This document discusses the use of ionic liquids as an alternative to traditional organic solvents in chemical synthesis and drug manufacturing. Ionic liquids are salts that are liquids at or near room temperature. They have several advantages over organic solvents such as low volatility, non-flammability, and thermal stability. The document provides an overview of ionic liquid properties and synthesis methods. It also describes various applications of ionic liquids in polymerization, solvent extraction, separation techniques, and environmental processes like carbon capture. The document concludes that ionic liquids show promise as more sustainable replacements for organic solvents in green chemistry applications.
Ionic liquid pretreatment is an effective method for pretreating various biomass feedstocks. Ionic liquids can dissolve up to 20% cellulose at room temperature. Studies have shown that certain ionic liquids are highly effective at pretreating biomass like switchgrass, increasing enzyme accessibility and decreasing lignin content. Pretreatment with ionic liquids generates high sugar yields for both single and mixed feedstocks. Ionic liquid pretreatment of densified, mixed feedstocks performs as well as or better than untreated feedstocks.
The document discusses green solvents and ionic liquids as alternatives to traditional water-based cleaning formulations. It introduces Waterless Cleaning LLC, which aims to license green solvent formulations and sell ionic liquids. Their primary project is developing a waterless laundry cleaning system using green solvents and ionic liquids. Theoretical cost comparisons for a local hotel suggest the solvent system could cost less than their current water-based system after the first month. Benefits of the solvent system include energy and water efficiency, recycling of solvents, and equal or better cleaning performance compared to water.
This document discusses various green solvent alternatives that are more environmentally friendly than traditional organic solvents. It describes water, supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide, ionic liquids, and ethyl lactate as potential green solvents. Supercritical carbon dioxide is highlighted for its ability to tune solvent properties and facilitate homogeneous catalytic processes while being nontoxic and having low environmental impact.
This document summarizes the characterization of various hydrophilic and hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids containing the imidazolium cation. The key findings are:
1) The choice of anion determines the water miscibility of the ionic liquid and has the largest effect on properties such as density, viscosity, and surface tension. Hydrophilic anions like chloride and iodide produce water-miscible liquids while more hydrophobic anions like PF6 and N(SO2CF3)2 produce water-immiscible liquids.
2) Increasing the alkyl chain length of the cation from butyl to hexyl to octyl increases the hydrophobicity of the ionic liquid and leads to higher viscos
Green chemistry is an approach to chemistry that aims to prevent pollution and reduce the use of hazardous substances. It was developed by Paul Anastas and John Warner, who defined 12 principles to guide more sustainable chemical production, such as preventing waste, designing safer chemicals and catalysts, and using renewable starting materials. Green chemistry approaches include solvent-free reactions, green solvents like water, and catalytic processes to make reactions more efficient.
Some past incidents show the dangers of pollution, such as the Cuyahoga River catching fire due to chemical pollution. Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous waste and pollution through principles like preventing waste, using renewable resources, safer solvents and feedstocks, and designing chemicals and processes to be less toxic and hazardous. The principles emphasize safer and more environmentally friendly chemical synthesis and products. Examples show how green chemistry has helped reduce pollution through alternatives like supercritical carbon dioxide for dry cleaning and replacing toxic additives like tetraethyl lead in gasoline.
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
Ionic liquid pretreatment is an effective method for pretreating various biomass feedstocks. Ionic liquids can dissolve up to 20% cellulose at room temperature. Studies have shown that certain ionic liquids are highly effective at pretreating biomass like switchgrass, increasing enzyme accessibility and decreasing lignin content. Pretreatment with ionic liquids generates high sugar yields for both single and mixed feedstocks. Ionic liquid pretreatment of densified, mixed feedstocks performs as well as or better than untreated feedstocks.
The document discusses green solvents and ionic liquids as alternatives to traditional water-based cleaning formulations. It introduces Waterless Cleaning LLC, which aims to license green solvent formulations and sell ionic liquids. Their primary project is developing a waterless laundry cleaning system using green solvents and ionic liquids. Theoretical cost comparisons for a local hotel suggest the solvent system could cost less than their current water-based system after the first month. Benefits of the solvent system include energy and water efficiency, recycling of solvents, and equal or better cleaning performance compared to water.
