Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are causing global warming through the greenhouse effect. Burning fossil fuels adds CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it. This disrupts the carbon cycle and climate system. If fossil fuel usage continues unchecked, CO2 levels could double by 2030-2055, drastically warming the planet and altering weather patterns with severe consequences for agriculture, sea levels, and habitability. Reducing fossil fuel dependence through alternative energy and forestation could help slow climate change.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It defines the greenhouse effect as certain gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trapping heat in the lower atmosphere and causing the surface temperature to increase. Global warming is defined as the long-term rise in the Earth's temperatures due to these increased gases. The document lists the major greenhouse gases and examines the causes of the greenhouse effect and global warming, both natural and human-made, as well as their effects. It concludes with recommendations for preventing further global warming through conservation efforts.
Global Warming Of The 21st Century Slide Showlenci678
Global warming is a controversial issue with uncertain causes according to the document. While the IPCC argues that human carbon dioxide emissions are the main driver of recent warming, the document notes there are other potential natural causes like the sun, extraterrestrial dust, and changes in cloud cover. The document reviews the evidence for both human and natural causes of climate change and periods of past warming and cooling like the Roman Warming, Dark Ages, Medieval Warming and Little Ice Age. It concludes that climate has varied naturally over millions of years and scientists are still uncertain if current warming is predominantly human-caused or part of this natural variability.
I wish the person who shared this with me had put their name to the presentation - if it was you, please let me know if you would prefer not to have it on Slideshare. Alternatively, contact me and I will credit your name to this presentation.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It begins by outlining the key processes in the carbon cycle, including combustion, respiration, photosynthesis, and fossilization. It then analyzes historical records of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The relationship between rises in CO2, methane, and nitrogen and the enhanced greenhouse effect is explained. The precautionary principle is outlined, and its use as justification for action on global warming is evaluated. The economic costs of action are balanced against potential environmental harm. Finally, the document outlines consequences of temperature rise such as effects on arctic ecosystems and possible actions that can be taken to reduce carbon emissions and sequester CO2.
The EXPLODING POPULATION OF 7 B IS INFLUENCING OUR CLIMATE BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS THAT EMIT CARBON DIOXIDE, CO2.
1. THE HUMAN INFLUENCE ON WARMING
Emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 are increasing at a rate of 2.5 ppm per year.
2. CONTRAST THIS WITH SLOWER NATURAL PROCESSES
18K – 10K years ago, C02 increased at a rate 1/300th slower.
3. THE IMPACT OF CONTINUING CLIMATE CHANGE
Melting of the Arctic is increasing our winter climate extremes.
This document provides a summary of the greenhouse effect. It begins with acknowledgements and an introduction defining the greenhouse effect as a process where gases in the atmosphere trap heat radiation from the Earth's surface, resulting in elevated surface temperatures. It then describes the procedure of how solar radiation is absorbed and re-radiated within the atmosphere and surface, outlines the major greenhouse gases, and discusses radiative forcing from increased gases. It concludes that the science shows climate is changing due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.
climate change, global warming, greenhouse effect & energy efficencyAlin Amalin
The document discusses climate and global warming. It begins by defining climate according to the World Meteorological Organization as the average weather over time ranging from months to millions of years, driven by sunlight. It then discusses factors that influence climate such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. The document also discusses scientific evidence of climate change such as ice cap reduction, sea level rise, and extreme weather events. It provides details on global warming, noting that global temperatures have risen about 1 degree Celsius in the last century and attributes this to increased greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels. The document suggests various actions that can be taken to reduce global warming impacts.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It describes the major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It explains that while greenhouse gases occur naturally, human activities like burning fossil fuels have substantially increased their levels since the Industrial Revolution. The document also outlines the role of greenhouse gases and water vapor in the greenhouse effect, sources of anthropogenic emissions, how long gases remain in the atmosphere, their global warming potential, and some related effects.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It defines the greenhouse effect as certain gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trapping heat in the lower atmosphere and causing the surface temperature to increase. Global warming is defined as the long-term rise in the Earth's temperatures due to these increased gases. The document lists the major greenhouse gases and examines the causes of the greenhouse effect and global warming, both natural and human-made, as well as their effects. It concludes with recommendations for preventing further global warming through conservation efforts.
Global Warming Of The 21st Century Slide Showlenci678
Global warming is a controversial issue with uncertain causes according to the document. While the IPCC argues that human carbon dioxide emissions are the main driver of recent warming, the document notes there are other potential natural causes like the sun, extraterrestrial dust, and changes in cloud cover. The document reviews the evidence for both human and natural causes of climate change and periods of past warming and cooling like the Roman Warming, Dark Ages, Medieval Warming and Little Ice Age. It concludes that climate has varied naturally over millions of years and scientists are still uncertain if current warming is predominantly human-caused or part of this natural variability.
I wish the person who shared this with me had put their name to the presentation - if it was you, please let me know if you would prefer not to have it on Slideshare. Alternatively, contact me and I will credit your name to this presentation.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It begins by outlining the key processes in the carbon cycle, including combustion, respiration, photosynthesis, and fossilization. It then analyzes historical records of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The relationship between rises in CO2, methane, and nitrogen and the enhanced greenhouse effect is explained. The precautionary principle is outlined, and its use as justification for action on global warming is evaluated. The economic costs of action are balanced against potential environmental harm. Finally, the document outlines consequences of temperature rise such as effects on arctic ecosystems and possible actions that can be taken to reduce carbon emissions and sequester CO2.
The EXPLODING POPULATION OF 7 B IS INFLUENCING OUR CLIMATE BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS THAT EMIT CARBON DIOXIDE, CO2.
1. THE HUMAN INFLUENCE ON WARMING
Emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 are increasing at a rate of 2.5 ppm per year.
2. CONTRAST THIS WITH SLOWER NATURAL PROCESSES
18K – 10K years ago, C02 increased at a rate 1/300th slower.
3. THE IMPACT OF CONTINUING CLIMATE CHANGE
Melting of the Arctic is increasing our winter climate extremes.
