This project aims to provide a comprehensive overview of measles, a highly contagious viral disease caused by the measles virus (a member of the Paramyxoviridae family). It explores the history, transmission, symptoms, complications, and preventive strategies associated with the disease. The project highlights the clinical features of measles, including high fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, and the characteristic red skin rash. Special attention is given to the role of the immune system, the risk of serious complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and death—especially in unvaccinated children. This study also discusses the epidemiology of measles, showcasing global and regional outbreaks, and the importance of vaccination through the MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine. It emphasizes the critical role of public health measures, immunization programs, and community awareness in the prevention and eventual eradication of measles. Overall, this project promotes awareness of the global health burden of measles, encourages vaccination advocacy, and underlines the need for continued efforts to protect vulnerable populations through education, surveillance, and immunization.

1. Credited By : Jai Kumar Panthi

2. 1. MEASLES - INTRODUCTION
2. EPIDEMIOLOGY
3. HOW MEASLES SPREAD?
4. PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES
5. CLINCAL MANIFESTATION
6. INVESTIGATION
7. COMPLICATIONS
8. MANAGEMENT
9. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
10. PROGNOSIS
CONTENTS

3. Measles is a highly infectious disease
of small children caused by measles
virus.
Symptoms: fever, respiratory issues,
rash
Major health issue in our country,
especially for malnourished kids under
3 years.
MEASLES - Introduction

5. Measles is caused by an RNA virus from the morbillivirus
genus in the paramyxoviridae family.
Human body is the only reservoir of this infection.
The virus spreads through secretions from an infected
person's nose, throat, and respiratory tract.
One attack of infection gives life-long immunity.
Epidemiology
Measles

6. Morbillivirus

7. It enters through the respiratory tract or
sometimes through the eyes.
It can spread through the air or indirect
contact with contaminated objects.
Incubation period is 10 to 15 days.
Measles

8. Measles
Typically affects children aged 1-5 years.
Infants protected by maternal antibodies until 6 months
Rare in infants aged 6-12 months.
Uncommon before 6 months.
Occurs in winter and spring but possible in all seasons.
It is common in poor community and related to social belief as
'Curse of the goddess'
Parents prefer to visit temple rather than consulting doctor
and usually provide neglected care and negligible foods.

9. Measles
HOW IS MEASLES SPREAD?
H O W I S M E A S L E S S P R E A D ?
Measles is highly contagious, and spreads easily when an
infected person breathes or coughs.
The measles virus can survive for 2 hours on surfaces or
in the air after someone coughs or sneezes.
If others breathe the contaminated air or touch infected
surfaces and then their face, they can get infected.
It's highly contagious, with up to 9 out of 10 close
contacts who aren't immune getting infected if exposed.

10. PATHOLOGY CHANGES
PATHOLOGY CHANGES
It primarily invades respiratory cells when a
It primarily invades respiratory cells when a
person inhales respiratory droplets containing
person inhales respiratory droplets containing
the virus.
the virus.
Once inside the body, the virus targets cells
Once inside the body, the virus targets cells
lining the respiratory tract, particularly the
lining the respiratory tract, particularly the
nose and throat. It then multiplies locally within
nose and throat. It then multiplies locally within
these cells.
these cells.

11. As the infection progresses, the virus can enter
As the infection progresses, the virus can enter
the bloodstream, spreading throughout the
the bloodstream, spreading throughout the
body.
body.
It spreads to other organs causing systemic
It spreads to other organs causing systemic
symptoms.
symptoms.
Skin and mucous membranes show inclusion
Skin and mucous membranes show inclusion
bodies. Giant cells appear in skin and oral tissue
bodies. Giant cells appear in skin and oral tissue

12. The ability of the measles virus to invade
The ability of the measles virus to invade
respiratory cells, replicate locally, and then
respiratory cells, replicate locally, and then
enter the bloodstream is crucial for its
enter the bloodstream is crucial for its
pathogenesis and ability to cause widespread
pathogenesis and ability to cause widespread
infection and systemic symptoms.
infection and systemic symptoms.

13. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Prodromal or
pre- eruptive stage
Eruptive stage
Convalescent or post-
measles stage.
Measles
Clinical features of measles are manifested in
three stages,

14. Fever
Measles
Prodromal (catarrhal) or pre-eruptive stage
Prodromal stage usually starts after 10 days of infection.
This stage is manifested with
Malaise
Sneezing
Nasal Discharge
Redness of eyes
Vomiting and diarrhea
Brassy cough
Lacrimation and photophobia

15. Lymphadenopathy
Koplik's spots
Lymphadenopathy is the swelling of lymph nodes
which can be secondary to bacterial, viral, or
fungal infections, autoimmune disease, and
malignancy.
Koplik spots are tiny white or bluish-white spots
with a red halo, found inside the mouth,
especially on the inner cheeks. They are a classic
early sign of measles, appearing a few days before
the measles rash develops.

16. Measles
Eruptive stage
The rash starts behind the ears and on the face, then
spreads to the neck, trunk, limbs, palms, and soles over
3 to 4 days.
Fever may return or subside over 3 days, with
symptoms like anorexia, malaise, and swollen lymph
nodes.
Fever and rash usually vanish in 4 to 5 days, followed by
fine shedding of skin on the face, trunk, and limbs,
leaving brownish discoloration for up to 2 months.

17. Measles
Convalescent or post-measles stage
In the convalescent stage, fever, rash, and symptoms
vanish.
However, kids often stay unwell, lose weight, and
may develop chronic illness from infections or
complications.

18. INVESTIGATIONS
Usually clinical features help in diagnosis, no
investigations needed.
But serological tests, viral isolation, ELISA test
to detect the presence of measles antibody
and routine blood examination can be done.

19. Measles
COMPLICATIONS
Measles complications can be more dangerous than the
disease itself.
Common ones include respiratory infections like
pneumonia and bronchitis, as well as neurological
issues such as encephalitis and seizures.
These complications can lead to long-term problems
like mental retardation and paralysis.

20. Measles
CNS infections are the most serious, potentially fatal
complications.
Gastrointestinal issues include persistent diarrhea,
appendicitis, and mouth cancer (noma).
Other complications involve heart inflammation,
kidney problems, bleeding disorders, eye issues from
vitamin A deficiency, and malnutrition.

21. Measles
MANAGEMENT
Measles has no specific treatment.
Symptomatic care includes :
1.Fever reducers,
2.Antihistamines for itching,
3.Cough suppressants,
4.Nasal drops, and
5.Vitamin A supplements.

22. Antibiotics are used if
there's a bacterial
infection.
The effectiveness of
antiviral drugs, gamma
globulins, and steroids is
unclear.
Proper nursing and
supportive care can
improve recovery.
1.Isolation, and rest
2.Calm environment,
3.Dim lighting,
4.Good nutrition,
5.Plenty of fluids.
6.Regular oral hygiene,
7.Cleanliness,
8.Daily baths, and
9.skin care are essential.
Measles care involves :

23. To lower fever, tepid sponging is used. Nasal and mouth
secretions should be cleared, and eye care is important.
Careful monitoring is needed to detect and manage
complications early, reducing the risk of a poor outcome.

24. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Measles vaccination is given as a 0.5 mL subcutaneous
Respect an interval of at least 4 weeks between doses
with a booster at 16 to 24 months.
This provides lifelong protection. The MMR vaccine
protects against measles, mumps, and rubella.
First dose at 9 to 12 months of age,
Second dose between 15 and 18 months

25. Passive immunization with gamma globulin :
Gamma globulin provides short-term immunity.
To prevent the spread of measles, isolate the
infected child and properly dispose of
contaminated materials.
1. 0.25 mL/kg for infants
2. 0.5 mL/kg for children over one year.

26. Measles
PROGNOSIS
A well-nourished child with measles generally has a
good prognosis.
The disease is self-limiting unless complications arise.
Around 90% of measles-related deaths are due to
severe respiratory and neurological complications.
Survivors of long-term post-measles encephalopathy
may suffer from neurological deficits.

27. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME