This document summarizes various soft tissue tumors that can occur in the oral cavity, including reactive lesions, benign and malignant tumors of different tissue origins. It describes the clinical features, histology, and treatment for several common lesions such as irritation fibroma, giant cell fibroma, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, lipoma, traumatic neuroma and palisaded encapsulated neuroma. The summary provides an overview of the different types and characteristics of soft tissue tumors that can present in the oral cavity.
The document summarizes information about periapical cysts, also known as radicular cysts or apical cysts. It defines a periapical cyst as an odontogenic cyst derived from cell rests of Malassez that proliferate in response to inflammation from pulpal necrosis. Periapical cysts typically present as round radiolucencies associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth. Histologically, they contain a lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue wall. Treatment involves extraction of the involved tooth along with cyst enucleation or marsupialization.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA :
Benign mesenchymal lesion that mimics microscopically the dental pulp or follicular connective tissue
Derived from odontogenic ectomesenchymeClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effected
Radiographic feature :
Radiolucent and it appear as a well circumscribed or diffuse lesion
Often multilocular with honey comb pattern
Cortical plate expansion, root displacement or resorption may be seen Histopathology :
Tumor consist of acellular myxomatous connective tissue.
Benign fibroblast and myofibroblast with some amount of collagen are found in matrix
Bony island representing residual tubeculae
Capillaries are scattered through out the lesion
This document describes different types of vesiculobullous diseases classified according to the Fitzpatrick system based on the anatomical level of blister formation. It discusses conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans, pemphigus foliaceus, paraneoplastic pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial pemphigoid, and familial benign pemphigus. For each condition, it provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, immunopathology, and oral manifestations when present.
This document provides information about calcifying odontogenic cysts (COCs). It defines COCs and classifies them according to the WHO. COCs are rare jaw lesions characterized by ghost cells and calcifications. They are thought to arise from odontogenic epithelial remnants. Clinically, they typically present in the second decade of life with lesions more common in the maxilla than mandible. Radiographically, COCs appear well-defined with variable calcifications. Histologically, they contain ghost cells and basal cell layer with hyperchromatic nuclei. Prognosis is generally good when treated with surgical removal.
This document discusses three odontogenic tumors: adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, and odontogenic myxoma. It provides information on the classification, histopathological features, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of each tumor type. The key points are that adenomatoid odontogenic tumor commonly occurs in younger patients, presents as a radiolucent lesion associated with an unerupted tooth, and has a benign clinical course. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is characterized by islands of epithelial cells surrounded by amyloid-like calcified material. Odontogenic myxoma presents as an expansile radiolucent lesion containing myxoid tissue.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
Benign, locally aggressive tumor of odontogenic epithelium, Previously called adamantinoma, Second most common odontogenic tumor after odontoma, Mandible is most common site, Usually asymptomatic and can be found incidentally on routine dental examinations
The document summarizes information about periapical cysts, also known as radicular cysts or apical cysts. It defines a periapical cyst as an odontogenic cyst derived from cell rests of Malassez that proliferate in response to inflammation from pulpal necrosis. Periapical cysts typically present as round radiolucencies associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth. Histologically, they contain a lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue wall. Treatment involves extraction of the involved tooth along with cyst enucleation or marsupialization.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA :
Benign mesenchymal lesion that mimics microscopically the dental pulp or follicular connective tissue
Derived from odontogenic ectomesenchymeClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effected
Radiographic feature :
Radiolucent and it appear as a well circumscribed or diffuse lesion
Often multilocular with honey comb pattern
Cortical plate expansion, root displacement or resorption may be seen Histopathology :
Tumor consist of acellular myxomatous connective tissue.
Benign fibroblast and myofibroblast with some amount of collagen are found in matrix
Bony island representing residual tubeculae
Capillaries are scattered through out the lesion
This document describes different types of vesiculobullous diseases classified according to the Fitzpatrick system based on the anatomical level of blister formation. It discusses conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans, pemphigus foliaceus, paraneoplastic pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial pemphigoid, and familial benign pemphigus. For each condition, it provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, immunopathology, and oral manifestations when present.
This document provides information about calcifying odontogenic cysts (COCs). It defines COCs and classifies them according to the WHO. COCs are rare jaw lesions characterized by ghost cells and calcifications. They are thought to arise from odontogenic epithelial remnants. Clinically, they typically present in the second decade of life with lesions more common in the maxilla than mandible. Radiographically, COCs appear well-defined with variable calcifications. Histologically, they contain ghost cells and basal cell layer with hyperchromatic nuclei. Prognosis is generally good when treated with surgical removal.