This document provides a summary of the greenhouse effect. It begins with acknowledgements and an introduction defining the greenhouse effect as a process where gases in the atmosphere trap heat radiation from the Earth's surface, resulting in elevated surface temperatures. It then describes the procedure of how solar radiation is absorbed and re-radiated within the atmosphere and surface, outlines the major greenhouse gases, and discusses radiative forcing from increased gases. It concludes that the science shows climate is changing due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.
climate change, global warming, greenhouse effect & energy efficencyAlin Amalin
The document discusses climate and global warming. It begins by defining climate according to the World Meteorological Organization as the average weather over time ranging from months to millions of years, driven by sunlight. It then discusses factors that influence climate such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. The document also discusses scientific evidence of climate change such as ice cap reduction, sea level rise, and extreme weather events. It provides details on global warming, noting that global temperatures have risen about 1 degree Celsius in the last century and attributes this to increased greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels. The document suggests various actions that can be taken to reduce global warming impacts.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It describes the major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It explains that while greenhouse gases occur naturally, human activities like burning fossil fuels have substantially increased their levels since the Industrial Revolution. The document also outlines the role of greenhouse gases and water vapor in the greenhouse effect, sources of anthropogenic emissions, how long gases remain in the atmosphere, their global warming potential, and some related effects.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
Global warming is caused primarily by human activity like the burning of fossil fuels which increases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide and methane. The main effects are the greenhouse effect, where gases trap heat radiating from the Earth and solar variations which have contributed to increased temperatures in recent decades. Positive feedback loops from melting permafrost and sea ice also accelerate global warming further if not curtailed. While pollution caused some global dimming in the past, addressing only greenhouse gases is needed to avoid catastrophic warming this century.
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane are greenhouse gases that absorb infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface and atmosphere. While water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of infrared absorption, rising levels of carbon dioxide and methane from human activities like burning fossil fuels are contributing most to increased global temperatures. The speed of current climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions is unprecedented and poses serious risks to ecosystems if average temperatures rise more than 3 degrees Celsius.
Climate change is a change in weather patterns over long periods of time that can be caused by both natural and human factors. Human causes include increasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are trapping more heat and changing the climate. Effects of climate change include rising sea levels, stronger storms, and melting glaciers and ice sheets. Both large-scale actions like improving energy efficiency and developing renewable energy as well as individual actions like driving less and changing lightbulbs can help address climate change.
This document summarizes the key findings about climate change from scientific research. It finds that climate change poses a serious threat to humanity if left unaddressed. Global temperatures are projected to rise 4°C by 2100 under business-as-usual emissions, causing devastating impacts including more extreme weather, sea level rise, and parts of the world becoming uninhabitable by 2300. While climate change mitigation efforts are underway, more urgent action is needed to transition away from fossil fuels and reduce emissions 70% by 2050 to limit warming to 2°C. Failure to act risks potentially catastrophic consequences, but with cooperation and innovation in technology, the climate challenge can be addressed.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere and are causing global temperatures to rise at the fastest rate in recorded history. The 10 hottest years on record have all occurred since 1990. If emissions are not curbed, average US temperatures could increase by 3 to 9 degrees by 2100. Observable changes include rising sea and air temperatures, melting ice and snow, and rising sea levels. Various ecosystems and species are already being negatively impacted by the climate changes. To mitigate these effects, emissions of greenhouse gases must be reduced and alternative energies developed.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the lower atmosphere, warming the planet. It then details the various natural and human-caused sources that emit these gases into the air, such as burning fossil fuels and agricultural practices. Finally, it outlines some of the potential environmental and economic effects of global warming, and actions people can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Global warming poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Individual actions like reducing energy usage and advocating for sustainable policies can help address the problem. Nurses are well-positioned to educate about impacts of climate change and encourage solutions through their work in communities, organizations, and with policymakers. Collective efforts are needed at all levels to mitigate global warming and its effects.
Evs project report on effect of global warmingRajasPatil6
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system, primarily due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation that increase greenhouse gas emissions. The key causes of global warming outlined in the document are increased greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere. Some of the major effects of global warming discussed are rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events like droughts and heat waves, melting glaciers and ice sheets, and impacts on biodiversity. The document recommends methods to control global warming such as using renewable energy, public transport, and reducing electricity usage to help limit temperature increases and mitigate future risks from climate change.
GREENHOUSE GASES and CAUSES and IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMINGnaeemrsat
Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature on Earth would be -15°C, making life impossible. However, increased levels of greenhouse gases due to human activities like burning fossil fuels are leading to unprecedented global warming. Global warming will have harmful effects like rising sea levels and more extreme weather unless countries take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as outlined in agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.
The document discusses the causes and effects of global warming. It notes that global warming is caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. If left unaddressed, global warming will have severe consequences by 2050, including the spread of diseases, more frequent and intense hurricanes and droughts, economic damage, and rising sea levels from melting polar ice caps that could displace millions of people. Youth are urged to take actions like using renewable energy, driving electric vehicles, planting trees, and conserving energy to help prevent the worst impacts of global warming.
This document defines climate change and its causes and consequences. It begins by defining climate and weather, and explaining that climate change refers to major changes in temperature, rainfall, or wind patterns lasting decades or longer. The main causes of current climate change are human activities like burning fossil fuels which increase greenhouse gas emissions. Consequences of climate change include increased global warming, melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels causing flooding, more extreme weather, and effects on human health, wildlife, and the economy. The document provides details on these causes and consequences of climate change.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and its history. It explains that the greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-radiate thermal radiation from the surface, warming the lower atmosphere and surface. It then discusses the work of Svante Arrhenius in the 1890s recognizing this phenomenon and the subsequent research verifying it. The document also outlines the main greenhouse gases and their varying impacts on global temperatures. Finally, it discusses some of the environmental, economic, and human health impacts of increased greenhouse gas emissions and potential solutions like transitioning to renewable energy and reducing emissions and pollution.
Global warming is the process by which certain gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat from the sun and cause the planet to warm up. These gases allow sunlight to pass through but prevent heat from escaping, similar to the glass of a greenhouse. The majority of scientists believe human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are contributing significantly to increased levels of these gases and global warming. Some effects of global warming include rising sea levels which can flood islands and coastal areas, more frequent extreme weather events, and damage to ecosystems. Individual actions like reducing waste and energy usage, switching to renewable energy, and planting trees can help mitigate the problem.
this is a ppt bout'global warming and greenhouse effect u can learn many thing from this ppt so grow more trees use paper bags be sustainable share this with everyone and comment below bout'this ppt.thank you
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and its impacts. It begins by explaining what a greenhouse is and how it works, trapping heat from sunlight. It then describes how Earth's atmosphere experiences a mild greenhouse effect, where gases like CO2 and methane absorb and re-emit infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface, warming the atmosphere. These key greenhouse gases are discussed, along with their sources and impacts on atmospheric concentrations and temperatures over time. The feedback loop involving CO2, carbonate in oceans, and planetary warming and cooling is also summarized.
Climate change and Global Warming by Kiersten LippmannKiersten Lippmann
Beautiful, graphic rich slides to engage students based on Essential Environment by Withgott and Laposota. Slides cover Chapter 14 Global Climate Change
The document discusses the causes and consequences of the greenhouse effect. The main causes are identified as deforestation, burning fossil fuels, electrical appliances, and population growth. Deforestation increases carbon dioxide and removes trees that absorb carbon through photosynthesis. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Electrical appliances such as refrigerators emit gases like CFCs that contribute to the effect. Population growth increases resource needs and manufacturing, releasing more industrial gases. Consequences include climate change, wildlife impacts, sea level rise, and species endangerment. The document concludes by suggesting reforestation, personal actions, and climate policy can help address the greenhouse effect.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and how it works. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane act as insulators, trapping some heat in the atmosphere. Over time, increased greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, have thickened this layer and trapped more heat. The natural greenhouse effect is now excessive due to immense increases in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. This is correlated with effects like increased sea levels and global warming that impact coastal cities.
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This document discusses the exergy-entropy process of the global environmental system and how it maintains an average ground surface temperature of 15°C. It explains that the system functions in a cycle of exergy supply, consumption, entropy generation, and disposal. Calculations are presented to demonstrate the importance of water and air circulation in regulating the temperature. The average 15°C results from simultaneous heating by the sun and cooling to the universe.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
Global warming is caused primarily by human activity like the burning of fossil fuels which increases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide and methane. The main effects are the greenhouse effect, where gases trap heat radiating from the Earth and solar variations which have contributed to increased temperatures in recent decades. Positive feedback loops from melting permafrost and sea ice also accelerate global warming further if not curtailed. While pollution caused some global dimming in the past, addressing only greenhouse gases is needed to avoid catastrophic warming this century.
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane are greenhouse gases that absorb infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface and atmosphere. While water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of infrared absorption, rising levels of carbon dioxide and methane from human activities like burning fossil fuels are contributing most to increased global temperatures. The speed of current climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions is unprecedented and poses serious risks to ecosystems if average temperatures rise more than 3 degrees Celsius.
Climate change is a change in weather patterns over long periods of time that can be caused by both natural and human factors. Human causes include increasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are trapping more heat and changing the climate. Effects of climate change include rising sea levels, stronger storms, and melting glaciers and ice sheets. Both large-scale actions like improving energy efficiency and developing renewable energy as well as individual actions like driving less and changing lightbulbs can help address climate change.
This document summarizes the key findings about climate change from scientific research. It finds that climate change poses a serious threat to humanity if left unaddressed. Global temperatures are projected to rise 4°C by 2100 under business-as-usual emissions, causing devastating impacts including more extreme weather, sea level rise, and parts of the world becoming uninhabitable by 2300. While climate change mitigation efforts are underway, more urgent action is needed to transition away from fossil fuels and reduce emissions 70% by 2050 to limit warming to 2°C. Failure to act risks potentially catastrophic consequences, but with cooperation and innovation in technology, the climate challenge can be addressed.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere and are causing global temperatures to rise at the fastest rate in recorded history. The 10 hottest years on record have all occurred since 1990. If emissions are not curbed, average US temperatures could increase by 3 to 9 degrees by 2100. Observable changes include rising sea and air temperatures, melting ice and snow, and rising sea levels. Various ecosystems and species are already being negatively impacted by the climate changes. To mitigate these effects, emissions of greenhouse gases must be reduced and alternative energies developed.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the lower atmosphere, warming the planet. It then details the various natural and human-caused sources that emit these gases into the air, such as burning fossil fuels and agricultural practices. Finally, it outlines some of the potential environmental and economic effects of global warming, and actions people can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Global warming poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Individual actions like reducing energy usage and advocating for sustainable policies can help address the problem. Nurses are well-positioned to educate about impacts of climate change and encourage solutions through their work in communities, organizations, and with policymakers. Collective efforts are needed at all levels to mitigate global warming and its effects.
Evs project report on effect of global warmingRajasPatil6
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system, primarily due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation that increase greenhouse gas emissions. The key causes of global warming outlined in the document are increased greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere. Some of the major effects of global warming discussed are rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events like droughts and heat waves, melting glaciers and ice sheets, and impacts on biodiversity. The document recommends methods to control global warming such as using renewable energy, public transport, and reducing electricity usage to help limit temperature increases and mitigate future risks from climate change.
GREENHOUSE GASES and CAUSES and IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMINGnaeemrsat
Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature on Earth would be -15°C, making life impossible. However, increased levels of greenhouse gases due to human activities like burning fossil fuels are leading to unprecedented global warming. Global warming will have harmful effects like rising sea levels and more extreme weather unless countries take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as outlined in agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.
The document discusses the causes and effects of global warming. It notes that global warming is caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. If left unaddressed, global warming will have severe consequences by 2050, including the spread of diseases, more frequent and intense hurricanes and droughts, economic damage, and rising sea levels from melting polar ice caps that could displace millions of people. Youth are urged to take actions like using renewable energy, driving electric vehicles, planting trees, and conserving energy to help prevent the worst impacts of global warming.
