26. & 77. Pro Forma

Editing and
Cinematography
Unit 26. & 77.

Purpose of Editing
Question Response
What is the purpose of
editing?
To show the continuity of scenes between shots and tell the story using shots.
What is the role of
editors within a
production team?
The editors are responsible for exporting the shots from production and cutting them
into a sequence or number of sequences to showcase the narrative of the story.
How can editing be
used to tell a story?
Why are shots
selected and placed
next to each other in
the edit to convey
meaning
Editing allows you to tell a story by being able to show how one event may effect
another in another location, or can show how one character can go from one location
to the next. Editing can be used to show a characters state of mind and that can have
an effect on the story.

Editing Techniques
Technique Definition Example
Motivated cut. A transition to a shot that can be inferred to
be related to the previous shot or others in a
sequence
A character is looking down. We cut to a shot of a
phone ringing and then a medium close up of their
face.
Montage. A series of scenes that are used to illustrate a
form of character development, or as a way
to show the audience what’s happening
without taking too much time.
In Rocky, we see a montage of him training to
become better at boxing.
Jump cut. A continuous shot of a subject that is broken
into 2 parts, with a second shot having a
piece of footage removed to show the
passing of time.
In this scene from Little shop of horrors the passage
of time is shown to us as it is literally the point of
the scene and to show it they show the characters
moving around the scene in-between every shot.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wH4cNrUB4ss
Continuity
editing.
Related shots that are edited together to give
viewers a consistent narrative of a scene in
terms of time and space.
Any scene in a film where a character grabs a door
handle from one side and the next shot is them
opening the door from the other side.

Editing Techniques
Technique Definition Example
Breaking the
180 Degree
rule
Crossing the an imaginary line to show a different
angle of a scene, usually this would apply to a scene
of 2 characters talking to each other. This technique
can be used to show a change in tone or emotion
between the two characters.
In this scene from paper moon, we are lead to believe the
imaginary line is established from the opening shot. However in
the next shot the camera appears on the other side of the line, and
for the next minute or so we believe that this is line but then it
switches again to the other side of characters. This is the best
example of breaking the 180 degree rule.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzHwm2QDPfI
Cross cutting. A technique used to establish action occurring at
the same time, either in the same or different
locations
This scene from Inception is a good example of how cross cutting
can show different action scene(s) happening at the same time or
the same action scene(s) happening from different perspectives.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmptU7vEkNU
Timing and
pace (fast and
slow cutting).
Timing in the length of the shot that is being used
during editing.
Pacing is the rhythm that is created with camera
work used in the shot.
In this scene from Psycho the editing in the scene starts off
really slow in order to relax the audience, then once the
killer attacks the editing is more quick and fast paced,
consistently cutting from shot to shot, this is to spike the
audiences attention.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WtDmbr9xyY
Sound mix. Perfecting audio levels of the dialogue, Foley and
musical score in the film so they sound clear and
crisp enough.
In this scene from Dunkirk we see how the sound mixing of the
sharp sound of the bullets and the quiet eerie music can effect the
mood of the scene
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOd4PTY3KKw

Editing
Type Definition Uses/Products
Film editing- single
camera editing
When the camera is reset or moved into
a new angle after each shot is taken
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jomr9
SAjcyw
This scene from pulp fiction uses only one
camera for the whole scene, and they
move the camera into a different setup
every time they want to show a different
angle.(all within the 180 degree rule).
Video editing- multi-
camera vision
mixing
Where more than one camera is used to
shoot the video
On live TV (sporting events, news, etc.)
they will use these types of set ups to show
different angles of whats happening
without having to move the set up.

Genre
Genre Example Analysis Evaluation
Horror The Empty Man
Dir. David Prior
The film uses a lot of editing with sound to
make the audience feel unnerved and
unsettled. It tends to mute sound coming from
the visuals and either raise the music or go
really quiet.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqptL3vVi
HU
I like how this feels in the film. It
comes off as weird and eerie and it
adds to the effect the movie has on
you as well as make you question the
context of what is happening.

Genre
Drama Gifted
Dir. Marcc Webb
In this scene from Gifted they mainly use
only long one shot of the sunset whilst the
characters are talking. They don’t cut to a
shot of each character saying their lines
and rather use one shot to help the
cinematography aspect of the movie.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpE4
4guxIr8
I like how they don’t cut away to
a different angle and let the shot
sink in, mixed with the music and
the deep discussion of religion
and making the scene more
dramatic and memorable.