This document discusses three odontogenic tumors: adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, and odontogenic myxoma. It provides information on the classification, histopathological features, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of each tumor type. The key points are that adenomatoid odontogenic tumor commonly occurs in younger patients, presents as a radiolucent lesion associated with an unerupted tooth, and has a benign clinical course. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is characterized by islands of epithelial cells surrounded by amyloid-like calcified material. Odontogenic myxoma presents as an expansile radiolucent lesion containing myxoid tissue.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
Benign, locally aggressive tumor of odontogenic epithelium, Previously called adamantinoma, Second most common odontogenic tumor after odontoma, Mandible is most common site, Usually asymptomatic and can be found incidentally on routine dental examinations
This document discusses fibro-osseous lesions, which replace normal bone with fibrous tissue containing newly formed mineralized structures. It describes several types of fibro-osseous lesions including fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasias like periapical cemental dysplasia, and fibro-osseous neoplasms like ossifying fibroma. For each type, it covers definitions, clinical features, radiographic appearances, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses different types of odontogenic tumors. It classifies them into three categories: tumors of odontogenic epithelium, mixed odontogenic tumors, and tumors of odontogenic ectomesenchyme. Key tumors discussed include ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor and can be solid/multicystic, unicystic, or peripheral. AOT typically occurs in younger females in the anterior maxilla. CEOT accounts for less than 1% of odontogenic tumors and resembles cells of the enamel organ or dental lamina.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the jaws.
It classifies cysts as either odontogenic or non-odontogenic, and lists examples of cysts that fall into each category such as dentigerous cysts, radicular cysts, nasopalatine cysts, and others.
It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and treatment of some of the more common odontogenic cysts like primordial cysts, dentigerous cysts, and radicular cysts.
Peripheral and central giant cell granulomaRijuwana77
This document discusses two types of non-epithelial tumours of the oral cavity: peripheral giant cell granuloma and central giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma originates from the periodontal membrane or alveolar bone and presents as a soft tissue nodule composed of multinucleated giant cells. Central giant cell granuloma is a rare, benign, intraosseous lesion most commonly found in the mandible of young people that causes expansion of the bone and resorption of tooth roots. Both lesions contain proliferation of multinucleated giant cells and other cells and may require surgical excision, with central giant cell granuloma having a higher rate of recurrence.
This document discusses various types of tumors and tumor-like swellings of the jaws, with a focus on ameloblastoma. It defines key terms like tumor, neoplasm, cyst, and classifies odontogenic tumors. It then describes ameloblastoma in detail - the most common odontogenic tumor. It discusses the clinical, radiographic, and histopathological features of various subtypes of ameloblastoma including follicular, plexiform, basal, granular, and desmoplastic. Treatment typically involves wide excision. Unicystic and peripheral variants are also outlined. Rare malignant variants that can metastasize are mentioned.
1) The nasopalatine duct cyst originates from epithelial remnants of the nasopalatine duct and most commonly presents as a well-defined radiolucency in the midline of the anterior maxilla near the incisive foramen.
2) A 35-year-old male presented with a painless swelling over the palate that was diagnosed as a nasopalatine duct cyst based on radiographic and histological features.
3) The cyst was treated by surgical enucleation and recurrence is uncommon.
Central Giant Cell Granuloma :
WHO has defined it as an intraosseous lesion consisting of cellular and fibrous tissue that contains multiple foci of hemorrhage, aggregation of multinucleated giant cells and occasionally trabaculae of woven bone
Etiology JAFFE (1953): considered this lesion to be a local reparative reaction of bone, possibly to intramedullary hemorrhage or trauma, hence the term reparative giant cell granuloma was accepted.
Charles A Waldron & W G Shafer (1966) suggested trauma be an important etiological factor in the initiation of the CGCG of the jaws
Thoma K H (1986) suggested that the lesion may be due to capillary injury caused by defective wall due to some type of trauma
J V Soames and J C Southam (1997) suggested that it could be a reaction to some form of hemodynamic disturbance in bone marrow, perhaps associated with trauma and hemorrhage REGEZI AND SCIUBBA(1999) :
Suggested that
Response to previous traumatic or inflammatory episodes.
This lesion is charecterised by proliferation of fibroblasts and multinucleated giant cells, in a densely packed stromaThe CGCG is a benign process that occurs almost exclusively within the jaw bones
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Found predominantly in children and young adult
It has a female predilection (2:1)
Most commonly affected site is the anterior portion of the jaws, with an increased frequency of occurrence in the mandible
Majority of the CGCG of jaws are painless, expansion of bone is detected on routine examination
Few cases may be associated with pain, paresthesia or perforation of a cortical bone plate, occasionally resulting in the ulceration of the mucosal surface by the underlying lesion
Radiographic featuresCentral giant cell lesions present as radiolucent defects. Which may be unilocular or multilocular.
The defect is usually well delineated
The lesion may vary from a 5×5mm incidental radiographic findings to a destructive lesion greater than 10cm in size.
radiographic findings
A small unilocular lesion may be confused with periapical granuloma or cysts.
multilocular giant cell lesions cannot be radiographically distinguished from ameloblastomas or other multilocular lesions. Based on clinical and radiological features CGCG may be divided into two categories
- Non-aggressive lesion
- Aggressive lesion
The non aggressive lesion makes up most cases and exhibit few or no symptoms, they demonstrate slow growth and do not show cortical perforation or root resorption of teeth involved in the lesion. The aggressive lesions are characterized by pain, rapid growth, cortical perforation and root resorption and show marked tendency to recur when compared with non aggressive typeSoft spongy, brownish to reddish friable tissue of various size.