This document defines climate change and its causes and consequences. It begins by defining climate and weather, and explaining that climate change refers to major changes in temperature, rainfall, or wind patterns lasting decades or longer. The main causes of current climate change are human activities like burning fossil fuels which increase greenhouse gas emissions. Consequences of climate change include increased global warming, melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels causing flooding, more extreme weather, and effects on human health, wildlife, and the economy. The document provides details on these causes and consequences of climate change.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and its history. It explains that the greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-radiate thermal radiation from the surface, warming the lower atmosphere and surface. It then discusses the work of Svante Arrhenius in the 1890s recognizing this phenomenon and the subsequent research verifying it. The document also outlines the main greenhouse gases and their varying impacts on global temperatures. Finally, it discusses some of the environmental, economic, and human health impacts of increased greenhouse gas emissions and potential solutions like transitioning to renewable energy and reducing emissions and pollution.
Global warming is the process by which certain gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat from the sun and cause the planet to warm up. These gases allow sunlight to pass through but prevent heat from escaping, similar to the glass of a greenhouse. The majority of scientists believe human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are contributing significantly to increased levels of these gases and global warming. Some effects of global warming include rising sea levels which can flood islands and coastal areas, more frequent extreme weather events, and damage to ecosystems. Individual actions like reducing waste and energy usage, switching to renewable energy, and planting trees can help mitigate the problem.
this is a ppt bout'global warming and greenhouse effect u can learn many thing from this ppt so grow more trees use paper bags be sustainable share this with everyone and comment below bout'this ppt.thank you
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and its impacts. It begins by explaining what a greenhouse is and how it works, trapping heat from sunlight. It then describes how Earth's atmosphere experiences a mild greenhouse effect, where gases like CO2 and methane absorb and re-emit infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface, warming the atmosphere. These key greenhouse gases are discussed, along with their sources and impacts on atmospheric concentrations and temperatures over time. The feedback loop involving CO2, carbonate in oceans, and planetary warming and cooling is also summarized.
Climate change and Global Warming by Kiersten LippmannKiersten Lippmann
Beautiful, graphic rich slides to engage students based on Essential Environment by Withgott and Laposota. Slides cover Chapter 14 Global Climate Change
The document discusses the causes and consequences of the greenhouse effect. The main causes are identified as deforestation, burning fossil fuels, electrical appliances, and population growth. Deforestation increases carbon dioxide and removes trees that absorb carbon through photosynthesis. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Electrical appliances such as refrigerators emit gases like CFCs that contribute to the effect. Population growth increases resource needs and manufacturing, releasing more industrial gases. Consequences include climate change, wildlife impacts, sea level rise, and species endangerment. The document concludes by suggesting reforestation, personal actions, and climate policy can help address the greenhouse effect.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and how it works. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane act as insulators, trapping some heat in the atmosphere. Over time, increased greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, have thickened this layer and trapped more heat. The natural greenhouse effect is now excessive due to immense increases in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. This is correlated with effects like increased sea levels and global warming that impact coastal cities.
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This document discusses the exergy-entropy process of the global environmental system and how it maintains an average ground surface temperature of 15°C. It explains that the system functions in a cycle of exergy supply, consumption, entropy generation, and disposal. Calculations are presented to demonstrate the importance of water and air circulation in regulating the temperature. The average 15°C results from simultaneous heating by the sun and cooling to the universe.
This document discusses global warming and its causes and effects. It defines global warming as a long-term rise in Earth's temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases from human activity since the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing temperatures to be about 33°C warmer than they would be otherwise. Aerosols from volcanoes and pollution can have a cooling effect by reflecting sunlight, but models show they cannot account for current warming. Effects of global warming include sea level rise, extreme weather, ecosystem changes, and ocean acidification. While impacts are already occurring, the document argues renewable energy can provide most energy needs and avoid the worst effects of climate change if adopted more widely.
Extent of climate change over India & its projected impact on Indian agricult...India Water Portal
Climate change is projected to have a significant impact on Indian agriculture. Higher temperatures could reduce yields of major crops like wheat and rice. A 2°C increase in temperatures could decrease rice yields by 0.75 tons per hectare. Wheat crop could decrease by 600 kg per hectare for every 1°C rise in temperatures. Climate change may also increase the probability of droughts negatively impacting rain-fed agriculture, which accounts for 60% of India's cropped area. Overall, climate change poses a major threat to India's food security and agriculture-dependent economy.
This document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun similarly to how glass traps heat in a greenhouse. Increased levels of these gases are causing global warming and climate change impacts like rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and disruptions to ecosystems and agriculture. The document outlines the major greenhouse gases and their absorption ranges, as well as current and projected impacts of climate change.
Green House Effect & Global Warming | Presented by Mamoona GhaffarMamoona Ghaffar
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It defines the greenhouse effect as a process where gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun, causing the gradual rise in Earth's temperature. It then lists common greenhouse gases and their sources. Global warming is defined as the continuing rise in average temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, and threat to biodiversity. Solutions proposed are transitioning to renewable energy, improving efficiency, sustainable practices, and reducing consumption.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their effect on the environment. It defines greenhouse gases as gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. The main greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. The document discusses how human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have greatly increased greenhouse gas levels since the Industrial Revolution. This intensified greenhouse effect has led to consequences like rising global temperatures, changes in weather patterns, and sea level rise. The document also examines potential solutions to mitigate the greenhouse effect through sectors like industry, transportation, renewable energy, and forestry.
STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present the necessary strategies to avoid catastrophic climate change on planet Earth, which requires the replacement of the current energy model for another one based on renewable energy sources and the replacement of the current economic model for another based on the sustainable development model, among other measures.
Climate change is caused by a small 1 degree Fahrenheit increase in average global temperature over the past century. This minor change has had major environmental impacts like longer droughts and more intense hurricanes. The main cause is greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from the burning of fossil fuels which increased atmospheric CO2 levels. While volcanoes and natural processes emit some CO2, human outputs dwarf these natural contributions and are the primary driver of current climate change. Effects include worsening weather, sea level rise, and threats to water supplies. Solutions require transitioning to renewable energy and adapting to the changes already occurring.
Climate change, global warming, greenhouse gases, ozone layer depletion, acid...saksheebhaiswar
The document discusses various factors that influence climate change, including the sun's output, Earth's orbit, volcanic eruptions, drifting continents, and greenhouse gases. It notes that while the sun's output increased temperatures slightly in the early 20th century, measurements from space since 1979 show no long-term change in total solar energy despite ongoing warming of Earth. Greenhouse gases are identified as the primary driver of current climate change due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.