Genre
Action Hot Fuzz
Dir. Edgar Wright
This scene from Hot Fuzz shows the main
characters move to Sanford,
Gloucestershire. It is a short, rather quiet
montage where the mix of sound and
visual editing perfectly represents the
move from the city without using any
music causing it to drag on for too long.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8dF
K5nI1YA
I like these edits and how they
are used, they are quick and give
us a lot of information at the
same time. Their fast pacing
works well with the action
element of the film.

Genre
Surreal Lunch
Dir. Jan
Svankmajer
The film uses editing the same way a stop
motion film does, the characters will move
AFTER every frame into another position.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yM
3uxZjdfo&t=299s
I think it is a method best save for
stop motion ANIMATION films. I
thought when this film did it with
real people, it looked tacky, weird
and unappealing.

Genre
Factual American Sniper In this scene we see Bradley Coopers character,
facing a TV and we can hear loud explosions
and gun sounds. From the beginning of the
scene we imagine these are coming from the
TV and the character is watching a show,
however when the camera slowly switches
sides without cutting we can see the TV isn’t on
and it implies that the noises are coming from
his head and the character has PTSD.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5ybm9fs
TqI&t=124s
I like how there isn’t much
editing going on here and the
shot is just played out, it has
more of an impact on the
audience rather than using
traditional continuity editing.

Genre
Promotional Captain America:
Civil War-
International TV
Spot
In this TV spot there we see a motivated cut of
Bucky pointing a gun at someone and it then
cuts to Rhodey being shot out of the sky by a
beam coming off screen. From the spot we are
lead to believe it was Bucky who did this when
in the movie we see it was Vision.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5hnoBQz
DQI
I liked this edit because it tricks
the viewers into thinking how
something plays out in the film.

Camera Techniques and Lens Use
Definition
Stock formats Film stock was what movies used to record footage onto. (Sometimes filmmakers still
use it.) 16mm, 35mm & 70mm are the most used film stocks.
Imagers Imagers are printers of film stock.
Aspect ratios Aspect ratios are the width and height of the image of a film, the sizes of aspect ratios
are represented in numbers. E.g. 4:3 (Square box shaped ratio), 16:9 (Standard), 21:9
(Cinematic Widescreen).
Exposure index The exposure index defines the ISO rating used in a certain shooting scenario that is
different from the actual film speed rating.
Latitude A films ability to record differences between under-exposed and over-exposed images.
Dynamic range Dynamic range refers to the camera that can successfully manage the lightest and
darkest areas of an image without losing any detail.

Definition
Frames per second Frames per second is how many images a camera takes in a second when shooting.
Filters Filters are colour glass disks that you put on a camera lens and they can change the way
a film looks in terms of colours.
Prime lens A fixed & focal photographic lens, with a minimum aperture of from f2.8 to f1.2.
Zoom lens A combined use of lens elements where the focal length can be altered and changed.
Optics Optics are how the lens works and how it refracts light.

Definition
F-stops Also known as the “Aperture”, the f-stop is the opening of the lens and how much light
travels through it.
T-stops T-stops are the measurement of how much light is travelling through the lens.
Focus Focus is the clarity and sharpness of the subject in the frame.
Depth of field The distance between the farthest and nearest subject in frame, calculated by focal
length, distance to subject and the size of the aperture and Depth of field.
Hyper-focal distance The distance between the main subject and all the objects that can be brought into
focus.

Film vs Digital
What are the main differences between film and
digital?
Film; Shooting on film can bring out deeper, stronger and
richer colours and shadows. It is also commonly known as
the traditional and old fashioned style of filmmaking.
However, buying film is very expensive.
Digital; Shooting on digital can bring out clearer images. Its
also quicker to shoot on digital and way less expensive. It is
also quicker and easier to add special effects to digital than
film.
Which do you think is better and why? I think shooting on digital is the best way to shoot a movie,
because there’s more you can do with it and it is cheaper and
less expensive. There is also less pressure from messing up
on digital because you can rewatch the footage instantly and
if there’s a mistake you can instantly go back and reshoot it
on the spot. However, if you were shooting on film, one
screw up is a waste of material and you wouldn’t spot a
mistake until the day after shooting.

Health and Safety
• Someone could trip on a wire
-Tidy wire(s) under a wire guard
-Place hazard tape over wire guard
-Wrap light cables underneath
• Ventilation issues
-make sure everyone has a bottle of
water to keep themselves hydrated
• Danger of electric shock
-make sure wires aren’t exposed
• Safety lighting
-Use flashlights
• There was a water bottle on the set. This is
hazardous particularly to electrical
equipment
-Keep water a way from any wires or sockets
that could be damaged by it
• My actor could choke on the sweets
-Make sure the actor is not alone, therefore if
they choke there will be someone there to
assist them
• Either me or my actor could feel tired and
start to fall asleep
-Ensure both myself and my actor have a break
at some point.