A specimen is usually coated with fresh or coagulated blood. Giant cell lesions of the jaws show a variety of features. Common to all is the presence of few to many multinucleated
The document discusses osteomyelitis, which is an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and spreads to involve the periosteum. It can be acute or chronic, and is caused by bacteria or fungi entering via trauma or a blood-borne route. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and pus drainage. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, debridement of infected tissue, and sometimes surgery. Chronic osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat and may require repeated surgeries. Risk factors include reduced blood supply to bone from conditions like diabetes.
- Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a rare, benign tumor that occurs mostly in the maxilla near unerupted teeth.
- It affects females more than males on average around 18 years of age. Radiographically, it appears as a well-defined radiolucency that may have faint radiopacities from calcification.
- Microscopically, AOT contains duct-like structures lined with epithelial cells and surrounded by stellate reticulum-like cells. Treatment involves conservative surgical excision due to its slow-growing but progressive nature.
Radicular cysts are odontogenic cysts that form from cell rests of Malassez in response to inflammation from pulp necrosis. They are commonly found in the maxillary anterior and posterior regions in people aged 20-60 years old. Radicular cysts appear radiolucent on x-rays and are associated with non-vital teeth. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction of the offending tooth along with surgical removal of the cyst.
1. Dental pulp diseases include pulpitis, which can be acute or chronic. Acute pulpitis is reversible or irreversible, while chronic pulpitis can be closed or open.
2. Periapical diseases result from pulp necrosis and include acute or chronic apical periodontitis, periapical abscesses, cysts, and osteomyelitis. Chronic apical periodontitis often forms a periapical granuloma.
3. Symptoms, causes, histological features, radiographic features and treatments are described for each condition. Physical, chemical and microbial factors can all contribute to pulp and periapical diseases.
The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor originates from the enamel organ or dental lamina. It typically occurs in females under age 19, located in the anterior maxilla. Radiographically, 75% appear as unilocular radiolucencies associated with the crown of an unerupted tooth, usually a canine. They can be difficult to distinguish from dentigerous cysts but adenomatoid odontogenic tumors often extend past the cementoenamel junction or contain fine calcifications. Treatment involves complete surgical removal due to the benign and encapsulated nature of these tumors.
This document provides an overview of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), including its definition, epidemiology, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and histopathology. OSF is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the submucosal tissues caused by chewing areca nut. It predominantly affects people from South Asia and is associated with significantly increased risk of oral cancer. The areca nut alkaloid arecoline is the main causative agent, inducing fibrosis through oxidative damage, upregulation of growth factors and cytokines, and inhibition of collagen degradation. Clinically, OSF presents with burning sensation and scarring that results in restricted mouth opening and tongue movement.
This document discusses different types of pulpitis and periapical inflammation. It defines pulpitis as inflammation of the dental pulp that can be acute or chronic. Acute pulpitis is further divided into reversible and irreversible types based on whether the inflammation is localized or involves the entire pulp. Chronic pulpitis can be closed or open (hyperplastic). Periapical inflammation ranges from granulomas and cysts to abscesses. Diagnosis involves x-rays and pulp testing to evaluate the pulp chamber and periapical region. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include removal of irritants, root canals, drainage or extraction.
This document discusses different types of pulpitis, including acute reversible and irreversible pulpitis, chronic pulpitis, and chronic hyperplastic pulpitis. It describes the definition, etiology, clinical features, histopathological features, and treatment for each type. Acute reversible pulpitis involves mild pain from obvious causes like caries that can be treated by removing the cause. Acute irreversible pulpitis causes severe spontaneous pain and requires root canal treatment. Chronic pulpitis may cause mild intermittent pain from previous acute pulpitis or caries. Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis forms a red nodule in open cavities, usually in children's teeth.
The document provides information about Pindborg tumor, also known as calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). It defines CEOT as a locally invasive epithelial odontogenic neoplasm characterized by the presence of amyloid material that may become calcified. The document discusses the pathogenesis, histopathological features including epithelial cells, amyloid-like material and calcific deposits, immunohistochemical findings, differential diagnosis and treatment of CEOT. It also mentions the recurrence rate of CEOT is typically 10-15% but can be higher in certain variants.
This document provides an overview of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial tissues. It defines cysts and discusses their classification, pathogenesis, clinical examination, and specific types such as odontogenic cysts, inflammatory cysts, dentigerous cysts, and odontogenic keratocysts. The pathogenesis involves initiation, cyst formation, and enlargement. Clinical examination includes symptoms, signs, radiographic features, and biopsy for diagnosis. Treatment depends on the type and size of the cyst.