The document discusses the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, and global warming based on scientific data and models. It summarizes that carbon emissions can reliably predict increases in atmospheric CO2 levels, which can then be used to model radiative forcing and projected temperature increases. Feedback loops may accelerate warming beyond current predictions. The Arctic and Greenland are already experiencing significant impacts like sea ice loss and melting.
1) Global warming is caused by increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the lower atmosphere. The thin layer of atmosphere where climate occurs can be influenced by human activity.
2) Human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased atmospheric CO2 levels by about 30% since the industrial revolution, contributing to observed rising global temperatures according to computer models.
3) Potential impacts of unmitigated climate change include rising sea levels, worsening extreme weather, melting ice caps and glaciers, and damage to ecosystems. Reducing emissions from coal power plants, increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency can help address the problem.
This document provides information about climate change and aims to answer four key questions: What is climate change? What does it mean for the world? How can I be sure? What can I do now? It defines climate change and distinguishes it from weather. It explains the greenhouse effect and how human activities have increased greenhouse gases and caused climate warming. It discusses the potential impacts of climate change on the environment, food/water supplies, health, and ecosystems globally and in the UK. It addresses skepticism around climate change science and models. The overall message is that climate change poses serious risks and individuals can take action to reduce emissions.
Global warming refers to the rise in average surface temperatures of the Earth due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists have found that the Earth's surface temperature has risen by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the last hundred years. Evidence of global warming includes retreating glaciers, thawing permafrost, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. If greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate, global temperatures could increase by 3.5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, causing significant disruptions around the world. Proposed solutions to address global warming include boosting energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, improving transportation systems, better managing forests and agriculture, and developing new technologies.
This document summarizes the science of climate change and global warming. It discusses how human activities have increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere through fossil fuel combustion and land use changes. It explains how increased greenhouse gases trap more heat in the lower atmosphere and warm the planet through the greenhouse effect. Observations show global temperatures have risen over 1°F in the last century, glaciers are retreating, and other indicators match projections of human-caused climate change rather than natural fluctuations alone. The document establishes the scientific consensus that human emissions are the dominant cause of recent global warming.
This document discusses global warming, its causes, effects, and potential solutions. It begins by defining global warming as the recent and ongoing warming of the earth's surface caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions. It then explains the greenhouse effect and identifies the major greenhouse gases. Subsequent sections describe how global warming is causing extreme weather, sea level rise, glacial retreat and more. The document also discusses various strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change, such as transitioning to renewable energy, implementing carbon taxes, and international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.
1. THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
A project submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of grade points in
ENGLISH COMMUNICATIONS LAB
Submitted to
Ms.J.V.SUNITA
Assistant professor
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
G.I.T
11th
march, 2016
GITAMUNIVERSITY,
2015-2016
By
B.SUNEEL SETTY
ADMN NO :1210414706(2/4 BTECH-ECE-2G)
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On the very outset of this report I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation
towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavour. Without their active
guidance, help, co-operation and encouragement, I could not have made headway in the
project.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my report guide
MA.J.V.SUNITHA, Department of ENGLISH, for her encouragement and useful
suggestions which has enriched the quality of the report. I was privileged to experience a
sustained enthusiastic and involved interest from her side. This fuelled my enthusiasm even
further and encouraged me to boldly step in to completing this project. She always fuelled
my thoughts to think broad and out of the box.
I am indebted to a number of friends and well-wishers who have extended their co-operation
and help in the preparation of the project. Last but not least it goes without saying that I am
deeply indebted to my parents for their support and patient guidance.
Thanking you
B.SUNEEL SETTY
1210414706
2G
ECE-2/4 B-tech
3. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
From
B.Suneelsetty,
1210414706,
2/4 ECE,2G
Gitam University,
Visakhapatnam
To
Ms.J.V.Sunitha,
Assistant Professor,
English Department,
Gitam University,
Visakhapatnam
Madam,
SUB: Letter of Transmittal
I am thankful for giving me this opportunity to present a report on “THE EFFECT OF
INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE”. I am grateful for valuable support
and guidance which has helped me in accomplishing this task. I would like to thank various
faculty members and in particular our HOD for helping me with my report.
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely,
B.Suneelsetty,
1210414706
4. CERTIFICATE
Department of Electrical and Communications
GITAM Institute of Technology
GITAM University
Visakhapatnam
This is to certify that the project work entitiled
THE EFFECTOF INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
is a bonafide record of the work done by "B.Suneel Setty"of department of Electronics and
communications ,GITAM Institute of Technology,GITAM University,Visakhapatnam.He did this
project work under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of grade points in ENGLISH COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS LAB.2/4b.tech.
Ms.J.V.SUNITHA
Assistant Professor,
Department of English,
GITAM Institute of Technology
6. ABSTRACT
Since the Industrial Revolution, man has introduced tremendous amounts of carbon dioxide into the
earth's atmosphere. While some of this CO2 is assimilated into natural reservoirs, approximately 50%
remains airborne. This increase in CO2 concentration causes what is commonly known as the
greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a result of the absorption of infrared radiation by the
surface of the earth. This absorption causes an increase in the atmospheric temperature. Increasing the
earth's temperature in turn increases the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Since water vapor is
also a strong absorber of infrared radiation, a positive feedback mechanism is created, leading to
further infrared-radiation absorption. As temperatures increase, atmospheric circulation patterns are
altered which will change local weather patterns.
These changes could have an enormous impact on agricultural production. Attendant to a rise in the
mean global temperature is a melting of small but significant portion of the polar ice caps. This will
result in a rise in sea level which would flood coastal areas including major population centers. The
problem of the greenhouse effect might be remedied by a reduction in the use of fossil fuel, large scale
reforestation to increase the capacity of the biotic sink, and development of alternate energy sources
such as solar and nuclear fusion. However, not much hope is held out for these remedies.
7. INTRODUCTION
Before the year 2020, the climate of the earth may be warmer than any time in the past thousand years.
