communities to meet to drive their Identity Management Project, Standards and Programs forward!
Kantara Initiative is the premier US ICAM Trust Framework provider. We're very international, liaising with ISO and ITU-T as well as others. We love to collaborate. We draw on representatives from many sectors and all over the world. Bring us your IdM project and we'll bring you our solid membership and governance!
Moments are brief instances in time that are memorable or important. They can be happy or sad, but they represent fleeting experiences that stand out. While short-lived, moments still have significance and impact our lives, even if just for the memories they leave behind.
This document summarizes the science of climate change and global warming. It discusses how human activities have increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere through fossil fuel combustion and land use changes. It explains how increased greenhouse gases trap more heat in the lower atmosphere and warm the planet through the greenhouse effect. Observations show global temperatures have risen over 1°F in the last century, glaciers are retreating, and other indicators match projections of human-caused climate change rather than natural fluctuations alone. The document establishes the scientific consensus that human emissions are the dominant cause of recent global warming.
The extensive interview with Dr. Gupta contains references, analysis and insight into the “challenges of the commons” faced globally, including:
• Energy and water resources and their implications for development and foreign affairs;
• Climate change, carbon emissions equations and the response of nature;
• Discussions about natural gas and nuclear energy and waste;
• And, the geopolitics and economics surrounding the energy- water nexus, with references to China and India.
Canada is a North American country located between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Its capital is Ottawa. The document lists various landmarks and locations across Canada, including Ottawa, Toronto, Quebec City, Vancouver, Montreal, Niagara Falls, the Canadian Rockies, and Yukon. It provides pictures of these places from an archive.
Kantara Initiative is a nonprofit focused on developing frameworks for digital identity, privacy, security and interoperability. It was founded in 2009 and has over 60 organizational members and hundreds of participants from public, private and government sectors. Kantara Initiative develops trust frameworks, assurance programs and technical standards to enable identity credential recognition across industries and jurisdictions. Its frameworks have been approved or accredited at different levels of assurance and its work references international standards organizations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
An update on the status, progress and activities of the Kantara Initiative. Overview of our Trust Framework offerings, our governance and how our programs develop. We provide a neutral forum for industry, business, governments and communities to meet to drive their Identity Management Project, Standards and Programs forward!
Kantara Initiative is the premier US ICAM Trust Framework provider. We're very international, liaising with ISO and ITU-T as well as others. We love to collaborate. We draw on representatives from many sectors and all over the world. Bring us your IdM project and we'll bring you our solid membership and governance!
Moments are brief instances in time that are memorable or important. They can be happy or sad, but they represent fleeting experiences that stand out. While short-lived, moments still have significance and impact our lives, even if just for the memories they leave behind.
This document summarizes the science of climate change and global warming. It discusses how human activities have increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere through fossil fuel combustion and land use changes. It explains how increased greenhouse gases trap more heat in the lower atmosphere and warm the planet through the greenhouse effect. Observations show global temperatures have risen over 1°F in the last century, glaciers are retreating, and other indicators match projections of human-caused climate change rather than natural fluctuations alone. The document establishes the scientific consensus that human emissions are the dominant cause of recent global warming.
The extensive interview with Dr. Gupta contains references, analysis and insight into the “challenges of the commons” faced globally, including:
• Energy and water resources and their implications for development and foreign affairs;
• Climate change, carbon emissions equations and the response of nature;
• Discussions about natural gas and nuclear energy and waste;
• And, the geopolitics and economics surrounding the energy- water nexus, with references to China and India.
Climate models use mathematical equations and global grids to simulate and predict climate conditions based on physical principles and observational data. They show reasonable agreement with past climate trends and are used to project future climate change under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. However, uncertainties remain regarding some processes like cloud formation. Current models estimate global warming of 0.3-1.7°C by 2100 under a low emission scenario and 2.6-4.8°C under high emissions, with greater warming over land and in polar regions. The models also predict more hot days and heat waves along with rising sea levels.
The document discusses the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, and global warming based on scientific data and models. It summarizes that carbon emissions can reliably predict increases in atmospheric CO2 levels, which can then be used to model radiative forcing and projected temperature increases. Feedback loops may accelerate warming beyond current predictions. The Arctic and Greenland are already experiencing significant impacts like sea ice loss and melting.