Red lesions of the oral mucosa can be caused by a variety of factors including trauma, infections, inflammatory conditions, and systemic diseases. Erythematous candidiasis presents as erythematous patches or areas on the tongue and palate caused by Candida infections. Lichen planus causes erythematous lesions that may be difficult to distinguish from other conditions like erythema multiforme. Reactive lesions like pyogenic granulomas and peripheral giant cell granulomas develop in response to local irritation or trauma. Geographic tongue appears as migrating erythematous lesions surrounded by white borders on the dorsal tongue.
This document provides an overview of various exophytic lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes benign and malignant tumors of connective, neural, vascular, muscle and osseous tissue origin. Specific lesions mentioned include torus palatinus, irritation fibroma, giant cell fibroma, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, lipoma, traumatic neuroma, schwannoma, neurofibroma, and granular cell tumor. For each lesion, the clinical features, histology, and treatment are summarized. The document serves as a reference for the different types of exophytic oral lesions one may encounter.
This document provides an overview of several non-odontogenic tumors of the oral cavity, including oral submucous fibrosis, basal cell carcinoma, fibroma, giant cell fibroma, and peripheral ossifying fibroma. It describes the definition, etiology, clinical features, histopathology, treatment and prognosis of each tumor type. The document is intended as a reference for professionals to understand and identify these tumor types.
This document discusses fibro-osseous lesions, which replace normal bone with fibrous tissue containing newly formed mineralized structures. It describes several types of fibro-osseous lesions including fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasias like periapical cemental dysplasia, and fibro-osseous neoplasms like ossifying fibroma. For each type, it covers definitions, clinical features, radiographic appearances, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses different types of odontogenic tumors. It classifies them into three categories: tumors of odontogenic epithelium, mixed odontogenic tumors, and tumors of odontogenic ectomesenchyme. Key tumors discussed include ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor and can be solid/multicystic, unicystic, or peripheral. AOT typically occurs in younger females in the anterior maxilla. CEOT accounts for less than 1% of odontogenic tumors and resembles cells of the enamel organ or dental lamina.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the jaws.
It classifies cysts as either odontogenic or non-odontogenic, and lists examples of cysts that fall into each category such as dentigerous cysts, radicular cysts, nasopalatine cysts, and others.
It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and treatment of some of the more common odontogenic cysts like primordial cysts, dentigerous cysts, and radicular cysts.
Peripheral and central giant cell granulomaRijuwana77
This document discusses two types of non-epithelial tumours of the oral cavity: peripheral giant cell granuloma and central giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma originates from the periodontal membrane or alveolar bone and presents as a soft tissue nodule composed of multinucleated giant cells. Central giant cell granuloma is a rare, benign, intraosseous lesion most commonly found in the mandible of young people that causes expansion of the bone and resorption of tooth roots. Both lesions contain proliferation of multinucleated giant cells and other cells and may require surgical excision, with central giant cell granuloma having a higher rate of recurrence.
This document discusses various types of tumors and tumor-like swellings of the jaws, with a focus on ameloblastoma. It defines key terms like tumor, neoplasm, cyst, and classifies odontogenic tumors. It then describes ameloblastoma in detail - the most common odontogenic tumor. It discusses the clinical, radiographic, and histopathological features of various subtypes of ameloblastoma including follicular, plexiform, basal, granular, and desmoplastic. Treatment typically involves wide excision. Unicystic and peripheral variants are also outlined. Rare malignant variants that can metastasize are mentioned.
1) The nasopalatine duct cyst originates from epithelial remnants of the nasopalatine duct and most commonly presents as a well-defined radiolucency in the midline of the anterior maxilla near the incisive foramen.
2) A 35-year-old male presented with a painless swelling over the palate that was diagnosed as a nasopalatine duct cyst based on radiographic and histological features.
3) The cyst was treated by surgical enucleation and recurrence is uncommon.
Central Giant Cell Granuloma :
WHO has defined it as an intraosseous lesion consisting of cellular and fibrous tissue that contains multiple foci of hemorrhage, aggregation of multinucleated giant cells and occasionally trabaculae of woven bone
Etiology JAFFE (1953): considered this lesion to be a local reparative reaction of bone, possibly to intramedullary hemorrhage or trauma, hence the term reparative giant cell granuloma was accepted.
Charles A Waldron & W G Shafer (1966) suggested trauma be an important etiological factor in the initiation of the CGCG of the jaws
Thoma K H (1986) suggested that the lesion may be due to capillary injury caused by defective wall due to some type of trauma
J V Soames and J C Southam (1997) suggested that it could be a reaction to some form of hemodynamic disturbance in bone marrow, perhaps associated with trauma and hemorrhage REGEZI AND SCIUBBA(1999) :
Suggested that
Response to previous traumatic or inflammatory episodes.