This change, which is incredibly fast by geological time scales, will be brought about by increased
levels of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere. The most important source of excessive CO2 is the
burning of carbon-based fossil fuels for energy production. Carbon dioxide is a by-product of all living
systems and is normally considered harmless. It is a minor element in the earth's atmosphere
comprising only about 0.03% of the total atmosphere. However, this small amount of CO2, along with
water vapor, is responsible for what is commonly known as the greenhouse effect.
The fact that changes in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere could cause changes in the earth's
climate has been known for over one hundred years. However, only in the last 5 to 10 years has
significant research been done in this field. The most ominous of the effects of a warmer climate will
be the shifting of local weather patterns. This shifting will have profound effects on agricultural
production in a world that is already unable to adequately feed its citizens today. There will also be an
accompanying redistribution of wealth which will likely lead to dangerous social conflicts. It is
obvious that the continued introduction of CO2 into the atmosphere will have consequences far worse
than producing a slightly balmier climate.
The purpose of this report is to examine the climatic changes caused by increased carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere and their implications for society. Also discussed will be the mechanisms of the
greenhouse effect, the sources and reservoirs of carbon dioxide, and some possible methods to reduce
the magnitude of the problem. Note, however, that the most we can do at this point is lessen the
severity of the situation. That the mean global temperature will increase in the next few decades is
certain. The only questions are how much and how fast.
8. NATURAL WEATHER PATTERNS
The earth's climate naturally changes over extended periods of time. Temperatures have been much
warmer for 80 to 90 percent of the last 500 million years than they are today.
The climate is still dominated by natural cycles of warming and cooling. The most influential of these
natural weather patterns is the 180-year cycle. The 180-year cycle predicts that temperatures in the
Northern Hemisphere reach a minimum every 180 years. (Climate records for the Southern
Hemisphere are incomplete.) The bottom of the last cycle was in the early 1800s, which suggests that
we may now be in a period of peak coldness. The winters of 1976 through 1979, which were unusually
bitter, seem to reinforce the theory behind the 180-year cycle. This current cooling trend would mask
any warming caused by an increased greenhouse effect.
However, the 180-year cycle predicts a natural warming trend will begin shortly before the end of this
century. At the same time, the effects of elevated CO2 levels on atmospheric temperatures will have
increased to new high levels. Figure 1 shows the combined effects of these warming trends.
Therefore, temperatures could reach their highest level in several hundred years shortly after the year
2000, and they will reach their highest level in the last 125,000 years by mid-century .
9. MECHANISMS OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
For the mean global temperature to stay constant, the earth-atmosphere system must be in radiative
equilibrium with the sun. In other words, the incoming solar radiation must match the outgoing
thermal radiation from the earth. Of the incoming solar radiation, 35% is reflected back into space. The
reflectivity of the earth is its albedo. The albedo is taken into consideration when the total energy flux
of the earth-atmosphere system is calculated. Of the remaining 65% of solar radiation that is not
reflected back, 47% is absorbed by the surface and 18% is absorbed by the atmosphere. For the
temperature of our system to remain constant, this energy that is absorbed by the atmosphere must be
radiated back out. This radiation primarily takes place in the 5-micron to 30-micron range of wave
lengths, which is in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A micron is one millionth of
a meter .
Natural Greenhouse Effect
The effective radiating temperature is the temperature the earth should have for the amount of solar
radiation it absorbs. Calculation of the effective radiating temperature gives a value of -200° C.
However, the observed mean global temperature is 140° C. The difference of 340° C is caused by a
natural greenhouse effect that takes place in the atmosphere . As the earth tries to lose heat into space,
the atmosphere absorbs infrared radiation emitted by the surface. Specifically, the atmosphere allows
50% of the incoming solar radiation to reach the surface but only 10% of the longwave radiation from
the surface to escape. This causes the temperature of the earth-atmosphere system to increase. The
magnitude of the greenhouse effect is defined as the difference between the upward infrared radiation
from the surface and the upward infrared radiation from the top of the atmosphere .
Radiation Absorption by Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor
The greenhouse effect is caused by minor constituents in the atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide and
water vapor. The earth must radiate in the 5-micron to 30-micron region. However, water vapor is a
strong absorber of radiation over the entire thermal spectrum except in the 8-micron to 18-micron
interval. The 12-micron to 18-micron interval is largely blocked by CO2 absorption. In fact, current
CO2 levels are sufficient to make the 15-micron band virtually opaque to infrared radiation. The earth
is, therefore, constrained to radiate its excess thermal energy in a nearly transparent window from 8
microns to 12 microns. As anthropogenic carbon dioxide is introduced into the atmosphere, mostly by
combustion of fossil fuels, absorption of infrared radiation in the 10-micron band and in the wings of
the 15- micron band is increased. This increased absorption results in an overall warming of the earth-
atmosphere system.
10. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
As the climate becomes warmer, positive feedback mechanisms tend to exacerbate the problem.
Elevations in temperature decrease the solubility of CO2 in the oceans. Therefore, as temperature
increases, the oceans release more CO2 into the atmosphere, which causes another increase in
temperature. Even more threatening is the greenhouse water vapor coupling. The atmosphere tends to
attain a definite distribution of relative humidity in response to a change in temperature. If the
temperature is increased, the relative humidity, which is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere, is also increased. At the same time, the vapor pressure of water is raised. The result is
more water vapor in the atmosphere, which causes more greenhouse effect, which raises temperatures
even higher, which again increases the water vapor in the atmosphere. This positive feedback
mechanism approximately doubles the sensitivity of surface temperature to a change in the amount of
energy absorbed by the earth .
11. THE CARBON CYCLE
The annual increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is dependent on several factors. First is the
amount of carbon dioxide produced by consumption of carbon-based fuels. Subtracted from this
amount is the carbon dioxide that is removed from the atmosphere and stored in reservoirs, or sinks.
The most prominent sinks of carbon dioxide are the atmosphere, the oceans, and the biosphere. Also
contributing to a net increase in CO2 is the deforestation of large land areas each year. The amount of
carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels and the annual increase in atmospheric concentrations are
both well known. Approximately 50% of the CO2 produced from fossil fuel remains in the atmosphere.