Production- Required Shots
Shot Type Screenshot Shot Type Screenshot
Low Light Shallow Focus
Slo-Motion Deep Focus

Production- Required Shots
Shot Type Screenshot Shot Type Screenshot
Tracking Shot Lens 1
18-55mm
Lens 2
50mm

Director
• What they need to be good at
• Who do they work with primarily
• What is there responsibility when in production
• Contextual example of this role
• Your own thoughts about this role
• A director needs to have a good creative mind set and be able to present the creativity
that they have in front of the camera. They also need to be good at working with people
and making creative decisions where they need to.
• Primarily they work with the writers and the producers to figure out the concept and the
story of the film, as well as figure out who they want to star in the film and how they will
promote it.
• They have the responsibility of directing the actors performances and creating the vision
for the film.
• James Gunn was the director of “The Suicide Squad”. He envisions his projects as funny,
usually very colourful and always tries the keep the story moving forward and the
audience entertained.
• I personally treasure and desire this role more than any other role in the film industry. I
like being able to create my own vision, mood and style for a story.

Camera Operator
A camera operator needs to be good at managing heavy equipment. They also need to understand the
workings of different cameras, lenses and focus systems.
They work with the director and cinematographer (Director of photography) but they mainly work under the
camera supervisors.
Camera operators have the responsibility of capturing the actors on camera or what ever the director(s) tell
them to capture. They also have to assemble the camera equipment needed as well as planning and
rehearsing scenes with the actors and directors.
Ian Clampbett worked as a camera operator on films such as ‘The Suicide Squad’ and ‘Captain Marvel’. I find
both of those films are uniquely shot compared to other films in their belonging franchises. (The Suicide
Squad in terms of camera movements and Captain Marvel in terms of visual aesthetic.)
Being a camera operator requires a lot of responsibility due to managing a load of camera equipment. But, I
like the idea and concept of working a camera and capturing all the action myself.

Assistant Director
Assistant directors for film and TV need to have good communication and leadership skills as well as
have good attention to detail.
They work with they director, cinematographer, and the heads of all other departments during the
production.
They are responsible for managing schedules and are the ones to go to when one of the cast or crew
members is feeling ill and is unable to make it to set.
Tommy Gormley worked as a second assistant director on “Super 8” and “Star Wars: The Force
Awakens”.
This is a very important role that also comes with a heavy load of responsibility. Personally, I don’t
think it is necessarily in my favour.

Key Grip
• Key grips need to be good at problem solving and managing camera
equipment.
• They primarily work closely with the DOP and provide camera
equipment to them when needed.
• If you want a camera being mounted to a car, the key grip will provide
the equipment needed to do so.
• It is a lot of responsibility in supplying camera equipment. I think it
would be an interesting department to be a part of.

Working as a Director
I have worked on a few different short films throughout the year. For
example, I directed my own short film for my FMP, meaning I was in charge
of almost every aspect of the film. I also sometimes direct fun short films for
my YouTube channel to get some experience of working as a director. Most
of my videos serve little purpose and are just for fun. My most creative video
I think would be my short film I did for the first year of my level 3 course,
about a boy who had to stay in his room during the pandemic. I shot the film
almost entirely on my iPhone and then in post I converted it to black and
white to create I dark mood and cropped the clips into a 4:3 (square box)
aspect ratio to create a claustrophobic atmosphere. This I feel is my most
creative work. I like the freedom there is in having creative control over your
own story as well as the tone and visual style you can create. Sometimes my
actors, as well as myself were unclear as to what directions I wanted. Despite
all of the problems I like how my project flows together when I am editing it
together.
Discuss your experiences directing your short film,
productions throughout the year, etc. Consider what
worked, what didn’t work, what you found difficult
and the success of your work in this role

Working as a Camera Op
I have I also enjoyed working as a camera operator on my friends projects. I
like being able to move the camera around and get creative looking shots.
One of the problems I experienced through all the filming is the limited time
you have when the camera is on. By this I mean battery time as well as card
space, both can run out very quickly. There have been many times where I
have gone without checking these things and I have been in the middle of
filming a shot or a long take and I either run out of space on the memory
card or the battery dies. I remember this happening when I was doing my
FMP for level 3, when I was filming one of the last scenes in the film where I
had to do a long script of dialogue and my phone ran out of storage. I was
forced to switch to my canon camcorder, which had lower quality when I
exported it to my iPad where I was editing. Whenever something like this
happens, I have to have to find a replacement for either or wait until later to
finish filming or recreate the scene, and thus delaying the production of
what I was doing.

Working as
Assistant Director
I have had some sort of experience as an assistant director. I have
helped with organising schedules for personal projects my friends have
made. A few years ago one of my friends at school was making a film
for his now deleted and I helped organise some dates for our friends to
come and film. It is something that can become very stressful and
complicated, especially when some of the equipment is being used or
some of the people required on set are busy when we need them but
the feeling of getting it organised gives you a sense of confidence by
getting everyone and everything needed on set.

Working as Key Grip
I worked as a key grip for another one of my friends films where I had to attach a
GoPro to his head. Sometimes working as a key grip can be difficult when you are
unable to get all the camera equipment for the day it is needed, and sometimes it
doesn’t work. But I like being able to use and experiment with different camera
equipment.
I found it more fun to work as a key grip when working on films in college, I was
able to use more professional equipment such as setting up a microphone, adding a
light to the top of the camera and using different lenses. These are things that I
haven’t had to opportunity to work with before so I found pretending to be a
professional key grip an interesting experience.

Camera equipment
To film my project I used a Canon800D .
At first I was unsure about how to use it
because it had a lot of settings on it, a lot
more than other cameras I had used and
sometimes I found it a bit confusing on
what to press. However, I soon got the
hang of how to use it and was an easy
process when filming. I was able to
adjust the ISO to the right setting where
the image wasn’t too bright or too dark,
and it may have taken a while but I
managed to adjust the focus ring to the
point where both me and my actor are
clear and visible to the camera.

Lenses
Using the 800D allowed me to try using 2 different
lenses to see what visual difference it would make to
my project. For the majority of the filming of my
project I used a 17-55mm lens, which looked fine
when I was using it. It was able to get everything in
the frame and at the same time looked very spread
out. I filmed a majority of the important scenes with
this lens and after a while I switched to the smaller
18-55mm lens. I liked this lens as well as it had an
ever so faint but pleasing tint of green to it. This
wasn’t a problem and is barely noticeable in post
production. I think this colour change comes from
the different way the lens takes in light. Another
thing I liked about this lens is how it made
everything look bigger, but somehow got almost as
much in the frame as the 17-55.

Tripods
I only used one tripod when filming a the
establishing and double shots of the film. I
placed it at the other side of the HE hub
where we were filming and stood it in-
between me and my other actor. I decided
that by placing it here I would be able to get
a good shot of the both of us in the frame.
To attach the camera I detached the plate
from the top of the tripod and screwed it
onto the screw hole on the bottom of the
camera and then put the plate back in its
place on the tripod. It did a great job at
supporting the camera and allowing it to get
us both in the shot.

Lighting
For the lighting in the video I had the
option of using camera lights to give
some lighting on my face but I chose
to go with the natural lighting of the
ceiling lights in the HE hub. I wanted
to use these because I liked the way
that they have give gloomy shadows
over our faces. I like this mood
because it makes it the film itself look
more natural as well. I don’t mind the
parts where it looks darker because
the highlights look nice with the
different lenses I have used.

Justification of Organisation and Software
Choice Why
File formats pproj It is the default setting for Premiere Pro
File storage Local drive It is the quickest way to retrieve the footage
Backup OneDrive You save and can access it from multiple locations(its also safe and
cheap)
Software selection Adobe Premiere Pro It is the best and most advanced editing software accessible
Proxy media N/A We didn’t use any proxy media but it is low quality versions of the
footage in the film.
Clip management Folders and shot naming I saved all my footage to a folder simply entitled “footage” which I found
easiest way to access it all. I also named the shots in numerical order so I
could remember which shot went where.
Resolution matching N/A I was filming on the same camera for the entire project so I didn’t need to
worry.
Syncing N/A You’ll be recording your audio through the camera and then doing post-
production audio. No dialogue etc.
Pipeline Rough cut, Fine cut then Final
cut
Rough cut is to ensure all footage is in the right order, the fine cut is to
make sure all the footage flows as a film. The final cut is the final version
of film with all effects added.
Specific encoding H264 YouTube 720 HD The film is being uploaded YouTube so it is the most suitable for
exporting.