This lesion is charecterised by proliferation of fibroblasts and multinucleated giant cells, in a densely packed stromaThe CGCG is a benign process that occurs almost exclusively within the jaw bones
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Found predominantly in children and young adult
It has a female predilection (2:1)
Most commonly affected site is the anterior portion of the jaws, with an increased frequency of occurrence in the mandible
Majority of the CGCG of jaws are painless, expansion of bone is detected on routine examination
Few cases may be associated with pain, paresthesia or perforation of a cortical bone plate, occasionally resulting in the ulceration of the mucosal surface by the underlying lesion
Radiographic featuresCentral giant cell lesions present as radiolucent defects. Which may be unilocular or multilocular.
The defect is usually well delineated
The lesion may vary from a 5×5mm incidental radiographic findings to a destructive lesion greater than 10cm in size.
radiographic findings
A small unilocular lesion may be confused with periapical granuloma or cysts.
multilocular giant cell lesions cannot be radiographically distinguished from ameloblastomas or other multilocular lesions. Based on clinical and radiological features CGCG may be divided into two categories
- Non-aggressive lesion
- Aggressive lesion
The non aggressive lesion makes up most cases and exhibit few or no symptoms, they demonstrate slow growth and do not show cortical perforation or root resorption of teeth involved in the lesion. The aggressive lesions are characterized by pain, rapid growth, cortical perforation and root resorption and show marked tendency to recur when compared with non aggressive typeSoft spongy, brownish to reddish friable tissue of various size.
A specimen is usually coated with fresh or coagulated blood. Giant cell lesions of the jaws show a variety of features. Common to all is the presence of few to many multinucleated
The document discusses osteomyelitis, which is an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and spreads to involve the periosteum. It can be acute or chronic, and is caused by bacteria or fungi entering via trauma or a blood-borne route. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and pus drainage. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, debridement of infected tissue, and sometimes surgery. Chronic osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat and may require repeated surgeries. Risk factors include reduced blood supply to bone from conditions like diabetes.
- Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a rare, benign tumor that occurs mostly in the maxilla near unerupted teeth.
- It affects females more than males on average around 18 years of age. Radiographically, it appears as a well-defined radiolucency that may have faint radiopacities from calcification.
- Microscopically, AOT contains duct-like structures lined with epithelial cells and surrounded by stellate reticulum-like cells. Treatment involves conservative surgical excision due to its slow-growing but progressive nature.
Radicular cysts are odontogenic cysts that form from cell rests of Malassez in response to inflammation from pulp necrosis. They are commonly found in the maxillary anterior and posterior regions in people aged 20-60 years old. Radicular cysts appear radiolucent on x-rays and are associated with non-vital teeth. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction of the offending tooth along with surgical removal of the cyst.
1. Dental pulp diseases include pulpitis, which can be acute or chronic. Acute pulpitis is reversible or irreversible, while chronic pulpitis can be closed or open.
2. Periapical diseases result from pulp necrosis and include acute or chronic apical periodontitis, periapical abscesses, cysts, and osteomyelitis. Chronic apical periodontitis often forms a periapical granuloma.
3. Symptoms, causes, histological features, radiographic features and treatments are described for each condition. Physical, chemical and microbial factors can all contribute to pulp and periapical diseases.
The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor originates from the enamel organ or dental lamina. It typically occurs in females under age 19, located in the anterior maxilla. Radiographically, 75% appear as unilocular radiolucencies associated with the crown of an unerupted tooth, usually a canine. They can be difficult to distinguish from dentigerous cysts but adenomatoid odontogenic tumors often extend past the cementoenamel junction or contain fine calcifications. Treatment involves complete surgical removal due to the benign and encapsulated nature of these tumors.
This document provides an overview of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), including its definition, epidemiology, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and histopathology. OSF is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the submucosal tissues caused by chewing areca nut. It predominantly affects people from South Asia and is associated with significantly increased risk of oral cancer. The areca nut alkaloid arecoline is the main causative agent, inducing fibrosis through oxidative damage, upregulation of growth factors and cytokines, and inhibition of collagen degradation. Clinically, OSF presents with burning sensation and scarring that results in restricted mouth opening and tongue movement.
This document discusses different types of pulpitis and periapical inflammation. It defines pulpitis as inflammation of the dental pulp that can be acute or chronic. Acute pulpitis is further divided into reversible and irreversible types based on whether the inflammation is localized or involves the entire pulp. Chronic pulpitis can be closed or open (hyperplastic). Periapical inflammation ranges from granulomas and cysts to abscesses. Diagnosis involves x-rays and pulp testing to evaluate the pulp chamber and periapical region. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include removal of irritants, root canals, drainage or extraction.
This document discusses different types of pulpitis, including acute reversible and irreversible pulpitis, chronic pulpitis, and chronic hyperplastic pulpitis. It describes the definition, etiology, clinical features, histopathological features, and treatment for each type. Acute reversible pulpitis involves mild pain from obvious causes like caries that can be treated by removing the cause. Acute irreversible pulpitis causes severe spontaneous pain and requires root canal treatment. Chronic pulpitis may cause mild intermittent pain from previous acute pulpitis or caries. Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis forms a red nodule in open cavities, usually in children's teeth.