The document discusses tipping points and thresholds for climate change based on levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere. It states that 450ppm of CO2 may already be triggering an ice-free Earth and that 385ppm could cause sea level rise of several meters and loss of alpine ice. To limit warming to 1-2°C, CO2 levels need to be reduced to 325-355ppm or even lower to 300-325ppm to restore sea ice levels from 25 years ago. Methods to draw down CO2 such as reforestation can help undo damage from deforestation but reducing CO2 by 50ppm would cost an estimated $20 trillion. Climate variability makes determining tip
Atmospheric aerosols are particles in the air that can affect climate in various ways. They can cool the climate by reflecting sunlight, but also impact clouds and precipitation. Aerosols have likely offset some warming from greenhouse gases in the past, but exactly how much is unclear. The presenter studies aerosols using climate models to better understand their effects on climate and how their future reduction may influence additional warming from rising carbon dioxide levels.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It describes how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat in the atmosphere, causing average global temperatures to increase. As temperatures rise, the document predicts glaciers will melt and sea levels will rise by 20-65 cm by 2100, flooding many coastal areas. The enhanced greenhouse effect will significantly impact global temperatures, climate, ecosystems, agriculture, and human health and livelihoods according to the text.
1) The document discusses various causes of global climate change including changes in Earth's orbit and solar radiation, albedo effects, and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane.
2) Evidence of past climate changes is seen in temperature and carbon dioxide variations from ice cores, glacial activity, sea levels, and vegetation changes.
3) The author argues that climate change is a natural phenomenon and that the role of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions in current warming is limited and uncertain.
This document contains comments submitted to the Harvard Workshop on Solar Radiation Management regarding stratospheric aerosols. It discusses several key issues: the distraction problem of SRM disincentivizing emissions reductions; defining an emergency that would warrant using SRM; assessing actual risks versus perceived risks of stratospheric aerosols based on the Mt. Pinatubo eruption; the unrealistic assumption that SRM requires a perpetual program; and evaluating realistic delivery systems for a stratospheric aerosol program using military jets or stratospheric balloons.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It describes the major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It explains that while greenhouse gases occur naturally, human activities like burning fossil fuels have substantially increased their levels since the Industrial Revolution. The document also outlines the role of greenhouse gases and water vapor in the greenhouse effect, sources of anthropogenic emissions, how long gases remain in the atmosphere, their global warming potential, and some related effects.
The document summarizes research by Hansen et al. (2008) regarding appropriate targets for atmospheric CO2 levels. It finds that:
1) Analysis of past climate changes, such as those between ice ages and interglacial periods (Pleistocene epoch) and between warm and cold periods in the Cenozoic era, indicate the climate sensitivity including slow feedbacks is around 6°C for doubled CO2, higher than the current IPCC estimate of 3°C.
2) CO2 levels were likely around 450 ppm at the warmest point of the Cenozoic era 35 million years ago, and levels above 350-400 ppm risk severe impacts such as sea level rise
This document is a summary for policymakers from the Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. It describes the key findings regarding human and natural drivers of climate change based on improved data, analyses, and understanding since the Third Assessment Report. The summary highlights that atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased significantly due to human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial levels. It also notes that human activities have very likely caused warming of the climate system through radiative forcings, with a best estimate of +1.6 W/m2 net forcing since 1750. Direct observations show warming of the atmosphere and ocean, shrinking glaciers and ice sheets, rising
1) Global warming is caused by increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the lower atmosphere. The thin layer of atmosphere where climate occurs can be influenced by human activity.
2) Human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased atmospheric CO2 levels by about 30% since the industrial revolution, contributing to observed rising global temperatures according to computer models.
3) Potential impacts of unmitigated climate change include rising sea levels, worsening extreme weather, melting ice caps and glaciers, and damage to ecosystems. Reducing emissions from coal power plants, increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency can help address the problem.
The document discusses key concepts about the Earth's climate system:
1) Climate is the long-term average weather conditions in an area, while weather describes short-term conditions. Various mechanisms can cause climate change over different timescales.
2) The climate system includes interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and life. Feedback loops can amplify or reduce the effects of initial climate changes.
3) Factors that influence the climate on long timescales include variations in solar activity, volcanic eruptions, greenhouse gases, and plate tectonics. Climate has fluctuated in the past between ice ages and warmer periods.
