The document analyzes the use of editing techniques in the film 'City of God', highlighting methods such as jump cuts, slow motion, and montage to enhance the storytelling and maintain audience engagement. It discusses various editing rules and techniques, including the 30 degree rule, 180 degree rule, and continuity editing, explaining their importance in preserving narrative coherence. Additionally, it describes the effects of fast and slow cutting, as well as cross cutting, flashbacks, and shot/reverse shot techniques, showcasing their roles in cinematic storytelling.

1. Editing research
By Laurence Bunney

2. Describe the use and effect of editing and camera work in the
sequence below from City of God (2002, Braz.) (aka Cidade de
Deus)
It filmed in the point of view of the chicken. The most common
editing tool used in this sequence is the Jump cut from shot to
shot. A jump cut is an abrupt transition from the shots. The
reason why they would use this type of editing technique is to
show the speed of the chase to catch the chicken that has run
away. As for using wipes or fades as a transition wouldn’t
show the speed continuity for this scene.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vd68fZq_af4

3. What are Jump Cuts? What is the effect of using them? :
A jump cut is a abrupt transition from on shot to the next. It is
used to speed up the sequence when a character is think
about something. Another way it used is when two
sequential shots of the same subject in the same scene and
cut together from camera positions that vary only slightly.
Jump cuts also occur when cutting between two sections of
footage shot from the same exact camera angle. An example
of this is when a character is having an interview.

4. What is Slow cutting and Fast cutting?
Slow cutting is a technique used over a long period of time when
moving from shot to shot it around about 6 seconds long
when transition from the shot. It is mainly used in Romantic
scene to show the audience the characters feeling towards
one another.
Fast cutting is a techniques used in a shot period of time when
moving from shots. It about 1-2 seconds long. It used to add
suspense for the audience when watching to make the
audience excited when watching. It mainly used in Action or
thriller movies to make the film fast pace and make the
audience think that it going fast than it actually is.

5. What is slow motion and why might it be used?
Slow motion is an editing technique whereby normal speed
slows down. It is used in film for the audience to point out the
attention to detail. An example is Sherlock Holmes when he is
planning his attack. Then the film director speed up the
filming pace when attacking. Example below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2ILcVJQqFI

6. What are flashbacks and how are they often shown to be
flashbacks?
Flashbacks are an alteration of story order in which the plot
moves back to show events that have taken place earlier than
the one already shown. This way the scenes that interrupt the
sequence can explain what the characters are talking about in
the current scenes

7. What is a Montage?
It is a fast pace shot sequence to show the characters back-story
in a short space of time. There is usually a non diegetic sound
of the character voiceover to explain what is going on. It
would usually happen at the start of thee film so the audience
can understand the characters background . An example is
Hot Fuzz and the introduction of Sergeant Nicholls Angle
(Simon Pegg). Below is a wed address and it explain what on
is.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RAkY4R691E

8. What is Cross Cutting?
Cross cutting is used to establish action occurring at the same
time in two different locations. In a cross-cut, the camera
will cut away from one action to another action, which can
suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not
always the case.

9. What is the 30 degree rule?
• The 30 degree rule state that the camera should at least
move 30 degrees between shots of the same subject. If this
rule isn’t followed a jump cut occur and there is a risk that the
audience start to focus on the editing then the story. The 30
degree change of perspective makes the shots different
enough to avoid a jump cut.

10. What is the 180 degree rule?
It a guideline regarding a relationship between the characters or
a character and a object and it showing the importance of
that object. Film makers create an imaginary line called the
axis and connects the characters, and by keeping the camera
on one side of this axis for every shot in the scene, the first
character is always frame right of the second character, who is
then always frame left of the first. Here is a diagram for you to
get a better understanding .

11. What is shot/reverse shot? What is an eyeline match?
An eyeline match is the premise of the audience wanting to
know what the character is looking at off screen whether it is
another character or an object.
Shot/reverse shot is a series of close ups or mid shots when one
is on screen and the other isn’t then cutting to the other
character who was off screen but now on screen for him to
respond or his reaction. This type of editing usually takes
place when two or more characters are having a conversation,
discussion or argument.

12. What are Match Cuts or Cutting on Action:
A match cut is or cutting on action is two different objects, in
which objects in the two shots graphically match, often
helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking
the two shots metaphorically. Below is an example.

13. What is continuity editing?
It is a post production process of film making . The purpose of
this is to establish what type of editing sequence will fit with
the film. It also trying to see the transition from shot to shot
to see if the coherence of this style of editing works. An
example of a bad editing technique would be a fade from one
character to another if they had having a in-depth
conversation. It would be more appropriate for a shot reverse
shot.