The document provides information about Pindborg tumor, also known as calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). It defines CEOT as a locally invasive epithelial odontogenic neoplasm characterized by the presence of amyloid material that may become calcified. The document discusses the pathogenesis, histopathological features including epithelial cells, amyloid-like material and calcific deposits, immunohistochemical findings, differential diagnosis and treatment of CEOT. It also mentions the recurrence rate of CEOT is typically 10-15% but can be higher in certain variants.
This document provides an overview of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial tissues. It defines cysts and discusses their classification, pathogenesis, clinical examination, and specific types such as odontogenic cysts, inflammatory cysts, dentigerous cysts, and odontogenic keratocysts. The pathogenesis involves initiation, cyst formation, and enlargement. Clinical examination includes symptoms, signs, radiographic features, and biopsy for diagnosis. Treatment depends on the type and size of the cyst.
Red lesions of the oral mucosa can be caused by a variety of factors including trauma, infections, inflammatory conditions, and systemic diseases. Erythematous candidiasis presents as erythematous patches or areas on the tongue and palate caused by Candida infections. Lichen planus causes erythematous lesions that may be difficult to distinguish from other conditions like erythema multiforme. Reactive lesions like pyogenic granulomas and peripheral giant cell granulomas develop in response to local irritation or trauma. Geographic tongue appears as migrating erythematous lesions surrounded by white borders on the dorsal tongue.
This document provides an overview of various exophytic lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes benign and malignant tumors of connective, neural, vascular, muscle and osseous tissue origin. Specific lesions mentioned include torus palatinus, irritation fibroma, giant cell fibroma, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, lipoma, traumatic neuroma, schwannoma, neurofibroma, and granular cell tumor. For each lesion, the clinical features, histology, and treatment are summarized. The document serves as a reference for the different types of exophytic oral lesions one may encounter.
This document provides an overview of several non-odontogenic tumors of the oral cavity, including oral submucous fibrosis, basal cell carcinoma, fibroma, giant cell fibroma, and peripheral ossifying fibroma. It describes the definition, etiology, clinical features, histopathology, treatment and prognosis of each tumor type. The document is intended as a reference for professionals to understand and identify these tumor types.
benign and malignant tumors of connective tissue originmadhusudhan reddy
This document discusses various connective tissue tumors that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes benign fibrous lesions like fibroma and giant cell fibroma. It also discusses benign adipose tissue lesions like lipoma. Various benign vascular lesions are described, including hemangiomas and lymphangiomas. Finally, it summarizes benign bone tissue tumors like osteoma and osteoid osteoma. For each lesion, the clinical features, histopathology, radiographic appearance, and treatment are summarized.
This document provides an overview of spindle cell tumors of the oral cavity. It discusses that spindle cell tumors are variable biologically and clinically. They can range from simple reactive lesions to malignant tumors. The document then covers the various classifications of spindle cell tumors based on tissue of origin. It also describes some of the common benign and malignant spindle cell tumors seen in the oral cavity, including their histological features. Diagnostic approaches for spindle cell tumors are discussed.
this ppt describes about benign connective tissue tumors arising from fibroblasts, fat cells, nerves, bone and cartilage. clinical & histological features of all tumors are discussed with pictures.
1) The document discusses several types of tumors that can occur in nerves and muscles in the oral cavity, including leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, rhabdomyomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, and paragangliomas.
2) Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that commonly occur in the oral cavity on the tongue, hard palate, or buccal mucosa. Leiomyosarcomas are rare malignant counterparts.
3) Rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcomas are rare as well, with rhabdomyosarcomas being malignant skeletal muscle tumors that commonly occur in children
this ppt is about malignant tumours of connective tissue origin. classifications, clinical features, radiological features and histological features of all tumors are discussed with pictures.
This document discusses benign tumors of epithelial tissue origin in the oral cavity. It focuses on squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, keratoacanthoma, and oral nevus. Squamous papilloma presents as a cauliflower-like growth caused by HPV. Keratoacanthoma is a low-grade skin malignancy that can occur in the mouth. Oral nevus, or mole, is a pigmented lesion caused by an overgrowth of nevus cells derived from neural crest cells. The document provides details on clinical and histological features to help differentiate these benign growths.
This document discusses pediatric neoplasms affecting the oral cavity. It begins by defining pediatrics and discussing risk factors for pediatric neoplasms such as radiation exposure and Down syndrome. It then classifies and describes several benign and malignant pediatric neoplasms that can affect the head and neck region, including congenital granular cell tumor, hemangioma, lymphangioma, juvenile ossifying fibroma, ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, odontoma, leukemia, lymphoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. For each neoplasm, the document discusses etiology, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, immunohistochemistry, imaging features, and treatment approaches.
Benign mesenchymal non odotogenic tumers mo7ammed9ale7
This document summarizes several types of benign mesenchymal non-odontogenic tumors that can occur in the oral cavity, including fibroma, lipoma, hemangioma, lymphangioma, osteoma, and chondroma. It describes the definition, etiology, clinical presentation, histological features, treatment and other characteristics of each tumor type in 1-2 sentences per tumor.
