2.7 Notes
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Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.7 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
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7.2 & 7.3 Notes
Transcription and translation are the two main processes by which genes are expressed into proteins. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes processing after transcription where introns are removed and exons are joined together. Translation occurs where the mRNA is read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence. There are three steps to translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Gene expression is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through promoter regions, epigenetic modifications, and alternative splicing of mRNA.
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Transcription and translation are the two main processes by which genes are expressed into proteins. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes processing after transcription where introns are removed and exons are joined together. Translation occurs where the mRNA is read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence. There are three steps to translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Gene expression is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through promoter regions, epigenetic modifications, and alternative splicing of mRNA.
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The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information within biological systems. It states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. While information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, it cannot flow in the reverse direction from protein back to nucleic acids. There are some exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses and RNA replication in certain viruses. The central dogma establishes the principle that genetic information can be converted between DNA and RNA.
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Similar to 2.7 Notes
DNA vs. RNA
RNA differs from DNA in its role and structure. RNA is involved in protein synthesis by carrying copies of DNA sequences to direct the assembly of amino acids. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA carries copies of DNA to other parts of the cell, ribosomal RNA makes up ribosomes, and transfer RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes as specified by mRNA codons. Codons in mRNA specify the amino acids needed to form proteins, with different codon sequences determining the properties of different proteins.
DNA vs. RNA
RNA differs from DNA in its role and structure. RNA is involved in protein synthesis by carrying copies of DNA sequences to direct the assembly of amino acids. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA carries copies of DNA to other parts of the cell, ribosomal RNA makes up the ribosomes, and transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes as specified by the mRNA codons. Codons in mRNA are sequences of three nucleotides that specify which amino acid needs to be joined in the polypeptide chain to make a protein.
Transcription and translation
This document provides an overview of transcription and translation. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation takes place on ribosomes, where tRNA brings amino acids specified by mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code maps codons to their corresponding amino acids.
Biology 12
Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into messenger RNA using RNA polymerase. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA carries protein instructions from DNA to ribosomes, ribosomal RNA makes up ribosomes, and transfer RNA transfers amino acids to ribosomes during translation. Translation is the process where the cell uses messenger RNA to produce proteins by decoding mRNA codons into amino acids.
Transcriptionand translation
Transcription is the process of copying information from DNA to mRNA. Translation is the process of using the mRNA code to assemble a protein. The genetic code links codons, which are three nucleotide sequences in mRNA, to specific amino acids. tRNA molecules match codons to their corresponding amino acids and deliver them to the ribosome for protein assembly.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
Notes ch13 website
From DNA to Protein
1. DNA contains genes that provide instructions for building proteins through transcription and translation. RNA is produced through transcription and carries the genetic code from DNA. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
2. During translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to add to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached. This process synthesizes proteins using the genetic code stored in DNA.
3. Mutations in DNA can occur through changes in single nucleotides or the insertion/deletion of nucleotides. This can alter the mRNA and resulting protein sequence produced.
lecture 3 Gene expression pptx
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA, transcription creates mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins. The central dogma states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Mutations can occur and change the nucleotide sequence, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
Translation slides
Translation is the process by which the genetic code contained within mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. During translation, mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to produce an amino acid chain. Key molecules involved in translation include mRNA, which contains the code to be translated; tRNA, which carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins by linking amino acids in the proper order specified by the mRNA. Translation occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
2.7 replication, transcription, translation
1. DNA replication is semi-conservative. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, DNA polymerase links nucleotides to form new strands using the existing strands as templates.
2. Transcription creates mRNA from DNA templates using RNA polymerase.
3. Translation uses the genetic code to synthesize polypeptides from mRNA. tRNAs with anticodons complementary to mRNA codons carry amino acids which are linked by the ribosome.
Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key terms include:
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, phenotype is observable traits.
- Genes hold information to build cells and pass traits to offspring. The human genome contains 25,000-35,000 genes located on 23 chromosome pairs in the nucleus.
- DNA is transcribed to RNA and translated to proteins, which determine an organism's traits. Variations in genes and chromosomes can result in genetic disorders. Common methods to study genetics include karyotyping, analyzing pedigrees, and identifying alleles and mutations. Understanding genetics provides insight into inheritance patterns and human health.
Proteins
The document discusses how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA through transcription, and mRNA is then translated into proteins through translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy of the DNA gene. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are linked together to form a protein chain according to the mRNA's genetic code. The protein then undergoes post-translational modifications before performing its function in the cell. Mutations can occur through changes in DNA bases that may alter protein sequences.
RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.pptx
This document discusses the process of expressing genetic information through RNA and protein synthesis. It begins by defining key terms like genes, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, transcription, and translation. It then explains the structures of DNA and RNA, the process of transcription which involves RNA polymerase copying DNA into mRNA, and the roles of introns and exons. The document further details the genetic code where codons on mRNA specify amino acids and the process of translation where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome to form a polypeptide chain. It concludes by discussing mutations that can occur and impact protein synthesis.
Gene expression transcription sp2020
Gene expression involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA and the translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand to produce a complementary mRNA copy. In termination, RNA polymerase dissociates from the DNA and mRNA is released. The resulting pre-mRNA undergoes processing where introns are removed and a 5' cap and poly-A tail are added, producing a mature mRNA that can then undergo translation into a polypeptide chain by ribosomes.
section 5, chapter 4
Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA transports amino acids and attaches them to mRNA strands during protein synthesis based on mRNA codon sequences. Ribosomal RNA provides structure and enzymatic functions for ribosomes. Ribosomes link amino acids specified by mRNA codons into polypeptide chains.
Central Dogma Of Dna
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It covers DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how mutations can occur during these processes. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules from one original. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur during replication, transcription or translation and result in changes to the amino acid sequence or reading frame of proteins.
Central Dogma and Protein Synthesis
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It covers DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how mutations can occur during these processes. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules from one original. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur during replication, transcription or translation and result in changes to the amino acid sequence or reading frame of proteins.
Central Dogma and Protein Synthesis
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It covers DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how mutations can occur during these processes. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules from one original. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur during replication, transcription or translation and result in changes to the amino acid sequence or reading frame of proteins.
Chapter13 worksheets
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and describing the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNAs and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons control gene expression and how transcription factors regulate development.
Chapter7
Gene expression and control involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs when RNA polymerase uses a gene's DNA as a template to make mRNA. Translation occurs when ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain that folds into a protein. Eukaryotic cells have additional controls over gene expression that allow differentiation of cell types and control which genes are expressed. Mutations can occur that change gene products and cause disorders. Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation also regulate gene expression.
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2.7 Notes
- 1. IB Biology Chapter 2 Notes: Transcription & Translation (2.7) NAME: Word Definition Sense strand The sequence of DNA that is identical to the mRNA Antisense strand The sequence of DNA that is complementary to the mRNA—it is transcribed mRNA Messenger RNA—copy of DNA rRNA Ribosomal RNA—makes up part of the ribosome structure tRNA Transfer RNA—brings correct amino acid to ribosome Triplet Three letters of DNA that stand for an amino acid Codon Three letters of mRNA that stand for an amino acid Anticodon Three letters of tRNA that are complementary to the codon Ribosome Enzyme made of RNA and protein where translation occurs Binding sites Places were two molecules attach to each other Polypeptide A chain of amino acids (before they fold into a functional protein) RNA polymerase Enzyme that copies DNA into mRNA Universal The same everywhere Degenerate Refers to how multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
- 2. 2.7.4 Transcription is the synthesis ofmRNA copied from the DNA base sequence by RNA polymerase. 2.7.5 Translation is synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes. 2.7.6 The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code. 2.7.7 Codons of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide. Outline the process of Transcription: Differentiate between the ‘Sense’ and ‘Antisense’strands ofthe DNA: Outline the process of Translation: Codon = Stop codon = Explain how the genetic code is ‘degenerate:’
- 3. 2.7.11 Use a table of the genetic code to deduce which codon(s)correspond to which amino acid. 2.7.13 Use a table of mRNA codons and their corresponding amino acids to deduce the sequence of amino acids coded by a short mRNA strand of known base sequence. 2.7.14 Deducing the DNA base sequence for the mRNA strand. 2.7.8 Translation depends on complimentary base pairing between codons ofmRNA and anticodons on tRNA. 2.7.10 Production of human insulin in bacteria as an example of the universality of the genetic code allowing gene transfer between species. State the amino acid corresponding to each codon: CUC = AAG = GAU = UGA = Given the mRNA sequence,below… 5’ – AUGCCCUAUGUG – 3’ Give the amino acid sequence that would be translated: How many codons were in the mRNA? _______ Give the DNA sequence of the antisense strand that was transcribed to produce the mRNA below: mRNA: 5’ – AUGCCCUAUGUG – 3’ DNA: List the three components (parts) that are involved in translation: Outline the main events of Translation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Describe what occurs in Diabetes and how it can be treated: Describe how insulin can be artificially-produced: Second Base ThirdBase FirstBase