What was your favourite thing about
this film?
What did you enjoy about the film?
Reference specific sequences, shots,
effects, overall feel/tone.
What would you suggest for the fine
or final cut? Try and relate this to
specific content. Consider specific
edit techniques, special effects, colour
grading, etc etc.
Camera techniques
There are some really nice camera
techniques in the film especially the
shot of the hand inside the bag at
1:50. I think the tone of the film is
really well done as well as the story is
kept simple allowing you to play
around with the cinematography and
editing.
Some colour grading would be really
nice. Some of the shots have different
lighting styles and it is a bit jarring
when they are supposed to happen
chronologically.
The script/story/content
the comedic aspects of the film were
entertaining
well placed cuts and shifts in camera
angles to bring the comedic aspect of
the film to life
I liked the comedic aspect of the film
and how you used different shots to
help emphasis the comedic aspect.
I think that some of shots have too
long duration and even though you
can edit those in the fine cut I don't
think that some of the footage is
needed to be in the film for the sake
of making the audience laugh.
The performances
The story was simple/easy to follow
but not to its detriment as it was still
enjoyable and played into the
comedic values of silent film
The editing will be important as the
cuts and comedic timing will make or
break the film

Rushes Feedback
Feedback Areas for Development
My audience seem to really like the comedic aspects
of the film as well as the camera movements.
However they recommended that I change the colour
grading for some certain scenes, so the scenes all flow
together and look like they all occur in the same place
and time.
I will need to work on the colour grading for certain
shots to make them look like they all take place at the
same time. I will also trim down some shots that go on
for too long.

Fine Cut Feedback
Feedback Areas for Development
People seem to like the script and story the most
about my film. They say it is easy to follow and keeps
them interested, as well as praising the POV shots.
On the more negative side they said that some of the
shots require colour correction as well as adding in
audio just to finish the piece off.
I will add some colour correction to some of the shots
as well as finish off the film by adding some music and
sound effects.

What was your favourite thing about
this film?
What did you enjoy about the film?
Reference specific sequences, shots,
effects, overall feel/tone.
What would you suggest for the fine or final cut?
Try and relate this to specific content. Consider
specific edit techniques, special effects, colour
grading, etc etc.
It looks really nice and it's a very
easy and enjoyable story to follow. Some colour correction.
the performance by the actors as
well as the story that is being
portrayed Sound design
The performances
Kept me watching as it didn't drag
on too long, which I feel like it easily
could have but its been edited well.
Some audio will bring the piece
together
Camera techniques
The POV shot from inside of the
sweets bag was good. I also liked
the cut between the sweet falling
onto the ground and the clock.
The film seems to drag on for too
long. I think that some of the scenes
where you try to grab the sweet
could be shortened instead of just
trying to make it as comedic as
possible.

Changes
What WILL you change based on the feedback you have received?
• I will add colour correction to certain shots so they all look connected.
• I will trim some shots down so they don’t drag on for too long.
• I will add some audio (music, sound effects) to make the film more pleasing when watching it.

Different Format Requirements
Evaluation of editing changes required to output to different formats
• I will not need to change the aspect ratio for the film as TV now uses the same screen size as cinemas,
unlike the early 2000s where TV screens were made with a 4:3 aspect ratio (box format). This means I won’t
have to worry about cropping anything out of frame.
• I won’t have to cut anything out of my film as it has no blood, swear words, gore or any swear words. There
is no dialogue or violence and is entirely family friendly.
• I won’t have to change anything in the film for any specific platforms as the content is entirely universal.

Evaluation
Topic Reflection
Setup of film shoot We went to the HE centre on the third floor of the building in the after college hours where most people
had left, making it easier for us to shoot the project in peace. We borrowed a tripod, two lenses, a battery
and a memory card and set them all up in the hub ready to film. The first problem we came across was the
battery given to us was the wrong kind of battery, but this was a quick fix as we immediately got another
one. Later into filming our memory card ran out of space and we had to go and get another one of those.
Since we had already filmed a certain amount of footage onto the other card, I kept a hold of both of them
until the following day so I could export them onto my computer. For lighting we use the lights that were on
the ceiling. My actor that I needed was very much available to the time of filming, even the following week
when I needed to do minor reshoots because a piece of footage was lost.
Operation of the film
shoot
Apart from the memory card running out of space the filming process went really
well. I managed to get all of the shots I needed and the room was decently lit
enough to film our scenes. There wasn’t much serious acting required for the
performances.
Output The editing is going well, the shots in the film do have a natural flow to them,
including the reshoots that have a different kind of lighting to them, although there
are some bits around the edges of the frame that could do with colour change to
match the other shots.
What went well/have
you learnt that you can
apply to future work?
I have learnt what the effect of having two different lenses can have on the visual
feel of your product. It can change the appearance of the depth of field or it can
have an alternate colour grading.

26. & 77. Pro Forma

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