The document discusses the Earth's climate system and factors that can cause climate change. It defines climate as the long-term atmospheric conditions of an area, whereas weather refers to short-term conditions. Climate change occurs when factors like greenhouse gases, solar variability, volcanic eruptions, and human activities disrupt the global energy balance. The climate system includes interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, and land that influence heat distribution.
volcanism and climate change and it's effectnitinbaghel989
Volcanoes can impact climate both in the short and long term. In the short term, volcanic eruptions eject particles like sulfur compounds, ash, and aerosols into the stratosphere which reflect sunlight and cause a temporary cooling effect known as a volcanic winter. In the long term, volcanoes emit CO2 which contributes to atmospheric levels and plays a role in the carbon cycle, though human emissions are now a more significant factor in long term climate change. Stratospheric eruptions in particular can have strong impacts due to large SO2 emissions and the long residence time of aerosols in the stratosphere.
The first climate and weather presentation I\'ve given for 2012. Went over well, especially since I\'ve included video and improved the narrative (thanks to Stephan and John and their Debunking Handbook for that).
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are causing global warming through the greenhouse effect. Burning fossil fuels adds CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it. This disrupts the carbon cycle and climate system. If fossil fuel usage continues unchecked, CO2 levels could double by 2030-2055, drastically warming the planet and altering weather patterns with severe consequences for agriculture, sea levels, and habitability. Reducing fossil fuel dependence through alternative energy and forestation could help slow climate change.
This flyer discusses animal rights, how we can put animal rights into practice in our daily lives, and becoming a member of Animal Rights Advocates.
The flyer is produced by Animal Rights Advocates, who you can find online at: www.ara.org.au
You can find more presentations from Animal Rights Advocates at: http://www.slideshare.net/animalrightsadvocates/
A presentation from a forum organised by Animal Rights Advocates Inc. on the intersections of environmentalism and animal rights - where they converge and where they conflict and how we can move both forward ethically and responsibly.
Animal Rights Advocates Inc. (ARA) is hosting a free forum on May 23rd from 2-5PM at City West Lotteries House in West Perth to discuss how environmental protection and animal rights intersect and sometimes conflict. Representatives from ARA and The Wilderness Society will discuss issues like non-native species, overfishing, and the environmental impacts of animal agriculture, followed by an open discussion on balancing environmental and animal rights interests.
The document outlines the categories for an annual bake off fundraiser, including: Best in Show, Best Decorated Cake, Most Inspirational IDAHo Cake celebrating freedom from discrimination, Best Tasting Vegan Baked Good, Best Tasting Decadent Baked Good, and Best Tasting Healthy Choice Baked Good. Additional categories include Best Entry by a Community Group, student and kids cake decorating categories, and a Professional Cupcake Category for cake companies. Celebrity judges will include people from television and magazines, with entertainment provided.
A party for animal activists and their friends will be held on Saturday, January 2nd from 6-10PM at Earthwise located at 315 Bagot Rd in Subiaco. The event is a New Year's party where attendees are asked to bring a vegan plate to share. There will be live music, door prizes, games, and free stuff along with advocacy information from the animal rights organization ARA.
This document provides contact information for several vegetarian and vegan societies located across Australia. It lists their email addresses and websites to find out more information from these organizations that support and promote vegetarian and vegan lifestyles.
Gary Francione argues that animal welfare is misguided and will not lead to the abolition of animal exploitation. He believes animal rights requires recognizing that animals should not be treated as property and advocates for veganism. While some groups campaign for better treatment of farm animals, Francione rejects this as it suggests exploitation can be acceptable if humane. He also disagrees with those who say animals only care about suffering, not life, and believes they have a right to not be used as commodities like humans.
We treat animals how we used to treat human slaves, with no justification except religious superstition according to Gary Francione, a professor of law and philosopher. Francione argues that animals deserve rights similar to how we no longer accept the domination of humans. The article provides commentary and analysis of our treatment of animals from Francione's perspective.
- Pollutants in fish may cancel out the beneficial effects of the ‘good’ omega-3 fats they contain
- ALA (from plant foods) can be converted into EPA and DHA, and has a protective effect against heart disease
- Cutting down on dietary cholesterol (eggs, meat and dairy products), processed foods, and hydrogenated vegetable oils will help your body to make best use of the omega-3 from plant foods
The document discusses the health benefits and risks of consuming soya. It provides a long history of safe soya consumption dating back thousands of years. It examines soya's nutritional value as a protein and mineral source and its ability to lower cholesterol. Studies show that soya protein, through isoflavones and other components, can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of menopausal hot flashes when consumed as part of the diet.
- Proteins are needed to form muscles, hair, nails, and other molecules, but most diets containing enough calories also contain sufficient protein.