1. The document discusses several types of malignant lesions that can occur in the oral cavity, including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and multiple myeloma.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral cancer, making up over 95% of oral cavity malignancies. Risk factors include use of tobacco, betel nut, and alcohol.
3. Multiple myeloma is a neoplasm of bone marrow cells that resemble plasma cells. It presents with pain, swelling, and destruction of bone. Treatment involves chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
This document provides information on tumors of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands, classification of salivary gland tumors, and specifics on certain tumor types including pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Warthin's tumor commonly occurs bilaterally in the parotid glands of older smoking males. The document covers epidemiology, etiology, histogenesis, clinical features, investigation, pathology and treatment of various salivary gland tumors.
The document defines and classifies tumors of the oral cavity, discussing their etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. It covers both benign and malignant tumors of epithelial and connective tissue origin, including common tumors like fibroma, papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Management involves surgical excision for benign lesions and surgery with or without radiation/chemotherapy for malignant tumors based on staging.
Meningiomas are tumors that arise from meningothelial cells of the arachnoid mater. They constitute 20% of all primary intracranial tumors with an incidence of 2.3 per 100,000 people. On pathology, meningiomas are graded based on their malignant potential from Grade I to Grade III. Grade I meningiomas include meningothelial, fibrous, transitional and psammomatous subtypes. Grade II are atypical meningiomas and Grade III include anaplastic, papillary and rhabdoid subtypes. Diagnosis is typically made based on imaging features seen on CT and MRI scans. Treatment involves surgical resection although radiation and medical management may
This document provides information on sinonasal tumors. It begins with an introduction noting that these tumors are uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of neoplasms. They often cause nonspecific symptoms initially, like rhinosinusitis, leading to delays in diagnosis.
It then covers the epidemiology, finding the incidence is 0.5-1/100,000 per year. The average age is the 5th-6th decades and there is a 2:1 male to female ratio. Common causes include exposure to carcinogenic compounds like wood dust and nickel.
The document then classifies and describes several tumor types found in the sinonasal region, including squamous papilloma, inverted pap
This document discusses benign epithelial tumors including squamous papilloma, squamous acanthoma, and keratocanthoma. It provides details on their classification, clinical features, histology, treatment and prognosis. Squamous papilloma is associated with HPV viruses and presents as a pink, papillary growth. Squamous acanthoma is a reactive lesion with thickened orthokeratin. Keratocanthoma appears as a crateriform nodule that heals within months. The document also covers oral nevi, noting their histologic subtypes and benign nature.
This document summarizes and compares various odontogenic connective tissue tumors and lesions. It describes benign tumors including odontogenic fibroma, odontogenic myxoma, and cementoblastoma. It also discusses malignant tumors such as odontogenic carcinoma, sarcomas, and carcinosarcoma. Key details are provided on location, patient demographics, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, histopathology, and treatment for each tumor type. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of odontogenic connective tissue tumors.
This document provides an overview of benign odontogenic tumors of the jaws, dividing them into epithelial tumors, connective tissue tumors, and mixed tumors. It describes the key characteristics and treatment approaches for several tumor types, including ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, odontogenic myxoma, cementoblastoma, ameloblastic fibroma, ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, and odontoma. The most common clinically significant tumor is the ameloblastoma, which typically presents as a painless expansion of the jaws and requires resection with a safety margin.
This document summarizes various connective tissue lesions, including fibrous lesions such as peripheral fibroma, generalized gingival hyperplasia, and denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia. It also discusses neoplasms like myxoma and fibrosarcoma. Vascular, neural, muscle, and fat lesions are also covered. For each type of lesion, the document discusses etiology, clinical features, histopathology, and treatment.
Ulcerative, Vesicular and Bullous Lesions.pptxManuelKituzi
Ulcerative, vesicular and bullous lesions can be caused by a variety of factors including infection, trauma, allergy and systemic disorders. Herpes simplex virus is a common cause of viral infections presenting as ulcers in the mouth. Primary herpes simplex infection, also known as acute herpetic gingivo-stomatitis, presents with fever and malaise followed by the development of small vesicles that rupture leaving shallow ulcers around 2-6mm in size, often affecting the palate, gums and tongue. The document describes the clinical features and management of various ulcerative conditions of the mouth.
7 Science Biotechnology Task Blood and Circulation.pptRama Subbareddy
The circulatory system consists of three main parts: blood vessels, heart, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a network of arteries, capillaries and veins called blood vessels. Blood carries oxygen, food and waste throughout the body. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The heart beats over 100,000 times per day, pumping blood through the arteries and returning it to the heart through the veins. The circulatory system transports blood to all parts of the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and wastes.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is 90% water and contains proteins, ions, hormones, and antibodies. Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The body tightly regulates blood cell production and removal to maintain appropriate levels.