The rest is absorbed into sinks. The proportion of CO2 that goes into each sink and the mechanisms of
CO2 removal are poorly understood.
CO2 From Fossil Fuel
Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution, about 154.4 gigatons (G ton) of carbon have been added
to the atmosphere. One gigaton is equal to one billion tons. Even more alarming is the fact that of this
154.4 G tons, about 27%, or 45 G tons, were produced from 1970 to 1978. Overall, the use of carbon-
based fuels has increased at an exponential rate of 4.3% per year from 1860 to the mid-1970s. (See
Table 1.) High energy costs should help to slow the use of fuels, although no significant reductions in
demand have yet been observed.
Table 1. Estimated Carbon Added to the Atmosphere
by the Burning of Fuels (G tons per year)
Year Carbon Added (G tons)
1950 1.63
1960 2.16
1970 3.96
1975 4.87
1978 5.62
It is expected that industrialized countries will be able to significantly reduce the use of fossil fuels for
energy production by using clean energy sources such as solar and nuclear. However, a growing world
population will place heavy pressure for increased energy use, especially in developing countries.
The percentage of CO2 produced by geographical regions in 1974 and the projected contribution
expected in 2025 is listed in Table 2. Even though the United States will reduce its contribution from
12. 27% to 8%, the amount produced by developing regions in the same time will more than triple .
Carbon Dioxide Produced by Different Fuels
The amount of carbon added to the atmosphere depends on the type of fuel being burned. Fuels with a
high hydrogen- to-carbon ratio produce the most energy for each unit of carbon released. The dirtiest
fuels, in terms of carbon dioxide, are the various synthetic fuels that are produced from coal. Synfuels
release large amounts of CO2 because energy must be expended to extract them from coal. Therefore,
the carbon dioxide generated from producing the synfuel must be added to that released by
combustion. Because the world has very large coal reserves, research into synfuel production has
increased greatly. Although synfuels could significantly reduce the dependence of the United States on
petroleum, they would tend to accelerate the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Table 3 lists
the amount of CO2released by each type of fuel.
Table 2. Percent of Atmospheric CO2 Contribution by Nation and Continent
Nation or Continent 1974 2025
USA 27 8
USSR & Eastern Europe 25 17
Western Europe 18 10
Central Asia 8 19
Japan, Australia, N. Zealand 7 4
Developing Asia -- 4
Developing America 4 40
Developing Middle East -- 3
Developing Africa -- 2
13. Table 3. CO2 Contribution by Fuel Type. Carbon released per 100 quads of energy
produced (1 quad=1015 Btu).
Fuel Carbon in 10[-15] Grams
Oil 2.00
Gas 1.45
Coal 2.50
Synfuels 3.40
Future Levels of Carbon Dioxide
Future inputs of carbon from fossil fuels are dependent upon world energy consumption and on the
mix of fuels used. Two models have been devised to estimate the world consumption of carbon-based
fuels in the future. The first model is based on the historical growth rate of 4.3% per year.
If the world use of fossil fuels is maintained at that level, the proven energy reserves would be
exhausted by 2010 to 2015. The second model, and probably the more accurate one, postulates that the
current growth rate will continue until 1990, and then the rate of growth will decline to zero over a
fifty-year period. Figure 2 graphically compares growth rates from both models. This tapered growth
scenario would postpone the exhaustion of proven reserves by ten to fifteen years. However, actual use
of carbon-based fuels could continue for some time after this, since the total amount of recoverable
reserves is much greater than the proven reserves. Obviously, these estimates are greatly simplified,
since they were devised to give minimum times to exhaustion of energy reserves.
As conventional fossil fuels become more expensive, it is likely that world fuel usage will shift to a
different combination of fuels than used today. Changes in this fuel mix causes more uncertainty in
estimates of future CO2 inputs into the atmosphere. Table 4 gives the dates for doubling of
CO2 concentrations for various fuel use combinations .
14. Table 4. Doubling-Dates for Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Different Fuel Use
Combinations.
Fuel 4.3% Exponential Growth Tapered Growth
Current Fuel Mix 2035 2055
All Coal After 1990 2030 2045
All Synthetics After 1990 2022 2030
All Natural Gas After 1990 2043 2075
CLIMATIC EFFECTS OF INCREASED CO2 CONCENTRATIONS
Current estimates for doubling-dates of carbon dioxide concentrations range from about 2020 to 2075.
A doubling of atmospheric CO2 levels will cause an increase in the mean global temperature of about
30° to 50° C with an increase of about 120° C at the polar regions. The reason for the amplified effect
at the poles is that the atmosphere has a much lower concentration of water vapor at the poles than at
lower latitudes. Therefore, an increase in atmospheric CO2 will cause a relatively larger increase in the
greenhouse effect over the poles. This warming then increases the water vapor present by melting ice,
which causes the process to be self-enhancing.
Changes in Local Weather Patterns
As the temperature of the atmosphere is increased, the global circulation patterns will be shifted. This
will cause widespread changes in local weather patterns. Although mathematical models devised by
meteorologists can describe overall climatic changes, they are not able to predict these small-scale
variations in local conditions. One method that can be used is to examine weather records for a period
when the temperature was higher than it is today.
The 1930s As Climate Analog
The most recent global peaked in the 1930s. The 1930s averaged about 10° C warmer than recent
decades have. In the United States, A greater number of state records for high temperatures were set in
the 1930s than in any decade since the 1870s. The 1° C increase is analogous to the initial decade of
CO2-induced warming which should occur shortly after the turn of the century.
15. Drought
The most significant feature of a warmer climate is the absence of adequate precipitation. The drought
of the 1930s has been called the greatest disaster caused by meteorological factors. Research into
climate records by studying tree rings has determined that 1934 was the driest year in the western
United States since 1700. If the atmospheric circulation patterns of the 1930s return early next century
because of warmer temperatures, agricultural production and water supplies could be seriously
affected. Even though food production would decline, modern agricultural practices would probably
prevent a catastrophe like the dust bowl of the 1930s. Water supply, however, is a different situation.