- The document argues that vegetarians and vegans can meet their protein needs through foods like soy, cereals, pulses, nuts and seeds as part of a calorie-sufficient diet.
- Excess protein intake, especially from animal sources, may increase risk of diseases, while plant-based diets use fewer resources and can help address global hunger issues.
This document discusses iron and its sources. It debunks the myth that vegetarians and vegans are at higher risk of iron deficiency due to lack of meat consumption. There are two types of iron - haem iron found in meat which is more easily absorbed, and non-haem plant-based iron which is also well-absorbed. Many plant foods such as lentils, beans, leafy greens, and fortified cereals are excellent sources of iron. Factors like vitamin C can increase iron absorption from plants, while calcium, phytates, and tannins may decrease its absorption. A balanced vegetarian or vegan diet with attention to iron sources can meet or exceed iron needs.
This document provides an alphabetical glossary of animal-derived substances commonly found in food, cosmetics and other products. Each entry briefly explains what the substance is and which animals it comes from. The glossary aims to help consumers identify non-vegetarian ingredients and make ethical purchasing decisions. It also discusses various farming practices and their animal welfare implications.
The document discusses cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart disease and stroke. CVD is the UK's number one killer. It occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart and brain. A plant-based diet can help prevent and treat CVD in several ways. It is lower in saturated fat and cholesterol than the standard Western diet, and higher in nutrients that support heart health. Factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, and smoking increase CVD risk, but following a plant-based diet can help regulate these risk factors.
A plant-based diet is the healthiest option for children according to the author. Animal products promote diseases like cancer while vegetarian diets protect health. The document outlines how animal products can cause allergies, intolerances and diseases in children. It recommends encouraging children to adopt a plant-based diet from a young age to promote lifelong good health and reduce disease risk.
This document discusses the health benefits of plant oils compared to fish oils. It summarizes several studies that show plant oils are more effective than fish oils at reducing mortality from heart attacks. While fish contains omega-3 fatty acids, plant oils from seeds, nuts and their oils are richer sources. The document also notes concerns about toxins like mercury accumulating in fish and the failure of public health strategies to increase fish consumption in the UK. In conclusion, a plant-based diet is considered the best choice for long-term heart health and overall wellness.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Meat’s Carbon Hoofprint
1. more energy arriving than leaving. That
may not sound like much, but the differ-
ence in solar radiation due to slow
changes in our orbit around the sun,
combined with the wobble and tilt of
the Earth on its axis, is a global average
of about 0.25 W/m2. That differential is
enough, when amplified by the planet’s
climate feedbacks, to whip us back and
forth between ice ages and warm inter-
glacial periods (such as the present day).
As it happens, CO2 takes hundreds of
years to (mostly) disappear. The decay
curve is very long, but the impact is very
small.
Accounting procedures established
under the Kyoto Protocol use the first
100 years of the decay curve to compare
gases. So, to calculate the GWP of a gas,
we average the impact of that gas over
a period of 100 years and express it as a
ratio of the impact of CO2 over 100 years.
Hence the relative impact of the two
gases depends critically on the time
period over which you measure it. If, for
Meat’s Carbon Hoofprint instance, you compare the impact of
methane to CO2 over a period of 20 years
instead of 100 years, then methane has
Barry Brook and Geoff Russell reveal why a family’s meat consumption can 72 times the impact of CO2. While a
contribute more to global warming than their four-wheel drive vehicle. tonne of methane is broken down to
CO2 and water in the atmosphere in
10–15 years, 1 tonne of CO2 emissions
gases in the atmosphere? First, you need
N
ewspaper stories on methane stays aloft and active for much longer.
emissions are often accompa- to measure the amount of gas remaining About a one-quarter of that tonne will
nied by a cartoon of farting or in the atmosphere as a function of time still be contributing to global warming in
belching cattle, and somewhere in the after releasing a tonne of it. This is the 500 years.
body of the story you will read that decay curve (Fig. 1), and represents the Although atmospheric methane levels
1 tonne of methane is equivalent to natural breakdown of methane into CO2 100
21 tonnes of CO2. Likewise 1 tonne of and water.
nitrous oxide (N2O) is said to be equiv- Next you need to calculate the impact 80
PERCENTAGE OF GAS REMAINING
alent to 310 tonnes of CO2. of each molecule on global warming,
This factor is called the global and multiply by the area under the decay 60 CO2 decay rate
warming potential (GWP) of the gas. curve. The impact is the change in the
This is great for accounting, because you radiation balance – which is the differ- 40
can convert all your different greenhouse ence between the energy of the solar
33%
gas emissions into a common unit, radiation striking the Earth and the 20
CH4 decay rate
a CO2-equivalent (CO2-e), and add them thermal radiation leaving the Earth. This
up – which is exactly what the Australian radiation balance is expressed as an
Greenhouse Office does. instantaneous measure of Watts per 50
YEARS
100
But how are these GWPs calculated, square metre. Figure 1. Amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
and how do they take into account the At present, for each square metre of and methane (CH 4) that remains in the
varying rates of breakdown of different the Earth’s surface there is about 1.6 W atmosphere as a function of time.