This document discusses various green solvent alternatives that are more environmentally friendly than traditional organic solvents. It describes water, supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide, ionic liquids, and ethyl lactate as potential green solvents. Supercritical carbon dioxide is highlighted for its ability to tune solvent properties and facilitate homogeneous catalytic processes while being nontoxic and having low environmental impact.
This document summarizes the characterization of various hydrophilic and hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids containing the imidazolium cation. The key findings are:
1) The choice of anion determines the water miscibility of the ionic liquid and has the largest effect on properties such as density, viscosity, and surface tension. Hydrophilic anions like chloride and iodide produce water-miscible liquids while more hydrophobic anions like PF6 and N(SO2CF3)2 produce water-immiscible liquids.
2) Increasing the alkyl chain length of the cation from butyl to hexyl to octyl increases the hydrophobicity of the ionic liquid and leads to higher viscos
Green chemistry is an approach to chemistry that aims to prevent pollution and reduce the use of hazardous substances. It was developed by Paul Anastas and John Warner, who defined 12 principles to guide more sustainable chemical production, such as preventing waste, designing safer chemicals and catalysts, and using renewable starting materials. Green chemistry approaches include solvent-free reactions, green solvents like water, and catalytic processes to make reactions more efficient.
Some past incidents show the dangers of pollution, such as the Cuyahoga River catching fire due to chemical pollution. Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous waste and pollution through principles like preventing waste, using renewable resources, safer solvents and feedstocks, and designing chemicals and processes to be less toxic and hazardous. The principles emphasize safer and more environmentally friendly chemical synthesis and products. Examples show how green chemistry has helped reduce pollution through alternatives like supercritical carbon dioxide for dry cleaning and replacing toxic additives like tetraethyl lead in gasoline.
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
The document discusses the role of biomass in activated carbon chemistry. It describes how biomass, which contains lignin and cellulose, can be used as a precursor for producing activated carbon. Lignin is a complex aromatic polymer present in biomass that contains both phenolic and alcoholic groups. Cellulose is an insoluble linear polymer of glucose. Using low-cost, locally available biomass sources is a challenge for researchers to produce affordable activated carbon materials for applications such as pollutant removal from water.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation methods for removing azo dyes from wastewater. Azo dyes account for 60-70% of dyes used in textiles and food manufacturing and are released in large quantities in wastewater. They are potentially allergenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae to degrade dyes through enzymatic reactions into less harmful compounds. Phytoremediation employs plants like the Glandularia pulchella plant to remove dyes from soil and water. These natural treatment methods are more cost-effective alternatives to physicochemical approaches.
The document discusses solvents used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and green chemistry principles to reduce their environmental impact. It provides a classification of solvents, listing class II and III solvents and acceptable limits for residual levels. Green chemistry aims to design chemical syntheses to be more sustainable by promoting solvent-free reactions, ionic liquids, and microwave synthesis to reduce solvent usage and waste. The document concludes that green chemistry is a fundamental approach for preventing pollution, though not a solution to all environmental problems.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It provides 10 principles of green chemistry including prevention of waste, increasing atom economy in chemical processes, designing safer chemical syntheses, safer solvents and auxiliaries, use of renewable feedstocks, reducing unnecessary derivatization, use of catalysis, design for energy efficiency, and design of chemicals for degradation. Each principle is explained with examples to illustrate how it can be applied to make chemistry more sustainable.
The purpose of this study was to obtain a relationship between the ratio of
BOD/COD and partition coefficient octanol/water (Pow) for glucose, lactose, sucrose,
formaldehyde, acetic acid and oxalic acid. This relationship was supported by the
toxicity test of each organic material on fish. The results show that the lower the
BOD/COD ratio, the higher the Pow coefficient, which means more organic matter
leads to biomass. Among the organic materials studied, formaldehyde has the lowest
BOD/COD ratio (<0.1) and highest Pow (>4) and was supported by the results of its
toxicity in fish having the lowest LC-50 (24 mg/L). Whereas lactose has the highest
BOD/COD ratio (>0.9) and lowest Pow (<0.7) with the highest LC-50 (851 mg/L). The
rest of the organic substances have characteristics in the range of lactose and
formaldehyde.
Adsorption of Rhodamine – B Dye from Aqueous Solution by Aloe Vera as Bio – A...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Aloe vera as a bio-adsorbent for removing Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of parameters like pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, contact time and temperature. The maximum dye removal occurred at pH 5, adsorbent dosage of 50 mg, and temperature of 60°C. Equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model well. The results indicate that Aloe vera is an effective adsorbent for removing Rhodamine B dye from water.
The document summarizes a study on the biodegradation potential of textile effluent-adapted and non-adapted bacteria. 24 bacterial isolates were obtained from textile effluent and soil samples, including Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Legionella, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas. Effluent-adapted isolates showed 40-48% color removal and 18-37% COD removal, while non-adapted isolates showed 40-47% color removal and higher COD removal. Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Legionella isolates showed potential for color removal, while Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas showed potential for COD removal. No plasmids were
The document discusses the environmental impacts of textile dyes and the bioremediation of textile dyes using fungi. It notes that the textile industry is a major polluter due to dye usage and releases large amounts of dyes into wastewater. It then discusses how various fungi, including Aspergillus sojae B-10, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Trichophytom rubrum LSK-27 have been used to degrade and decolorize different dyes through mechanisms like biodegradation, biosorption, and bioaccumulation. However, it also notes that bioremediation of textile dyes faces challenges like structural complexity of dyes making
This document discusses green solvents for chemistry. It covers topics such as solvent usage, effects on the environment and green chemistry principles. Specific green solvents are mentioned like water, carbon dioxide and ionic liquids. The document also discusses determining toxicity of solvents and their health and environmental requirements. It provides an overview of the physical and chemical properties of solvents that should be considered for green chemistry applications.
This document discusses green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry is defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Its goals are pollution prevention, reducing waste and use of energy. The 12 principles of green chemistry were developed by Dr. Paul Anastas and include preventing waste, using safer solvents and catalysts, designing safer chemicals and processes, and incorporating renewable feedstocks. Examples are given to illustrate how following the principles can improve chemical synthesis and make it safer and more sustainable.
This document discusses bioremediation and the degradation of pollutants by microorganisms. It defines bioremediation as the process of using microbes to biologically degrade organic wastes under controlled conditions. It describes how microbes possess enzymes that allow them to break down environmental contaminants. The document outlines different bioremediation methods including biostimulation, bioattenuation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and biopiles. It discusses factors that affect microbial bioremediation and concludes that bioremediation is an attractive option for cleaning polluted environments, though its effectiveness depends on environmental conditions that support microbial growth.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry, including its history, definition, 12 key principles, and recent trends. Green chemistry aims to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes and products. It focuses on preventing waste and pollution by designing safer chemicals, synthetic methods, and products that degrade after use. The principles emphasize increasing energy efficiency, using renewable feedstocks, real-time analysis, and catalysis to minimize hazards and waste. Recent areas of focus include biocatalysts, degradable polymers, and carbon dioxide utilization. While green chemistry research in India is still developing, it is important for sustainable industrialization.
Effect of antioxidants on the performance of vegetable oils as liquidIAEME Publication
The document discusses the use of vegetable oils as liquid dielectrics and the effect of adding antioxidants on their performance. Two vegetable oils (IO-18 and IO-19) were selected for study. Their dissipation factor and relative permittivity were measured from room temperature to 90°C both before and after adding various food-grade antioxidants like BHT, TBHQ, and propyl gallate at concentrations from 0.02% to 2%. The antioxidants improved the oils' oxidative stability and reduced their dissipation factor and relative permittivity, making them more suitable as dielectric coolants. Their properties were compared to mineral oil and silicone fluid.
Synthetic Utility of Aza Heterocyclics: A Short Reviewinventionjournals
This document provides a short review of synthetic utility of aza heterocyclic compounds. It discusses how aza heterocycles are important structures found in many natural products and drugs. Over two-thirds of top small molecule drugs contain at least one aza heterocyclic fragment. Aza heterocycles also have applications in areas like catalysis, metabolism, dyes, agrochemicals, photo sensitizers, supramolecular chemistry, polymer chemistry, and electrochemistry. Advanced synthetic techniques like combinatorial chemistry, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonication allow for more efficient synthesis of aza heterocyclic compounds. Important five and six-membered aza heterocycles like indoles, pyrimidines, and triazoles are widely
This document discusses the basic principles of green chemistry. It summarizes that green chemistry aims to make chemical processes and products more environmentally friendly and sustainable. A combination of factors is making green chemistry increasingly important in both the short and long term. These factors include rising costs of energy and waste processing, limited petroleum resources, and new legislation regulating chemicals. The document provides examples of green chemistry principles and technologies that can be applied throughout a chemical product's lifecycle from raw materials to end of life. It also discusses metrics for quantifying the environmental impact of chemical processes and comparing the greenness of alternative routes.
Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes 12 principles like prevention of waste, safer solvents and catalysts. The document discusses green synthesis of ibuprofen, adipic acid and maleic anhydride with higher yields, fewer steps and lower energy usage compared to older methods. Recent green reactions highlighted include enantioselective Michael addition in water, oxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide, transformation of alcohols to acids/ketones using t-BuOOH, and borono-Mannich reactions under microwave irradiation without solvents. Green chemistry provides fundamental approaches to pollution prevention.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
This document discusses xenobiotics, which are foreign chemical substances found within organisms. It defines xenobiotics and provides examples of exogenous and endogenous types. It then describes various sources of human exposure to xenobiotics like the environment, toxic foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The rest of the document details the metabolism and effects of xenobiotics on the human body, focusing on topics like biotransformation, conjugation, excretion, factors affecting metabolism, detoxification, and categories of metabolizers.
This document discusses the development of polyurethane-urea coatings using azide-alkyne click chemistry. It provides background on the chemistry of polyurethanes and their properties. It describes the concept of click chemistry and how copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition is a key click reaction. Schemes are proposed for synthesizing hyperbranched polyethers and fluorescent polyurethane coatings using click chemistry approaches. The document acknowledges contributions from researchers involved in the project.
This document discusses green chemistry and ionic liquids. It defines green chemistry as using chemistry to prevent pollution by designing products and processes that reduce hazardous substances. Ionic liquids are introduced as organic salts that are liquids near room temperature. They can be reused and are non-volatile. The principles of green chemistry encourage preventing waste, using less toxic and renewable materials, and minimizing energy usage through catalysis. Ionic liquids have potential as green solvents if their full life cycle is considered from production to disposal.
The document discusses ionic liquids as green solvents for organic transformations. It covers topics such as green chemistry principles, the structure and properties of ionic liquids that make them suitable green solvent replacements. Ionic liquids have applications in various organic reactions as solvents, allowing for higher yields, selectivity and easier product separation compared to conventional organic solvents. Examples of reactions discussed include Diels-Alder, Heck, hydrogenation and ring-opening reactions. Different types of ionic liquids are also summarized, including functionalized and deep eutectic solvents.
The document discusses the role of biomass in activated carbon chemistry. It describes how biomass, which contains lignin and cellulose, can be used as a precursor for producing activated carbon. Lignin is a complex aromatic polymer present in biomass that contains both phenolic and alcoholic groups. Cellulose is an insoluble linear polymer of glucose. Using low-cost, locally available biomass sources is a challenge for researchers to produce affordable activated carbon materials for applications such as pollutant removal from water.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation methods for removing azo dyes from wastewater. Azo dyes account for 60-70% of dyes used in textiles and food manufacturing and are released in large quantities in wastewater. They are potentially allergenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae to degrade dyes through enzymatic reactions into less harmful compounds. Phytoremediation employs plants like the Glandularia pulchella plant to remove dyes from soil and water. These natural treatment methods are more cost-effective alternatives to physicochemical approaches.
The document discusses solvents used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and green chemistry principles to reduce their environmental impact. It provides a classification of solvents, listing class II and III solvents and acceptable limits for residual levels. Green chemistry aims to design chemical syntheses to be more sustainable by promoting solvent-free reactions, ionic liquids, and microwave synthesis to reduce solvent usage and waste. The document concludes that green chemistry is a fundamental approach for preventing pollution, though not a solution to all environmental problems.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It provides 10 principles of green chemistry including prevention of waste, increasing atom economy in chemical processes, designing safer chemical syntheses, safer solvents and auxiliaries, use of renewable feedstocks, reducing unnecessary derivatization, use of catalysis, design for energy efficiency, and design of chemicals for degradation. Each principle is explained with examples to illustrate how it can be applied to make chemistry more sustainable.