Particularly hard hit will be the region of the West that draws water off the Colorado River basin. This
region, which is already plagued by water shortages, could be devastated by a drought that lasts several
years.
Increased Tropical Storm Activity
The warming of the atmosphere will cause the sea temperature to rise as well. This will result in more
tropical storms being generated. The 1930s were a period of increased tropical storm activity.Twenty-
one tropical storms blew up in 1933, seventeen in 1936; the current average is nine per year. These
storms will also be able to reach higher latitudes because of warmer seas .
Sea Level Increase
Researchers have suggested that conditions similar to those of the 1930s could persist for as long as 25
years. During this time the earth's temperature will still be increasing and a longer range problem will
become evident. The polar ice caps would begin to melt, raising the sea level. This will be a slow
process, but one that will be irreversible once the greenhouse threat is fully realized. A rise in ocean
levels of between 15 to 25 feet is possible in as little as 100 years. Coastal regions would be flooded
causing tremendous destruction of property. Along the Texas coast, for example, Galveston, Corpus
Christi, Beaumont, and Port Arthur all would be permanently inundated. As many as 10 nuclear
reactors would be in danger of flooding and contaminating the ocean. The 15- to 25-foot raising of sea
levels is for normal tides with storm tides reaching even farther inland .
16. WAYS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The severity of the consequences of this major climatic change requires that action be taken to lessen
man's input of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The greenhouse threat is a global problem that calls
for global action. Unfortunately, the political structure of the world tends to impede cooperation on a
global scale. Even with these difficulties, it is imperative that the use of carbon-based fuels be reduced
significantly. The United States, as the world's leading consumer of energy, could influence world
opinion and stimulate action by taking decisive measures. Some of the steps that need to be taken are:
1. A concerted effort must be made to conserve fuel with a goal of reducing global consumption
20% worldwide by the year 2000. Public knowledge of the effects of CO2 on the climate is
needed. A tax on fossil fuel would provide an extra incentive to conserve. The revenue from
such a tax could be used to further development of alternate energy sources.
2. The use of a combination of fossil fuels that will minimize the input of CO2 into the atmosphere
must be emphasized. Natural gas is the cleanest of the fossil fuels and large reserves of gas have
been found. Coal is also found in abundance in the United States and is therefore likely to be
increasingly used for energy production. However, coal releases 75% more CO2 into the
atmosphere per unit of energy produced than does natural gas. Because of this, use of coal
should be de-emphasized and use of natural gas emphasized
3. Alternate energy sources, such as solar and nuclear, should be developed. There is a substantial
amount of emotional opposition to nuclear power, which will impede the expansion of its use.
Solar power, as are wind and wave power, is ideal in that it is constant and non-polluting. The
technology is not quite at a stage where solar power is economically feasible. A strong effort
must be made to develop this highly attractive source of energy.
4. Reforestation on a massive global scale is needed to provide a large biotic sink in the next few
decades. The total respiration of CO2 should be less than the total photosynthesis on a regional
and worldwide basis. Fast- growing trees, such as the American Sycamore, can absorb as much
as 750 tons of carbon per square kilometer per year. Water hyacinths can absorb 6000 tons of
carbon per square kilometer per year. The growth of biomass for energy production could serve
as an additional method of reducing CO2 accumulation because it would only involve recycling
between carbon pools of the biosphere and the atmosphere.
5. Research into the carbon cycle is needed to reduce the uncertainties surrounding predictions of
climatic changes. Although the amount of carbon dioxide that is released and the amount that
remains airborne is well known, the method by which CO2 is assimilated into sinks, such as the
ocean and the biosphere, is poorly understood. Typical estimates of the amounts of
CO2 absorbed annually by the ocean and the biosphere are 2 G tons and 1 ton, respectively .
17. CONCLUSION
Carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere is the most dangerous pollution problem today.
This excess of CO2 will cause an increase in the mean global temperature which should be
detectable shortly before the end of this century. This warming is caused by the greenhouse
effect. CO2 allows incoming radiation from the sun to enter the atmosphere. The heat from the
earth's surface, which must radiate in the infrared region of the spectrum, is absorbed by
CO2 and water vapor, thereby raising the atmospheric temperature. The greenhouse water-vapor
coupling provides a strong positive feedback mechanism. Fossil-fuel use increases at an
exponential rate of 4.3% annually. This should cause a doubling of CO2 concentrations by
between the year 2020 and the year 2075. This doubling of atmospheric CO2 will cause an
increase in the mean global temperature of about 30° to 50° C. Warmer temperatures will cause
a shift in atmospheric circulation patterns. This will cause local weather patterns to change. The
results for the United States could be intensive drought, increased tropical storm activity, and a
rise in the sea level caused by melting of the polar ice caps. To lessen the severity of the
problem, fossil fuel consumption must be curtailed and alternate energy sources developed.
Also, a global reforestation program should be undertaken to provide a large biotic sink for
CO2 in the new few decades.
18. REFERENCES
1. Bernard, Harold W. The Greenhouse Effect. Cambridge: Ballinger, 1980.
2. Bryson, Reid A. "A Perspective on Climate Change." Science (May 17, 1974), 753-759.
3. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U. S. Senate. Hearings on the Effects of
Carbon Dioxide Buildup in the Atmosphere. Washington: U. S. Government Printing
Office, 1980.
4. Committee on Governmental Affairs, U. S. Senate. Carbon Dioxide Accumulation in the
Atmosphere, Synthetic Fuels and Energy Policy. A symposium. Washington: U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington: 1979.
5. Gribbin, John. "Fossil Fuel: Future Shock?" New Scientist (December 1980), 541-543.
6. Idso, S. B. "Climate Significance of Doubling CO2 Concentrations." Science (March 28,
1980), 128-134.
7. Kellog, W. W. and Schneider, S. H. "Climate Stabilization for Better or For
Worse?" Science (December 18, 1974), 1163-1171.
8. Lewin, Roger. "Atmospheric CO2: A New Warning." New Scientist (April 1975), 211-
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9. MacDonald, Gordon J. The Long-Term Impacts of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon
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1980), 99-118.
11.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Inadvertent Climate Modification: Report of the
Study of Man's Impact on Climate. Cambridge, 1971.
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