November/December 2007 | | 37
2. do we individually drive our vehicles
non-stop. But cattle and sheep, via their
fermenting gut bacteria, produce
methane continuously, day and night.
Annually, Australian livestock
produce about 3 million tonnes (Mt) of
methane. Using the 100-year GWP, this
3 Mt of methane represents 63 Mt of
CO2-e. As a comparison, all of Australia’s
passenger vehicles produce about 43 Mt
of CO2. Using the 20-year factor of 72
(which comes from the Intergovern-
mental Panel on Climate Change’s
Fourth Assessment Report), it is clear
that this 3 Mt has an impact on global
warming, during the following 20 years,
are tiny, they are now two-and-a-half a collective and forward-thinking society, that is equivalent to 216 Mt of CO2 emis-
times their pre-industrial levels. By make the necessary economic and tech- sions. This is more than the atmospheric
contrast, carbon dioxide levels are 37% nological choices required to mitigate heating caused by emissions from all of
greater. While global warming due to our CO2 emissions dramatically. If this Australia’s coal-fired power stations!
methane is about half that of CO2, the decision is made, then methane and Hence methane reductions offer a
emissions of some countries – notably other greenhouse gases become unique opportunity to rapidly and effec-
Australia, Brazil and India – have an extremely important. Why? tively reduce our global warming foot-
unusual structure due to their high live- First, methane is a very powerful print. By improving the radiation balance
stock populations. greenhouse gas with a relatively short quickly, they can buy us time while CO2
lifetime, such that methane reductions reduction technologies are being devel-
Temperature Control can impact the radiation balance rela- oped and deployed. This is a somewhat
Now and in the Future tively quickly. ironic situation given that wide-scale
Because CO 2 remains airborne for Second, while CO2 emission reduc- uptake of gas-fired power stations
centuries, it is absolutely essential to tions are complex and costly because instead of coal is another way for us to
reduce CO2 emissions quickly. Every they cut across some many economic buy time.
4 tonnes added per year adds another sectors, mitigation of methane emissions A reduction in methane emissions
tonne that will still be heating us half a is generally far simpler. For example, allows us to reduce the radiation imbal-
millennia later. Australia had 170 million sheep in 1990 ance relatively quickly, which is some-
So, if we do not act quickly to control and it has about 92 million now. This thing that CO2 reductions cannot do. In
CO 2, any actions we take to reduce reduction was driven by market forces the US, methane emissions from live-
methane will have little impact on the and was not planned, but it does show stock are smaller than those from land-
future climate of our planet. Our descen- how rapidly methane reductions can fill, gas leaks and emissions from coal
dants will suffer from a globally aver- happen. mining. This is partly because the US
aged temperature rise of 3–6°C by 2100, has one head of cattle for every three
an eventual (and perhaps rapid) melting
How Much Methane Does people compared with Australia’s ratio,
of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice
Our Livestock Produce? which is the highest on the planet. In
sheets (with an attendant 12–14 metres Figures about litres of gas per cow per addition, US cattle are fed grain in feed-
of sea level rise), more frequent and day don’t mean much to most people. lots, which results in far less methane
severe droughts, more intense flooding, The easiest way to get a feel for the than grass-fed cattle. In Australia, live-
a major loss of biodiversity, and the numbers is to compare livestock emis- stock methane emissions constitute
possibility of a permanent El Niño, with sions with some other emissions with about 60% of all methane emissions.
frequent failures of the tropical which people are more familiar.
monsoons that provide the conditions We have more cattle than people in
Comparing Diet and
required to feed the billions of people in Australia, and five sheep for every
Motoring
Asia. person. We don’t run air conditioners Some comparisons help to illustrate the
But the optimistic view is that we, as 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, nor ways in which such emission reductions
38 | | November/December 2007
3. Table 1. Emission intensity of some common foods expressed as kilograms of carbon
can be achieved. Livestock greenhouse
dioxide-equivalent (CO2-e) released into the atmosphere for each kilogram of production.