The purpose of this study was to obtain a relationship between the ratio of
BOD/COD and partition coefficient octanol/water (Pow) for glucose, lactose, sucrose,
formaldehyde, acetic acid and oxalic acid. This relationship was supported by the
toxicity test of each organic material on fish. The results show that the lower the
BOD/COD ratio, the higher the Pow coefficient, which means more organic matter
leads to biomass. Among the organic materials studied, formaldehyde has the lowest
BOD/COD ratio (<0.1) and highest Pow (>4) and was supported by the results of its
toxicity in fish having the lowest LC-50 (24 mg/L). Whereas lactose has the highest
BOD/COD ratio (>0.9) and lowest Pow (<0.7) with the highest LC-50 (851 mg/L). The
rest of the organic substances have characteristics in the range of lactose and
formaldehyde.
Adsorption of Rhodamine – B Dye from Aqueous Solution by Aloe Vera as Bio – A...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Aloe vera as a bio-adsorbent for removing Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of parameters like pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, contact time and temperature. The maximum dye removal occurred at pH 5, adsorbent dosage of 50 mg, and temperature of 60°C. Equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model well. The results indicate that Aloe vera is an effective adsorbent for removing Rhodamine B dye from water.
The document summarizes a study on the biodegradation potential of textile effluent-adapted and non-adapted bacteria. 24 bacterial isolates were obtained from textile effluent and soil samples, including Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Legionella, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas. Effluent-adapted isolates showed 40-48% color removal and 18-37% COD removal, while non-adapted isolates showed 40-47% color removal and higher COD removal. Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Legionella isolates showed potential for color removal, while Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas showed potential for COD removal. No plasmids were
The document discusses the environmental impacts of textile dyes and the bioremediation of textile dyes using fungi. It notes that the textile industry is a major polluter due to dye usage and releases large amounts of dyes into wastewater. It then discusses how various fungi, including Aspergillus sojae B-10, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Trichophytom rubrum LSK-27 have been used to degrade and decolorize different dyes through mechanisms like biodegradation, biosorption, and bioaccumulation. However, it also notes that bioremediation of textile dyes faces challenges like structural complexity of dyes making
This document discusses green solvents for chemistry. It covers topics such as solvent usage, effects on the environment and green chemistry principles. Specific green solvents are mentioned like water, carbon dioxide and ionic liquids. The document also discusses determining toxicity of solvents and their health and environmental requirements. It provides an overview of the physical and chemical properties of solvents that should be considered for green chemistry applications.
This document discusses green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry is defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Its goals are pollution prevention, reducing waste and use of energy. The 12 principles of green chemistry were developed by Dr. Paul Anastas and include preventing waste, using safer solvents and catalysts, designing safer chemicals and processes, and incorporating renewable feedstocks. Examples are given to illustrate how following the principles can improve chemical synthesis and make it safer and more sustainable.
This document discusses bioremediation and the degradation of pollutants by microorganisms. It defines bioremediation as the process of using microbes to biologically degrade organic wastes under controlled conditions. It describes how microbes possess enzymes that allow them to break down environmental contaminants. The document outlines different bioremediation methods including biostimulation, bioattenuation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and biopiles. It discusses factors that affect microbial bioremediation and concludes that bioremediation is an attractive option for cleaning polluted environments, though its effectiveness depends on environmental conditions that support microbial growth.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry, including its history, definition, 12 key principles, and recent trends. Green chemistry aims to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes and products. It focuses on preventing waste and pollution by designing safer chemicals, synthetic methods, and products that degrade after use. The principles emphasize increasing energy efficiency, using renewable feedstocks, real-time analysis, and catalysis to minimize hazards and waste. Recent areas of focus include biocatalysts, degradable polymers, and carbon dioxide utilization. While green chemistry research in India is still developing, it is important for sustainable industrialization.
Effect of antioxidants on the performance of vegetable oils as liquidIAEME Publication
The document discusses the use of vegetable oils as liquid dielectrics and the effect of adding antioxidants on their performance. Two vegetable oils (IO-18 and IO-19) were selected for study. Their dissipation factor and relative permittivity were measured from room temperature to 90°C both before and after adding various food-grade antioxidants like BHT, TBHQ, and propyl gallate at concentrations from 0.02% to 2%. The antioxidants improved the oils' oxidative stability and reduced their dissipation factor and relative permittivity, making them more suitable as dielectric coolants. Their properties were compared to mineral oil and silicone fluid.
Synthetic Utility of Aza Heterocyclics: A Short Reviewinventionjournals
This document provides a short review of synthetic utility of aza heterocyclic compounds. It discusses how aza heterocycles are important structures found in many natural products and drugs. Over two-thirds of top small molecule drugs contain at least one aza heterocyclic fragment. Aza heterocycles also have applications in areas like catalysis, metabolism, dyes, agrochemicals, photo sensitizers, supramolecular chemistry, polymer chemistry, and electrochemistry. Advanced synthetic techniques like combinatorial chemistry, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonication allow for more efficient synthesis of aza heterocyclic compounds. Important five and six-membered aza heterocycles like indoles, pyrimidines, and triazoles are widely
This document discusses the basic principles of green chemistry. It summarizes that green chemistry aims to make chemical processes and products more environmentally friendly and sustainable. A combination of factors is making green chemistry increasingly important in both the short and long term. These factors include rising costs of energy and waste processing, limited petroleum resources, and new legislation regulating chemicals. The document provides examples of green chemistry principles and technologies that can be applied throughout a chemical product's lifecycle from raw materials to end of life. It also discusses metrics for quantifying the environmental impact of chemical processes and comparing the greenness of alternative routes.
Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes 12 principles like prevention of waste, safer solvents and catalysts. The document discusses green synthesis of ibuprofen, adipic acid and maleic anhydride with higher yields, fewer steps and lower energy usage compared to older methods. Recent green reactions highlighted include enantioselective Michael addition in water, oxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide, transformation of alcohols to acids/ketones using t-BuOOH, and borono-Mannich reactions under microwave irradiation without solvents. Green chemistry provides fundamental approaches to pollution prevention.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
This document discusses xenobiotics, which are foreign chemical substances found within organisms. It defines xenobiotics and provides examples of exogenous and endogenous types. It then describes various sources of human exposure to xenobiotics like the environment, toxic foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The rest of the document details the metabolism and effects of xenobiotics on the human body, focusing on topics like biotransformation, conjugation, excretion, factors affecting metabolism, detoxification, and categories of metabolizers.
This document discusses the development of polyurethane-urea coatings using azide-alkyne click chemistry. It provides background on the chemistry of polyurethanes and their properties. It describes the concept of click chemistry and how copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition is a key click reaction. Schemes are proposed for synthesizing hyperbranched polyethers and fluorescent polyurethane coatings using click chemistry approaches. The document acknowledges contributions from researchers involved in the project.
This document discusses green chemistry and ionic liquids. It defines green chemistry as using chemistry to prevent pollution by designing products and processes that reduce hazardous substances. Ionic liquids are introduced as organic salts that are liquids near room temperature. They can be reused and are non-volatile. The principles of green chemistry encourage preventing waste, using less toxic and renewable materials, and minimizing energy usage through catalysis. Ionic liquids have potential as green solvents if their full life cycle is considered from production to disposal.
The document discusses ionic liquids as green solvents for organic transformations. It covers topics such as green chemistry principles, the structure and properties of ionic liquids that make them suitable green solvent replacements. Ionic liquids have applications in various organic reactions as solvents, allowing for higher yields, selectivity and easier product separation compared to conventional organic solvents. Examples of reactions discussed include Diels-Alder, Heck, hydrogenation and ring-opening reactions. Different types of ionic liquids are also summarized, including functionalized and deep eutectic solvents.
framework for ecotoxicological risk assessment of ionic liquids (online )Muhammad Ishaq Khan
This document presents a framework for assessing the ecotoxicological risk of ionic liquids. It discusses how predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) is used to assess hazards, and how predicted environmental concentration (PEC) is compared to PNEC to characterize risk to aquatic organisms. The framework initially predicts effect levels using quantitative structure-activity relationships, then calculates PNEC using assessment factors. If PEC exceeds PNEC, further aquatic risk assessment is needed using iterative steps to refine estimates.
This document discusses photocatalytic materials for water treatment. It provides background on the need for environmentally friendly water treatment methods. Photocatalysis uses light-activated catalysts to generate radicals that break down pollutants like dyes. The document discusses preparation and characterization of various photocatalysts including binary, ternary, and composite materials. It also provides requirements for a course paper on photocatalytic materials including focusing on a specific type of material, comprehensively discussing preparation and modification methods, and writing at least 2000 words.
Ecofriendly green biosynthesized of metallic nanoparticles: Bio-reduction mec...Al Baha University
Biomolecules of live plants, plant extracts and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, seaweeds, actinomycetes, algae and microalgae can be used to reduce metal
ions to nanoparticles. Biosynthesized nanoparticle effectively controlled oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis related changes. Green biosynthesized NPs
is alternative methods, which is hydrophilic, biocompatible, non-toxic, and used for coating many metal NPs with interesting morphologies and varied sizes. The
reducing agents involved include various water-soluble plant metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and
other nutritional compounds) and co-enzymes. The polysaccharides, proteins and lipids present in the algal membranes act as capping agents and thus limit using
of non-biodegradable commercial surfactants. Metallic NPs viz. cobalt, copper, silver, gold, platinum, zirconium, palladium, iron, cadmium and metal oxides such as
titanium oxide, zinc oxide, magnetite, etc. have been the particular focus of biosynthesis. Bio-reduction mechanisms, characterization, commercial, pharmacological
and biomedical applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles are reviewed.
This document summarizes the eco-friendly biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plants and microorganisms. It discusses the bio-reduction mechanisms involved, which relies on metabolites like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and flavonoids in plant extracts to reduce metal ions into nanoparticles. Characterization techniques and various applications of these nanoparticles in pharmaceutical, biomedical and other industries are also reviewed. Common metals synthesized include silver, gold, platinum, copper and metal oxides. The biosynthesis methods provide hydrophilic, biocompatible and non-toxic nanoparticles and represent green alternatives to chemical synthesis routes.
IRJET- Ascertaining the Removal Efficiency of Lemna Minor in Froth Diminution...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the removal efficiency of the duckweed species Lemna minor in reducing pollutants that cause foaming in wastewater. Lemna minor was inoculated into three wastewater samples and its removal efficiency of various pollutants like LAS, BOD, COD, phosphates, and nitrates was determined over 7 days. The removal efficiency ranged from 69-99% for different pollutants and samples. The dissolved oxygen of the water increased with treatment time. Lemna minor was effective at uptake of pollutants and can be used as a low-cost phytoremediation agent to reduce foaming in wastewater.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Impact of LeachateIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study analyzing leachate from a landfill in Kodungaiyur, India. Testing found the leachate had a pH of 6.65, high conductivity, BOD of 295.5 mg/l, COD of 5280 mg/l, and elevated levels of various chemicals. The study then treated the leachate using a natural coagulant, pine bark. After optimization of the pine bark dosage and treatment time of 1 hour, COD was reduced by 90% from 5280 mg/l to 520 mg/l, showing pine bark to be an effective and economical treatment method. The conclusions determined the natural coagulant pine bark successfully removed COD
IRJET- Experimental Study on Impact of LeachateIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study analyzing leachate from a landfill in Kodungaiyur, India. Testing found the leachate had high levels of pollutants like BOD, COD, and heavy metals. The study then treated the leachate using pine bark as a natural coagulant in a shaking incubator. Treatment with pine bark significantly reduced pollutant levels, with a 90% reduction in COD. The document concludes pine bark is effective at treating leachate and reducing its environmental impacts.
This document discusses criteria for selecting detergents for use in biochemistry experiments. It provides an overview of different types of detergents, including their classification based on chemical structure and properties like critical micellar concentration. When choosing a detergent, factors like temperature, pH, ionic strength and potential interference with assays must be considered. Integral membrane proteins often require the presence of detergent to stabilize them outside of the lipid bilayer environment. Nonionic detergents are generally less denaturing than ionic detergents for investigating membrane protein structure. The document recommends testing a set of detergents to select the one best able to preserve a protein's structural and functional state for the specific application.
IRJET- Dye Removal from Low Cost Adsorbent :- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater. It discusses how dyes from industries like textiles can pollute water sources and harm the environment if discharged without treatment. The document examines various physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and finds that adsorption is effective at removing different types of dyes. It explores using agricultural waste as low-cost adsorbents, noting their adsorption capacity depends on factors like contact time and dye properties. The document concludes that adsorption is an affordable alternative to treatments like membrane filtration or ozonation that are effective but costly for dye removal from wastewater.
The document discusses ionic liquids, which are organic salts that are liquid below 100°C. They can be used as solvents in various applications such as electrochemical devices and chemical synthesis. The document outlines the history of ionic liquids and different types including protic and aprotic ionic liquids. It also discusses the use of ionic liquids in applications like electrolytes and catalysis. Furthermore, it covers switchable ionic liquids that can change polarity and discusses their synthesis and potential to reduce solvent use. The document emphasizes the need to consider the full life cycle and disposal of ionic liquids to determine their sustainability.