emissions don’t stop with methane. The For foods that produce copious amounts of methane, the 20-year figures are substantially
Australian Greenhouse Office has calcu- higher than over a 100-year time frame. Source: Australian Greenhouse Office
lated a 100-year greenhouse intensity of
Food kg CO2-e/kg (20 years) kg CO2-e/kg (100 years)
55.5 kg of CO2-e per kg of beef. This is
more than double the emissions per kg Beef 111.1 55.5
of aluminium. Sheep meat & wool 96.3 32.7
That 55.5 kg is calculated using the Pig meat 10.5 3.5
100-year GWP, and is an emission figure
Rice 2.4 0.74
per kg of carcass. However, the emis-
sions per kg of actual red meat eaten are Poultry 1.3 0.38
around 80 kg of CO2-e per kg. Over a Wheat 0.35 0.32
20-year period, the figures are consid-
erably higher (Table 1). around a conceptual model of the causes In Australia, significant methane
Now let us compare the emissions of of global warming, in which power reductions, due to the drop in our sheep
a family of four eating in accordance stations and automobiles are the only population, have been largely squan-
with the CSIRO Total Wellbeing Diet, greenhouse gas emitters worthy of dered by allowing unfettered growth in
where the family car is a 2-tonne Ford consideration. This has given methane a our cattle population. Furthermore, our
Territory. It takes about 17 tonnes of very low public profile even though it is premier scientific research organisation
emissions to build a tonne of motor the second most important greenhouse is promoting a diet and method of eating
vehicle, and the Territory generates gas after CO2. Globally, enteric fermen-
that will support and encourage further
about 300 g/km of use. So if the family tation from livestock (predominantly
growth in ruminant populations.
vehicle is driven 200 km/week, then that ruminants) is the biggest anthropogenic
is 60 kg of emissions from travelling. The source of methane, with traditional red Many strategies will be needed to
family could be eating 5.6kg of beef per meat producing about double the reduce Australia’s greenhouse emissions
week, at 200 grams of red meat per day, methane of rice growing for a mere 10% across all economic sectors, but we
but if we are conservative and put them of the food calories. In this sense the cannot afford to ignore ruminant reduc-
on 4 kg of beef per week the CO2-e emis- “carbon intensity” of beef is about tion as an effective strategy. At a personal
sions associated with the beef are well 20 times greater than rice. level, in addition to the many CO2-saving
over 200 kg/week. Thus the family’s emis- Countries like Australia and Brazil initiatives that are regularly promoted,
sions from beef consumption will easily already have more cattle than people, you can contribute to tackling this
outweigh the construction and running and China, whose traditional staple is problem by eating less red meat (Table
emissions of the Territory in about rice, is witnessing a steep rise in cattle 1). Even one less red meat meal per
5 years. numbers. These huge and growing rumi- week can make a significant difference
nant populations are a threat to serious to your greenhouse footprint.
Conclusions attempts to reduce the planet’s radiation
Most public information and campaigns, imbalance, and hence to our ability to Prof Barry Brook is the Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate
about how people can reduce their stave off dangerous levels of climate Change and Director of the Research Institute for Climate
Change and Sustainability at the University of Adelaide.
global warming footprint are based change. Geoff Russell is a member of Animal Liberation in Australia.
THE GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS OF DEODORANTS
O zone-layer-destroying chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used in deodorant and other spray cans on an
industrial scale from the 1960s, and phased out due to the 1987 Montreal Protocol. Like methane, they are also
greenhouse gases of great potency on a per-molecule basis, but are broken down quickly. If you express CFCs in CO2-e, and if
you look at the growth of CFCs prior to the 1987 Montreal Protocol, you can estimate the amount of CO2-e emissions that
Montreal has saved. This calculation shows that, by 2012, the Montreal Protocol will have prevented the equivalent of
between 9.7 and 12.5 billion tonnes of CO2 being pumped into the atmosphere every year. On the other hand, if all countries
meet their Kyoto targets by 2012, we will save the equivalent of only about 2 billion tonnes of CO2 per year. You can also
show that, if CFCs had continued to grow at their 1970s growth rates, they would be the gases having the biggest impact on
global temperatures today (they would have also almost completely destroyed the ozone layer). Were it not for their other
stratospheric side-effects, perhaps we would be setting up deodorant-trading schemes to control them!
November/December 2007 | | 39