IRJET-A Review on Pharmaceutical Compounds in Water and their Removal Technol...IRJET Journal
This document reviews technologies for removing pharmaceutical compounds from water, including conventional and alternative processes. It summarizes that ozonization and activated carbon adsorption are commonly used techniques. Ozonization uses ozone to directly or indirectly oxidize compounds, but does not completely remove them and oxidation can sometimes increase toxicity. Activated carbon adsorption relies on pharmaceutical properties like hydrophobicity and molecular structure, but performance is affected by competing absorption of dissolved organic carbon in water. The document evaluates factors influencing each technique and also discusses alternative processes like chlorine dioxide oxidation, nanofiltration, and zeolite filters.
The document discusses the synthesis of various oxacyclic derivatives such as furan, pyran, coumarins, and dioxanes using ionic liquids as reaction media. Ionic liquids offer advantages over traditional organic solvents as they are non-volatile, thermally stable, and recyclable. The synthesis of oxacyclic derivatives in ionic liquid media results in improved yields and reduced reaction times. Ionic liquids provide a more environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing important compounds like pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fragrances.
This document summarizes a study on using chitin biopolymer blended with bentonite clay to remove copper from wastewater via adsorption. Characterization of the blended material was done using FTIR, XRD, TGA and SEM. FTIR showed interactions between chitin and bentonite through hydrogen bonding. XRD indicated the blend was amorphous. TGA showed the blended material had higher thermal stability than chitin alone. SEM revealed the blend had a porous structure and large surface area suitable for adsorption. Batch adsorption studies showed the blended biopolymer effectively removed copper from wastewater.
TiO2 and ZnO as Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Wastewater TreatmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of TiO2 and ZnO as heterogeneous photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. It begins with an introduction stating that industrial effluents cause environmental pollution and dyes from textile industries are toxic and difficult to degrade. It then provides details on the Z-scheme and heterojunction mechanisms for combining multiple photocatalysts to more effectively treat wastewater using solar light. The key advantages of these photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes are that they can mineralize organic pollutants under mild conditions and use solar energy.
Treatment Methodology with Ammonia Recovery of Dyes and Pigment Manufacturing...IRJET Journal
This document reviews treatment methods for wastewater from dyes and pigment manufacturing industries. The wastewater has high levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Conventional biological treatment methods are limited in their ability to remove nitrogenous compounds from this wastewater. Advanced treatment methods that allow for ammonia recovery through stripping are discussed. Stripping ammonia at a high pH provides an opportunity to recover ammonia for use in fertilizer production. Coagulation-flocculation using chemicals like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to increase pH creates favorable conditions for
Role of microorganisms in Biodegradation of Organic Wasterasikapatil26
Microorganisms play a key role in biodegradation by breaking down dead organic matter into simpler substances. They decompose industrial and household waste, recycling nutrients in the environment. The document discusses the roles of microbes in various biodegradation processes, such as aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pollutants. It also outlines considerations for efficient biological treatment of industrial waste and examples of processes that use microbes, such as aerobic biodegradation and oil biodegradation.
Ozone is an effective method for treating micropollutants like pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Conventional treatment does not fully remove persistent micropollutants, which can have negative environmental impacts. Ozone reacts quickly with these micropollutants through oxidation, eliminating many at trace concentrations. Pilot tests show ozone reduces micropollutants to below detection limits at dosages of 5-15 mg/L. Ozone treatment is an environmentally friendly option that avoids harmful byproducts of other chemical treatments.
This document discusses complexation and protein binding. It defines complexation as interactions between two or more compounds capable of independent existence via covalent or non-covalent bonds. Complexes are classified as metal ion complexes or organic molecular complexes. Metal ion complexes include inorganic complexes, chelates, and aromatic complexes. Organic molecular complexes involve donor-acceptor interactions or hydrogen bonds. Complexation can enhance drug solubility, bioavailability, and modify drug properties. It is used in diagnosis, as a therapeutic tool, and to treat poisoning by facilitating removal of toxic substances from the body.
Similar to (28 34)ionic liquids a new trend in drug synthesis using green chemistry-format (20)
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.