This document provides information on dental caries and approaches to managing it. It discusses the history and current understanding of caries as a disease. Caries is now understood as a bacterial infection that is dependent on dietary sucrose and frequency of eating, and modified by factors like fluoride, calcium, phosphate, and saliva. The document advocates for a risk assessment-based approach to caries management called CAMBRA (Caries Management By Risk Assessment). This involves assessing a patient's caries risk level and implementing a clinical protocol tailored to that risk, including antimicrobials, behavior modifications, and remineralization therapies. Minimal intervention treatments are emphasized like topical fluorides and products containing amorphous calcium phosphate to shift the demin
This document discusses the role of dental plaque and diet in dental caries. It covers the specific plaque hypothesis, non-specific plaque hypothesis, and ecological plaque hypothesis. It discusses the acid production and acid tolerance of cariogenic bacteria, as well as their production of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides. Methods to modify plaque acidity and cariogenicity are presented, along with the role of dietary factors like sugars, starch, and protective factors found in foods. Recommended references on dental caries and its etiology are provided.
7 Early Childhood Caries and Rampant Caries 6 and 7.pptRama Subbareddy
Root surface caries, also known as cemental caries or cervical caries, is a soft, progressive lesion of the cementum and dentine that involves bacterial infection and invasion. It occurs more frequently with age due to factors like gingival recession exposing the root surface. The formation of root surface caries lesions begins with bacterial invasion of the cementum and dentine after gingival recession removes the protective periodontal fibers. Risk factors include periodontal infection, microorganisms, inadequate oral hygiene, frequent consumption of cariogenic foods, low fluoride exposure, xerostomia, and prosthetic devices. Prevention methods consist of maintaining a balanced diet, regular personal oral hygiene like toothbrushing and f
Children under 6 years old require help from an adult when brushing their teeth. The MOI technique, using systematic movements suited to a child's abilities, should be introduced early. As children learn through imitation, they can watch adults brush and play with a children's toothbrush from a young age. Two to three year olds can brush the masticatory surfaces with horizontal movements and later learn circular and up-down motions. The appropriate brushing technique depends on a child's age, with scrubbing recommended for ages 9 and under and Bass for ages 10 to 15. Toothbrushes should be replaced every 8-10 weeks or sooner if bristles are bent.
This document discusses anticipatory guidance for providing early dental intervention to children. It recommends that a child's first dental visit should be no later than their first birthday. It outlines topics for anticipatory guidance discussions at different developmental ages, including oral development, fluoride, oral hygiene, habits, nutrition, and injury prevention. The goal is to educate parents and caregivers to maximize children's oral health development and prevent dental issues before they arise.
This document discusses strategies for involving parents in oral health education for children. It recommends having children's first dentist visit within 6-12 months and provides tips for easing children's fears. Community programs that provide fluoride and dental sealants are described. The document also presents several parent activities, including a "Brush-In" where children demonstrate brushing skills, a family tooth brushing chart, and creating morning/bedtime checklists. Parents are asked to discuss additional parent activities in a message board thread.
This document provides an overview of the normal physiology and pathophysiology of the coagulation system. It discusses the three stages of hemostasis, the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways, and the roles of thrombin and fibrin. Hypercoagulable states like factor V Leiden, protein S deficiency, protein C deficiency, and antithrombin III deficiency are described. Common clinical manifestations of coagulation disorders are outlined, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, peripheral artery disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Finally, the document discusses prosthetic heart valves and anticoagulation management.
Transfusion medicine involves preparing and administering various blood components for different indications. Red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate each have specific storage, dosing, and compatibility considerations. Potential acute transfusion reactions include hemolytic, febrile non-hemolytic, allergic, and transfusion-related acute lung injury reactions. Chronic issues may involve alloimmunization, iron overload, or transfusion-transmitted infections. Proper screening, component preparation, and administration techniques can help prevent or minimize complications.
This document provides information about blood typing, components of blood, blood volume, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood forensics, and blood pattern analysis. It discusses the history of blood typing including the discovery of blood groups by Landsteiner in 1901 and the Rh factor in 1940. It describes the cellular elements and plasma that make up blood. It also outlines the process of determining blood type, identifying human versus animal blood, analyzing blood patterns at crime scenes, and interpreting passive, transfer, and projected blood stains.
Dental caries remains a widespread problem globally, with untreated cavities often progressing to extraction. A new treatment called Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) was introduced in 1994 that requires only hand instruments and adhesive materials. ART consists of manually cleaning cavities and filling them with glass ionomer cement, requiring minimal equipment that can be easily transported. It is effective at preventing tooth extraction, reducing the need for drills, electricity and highly trained personnel. ART has helped provide dental treatment to underserved communities worldwide.
This document discusses several studies that evaluated the survival and performance of restorations and sealants placed using the ART (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment) approach. Some key findings from the studies include:
- ART restorations caused less discomfort for patients compared to conventional treatments. Survival rates of newer ART restorations placed with glass ionomers were comparable to single-surface conventional amalgam restorations after 3 years.
- Studies found ART restorations to be an effective treatment for a large proportion of dental caries lesions. ART preparations were typically smaller in size than conventional preparations.
- A 6-year study found no significant differences in success rates between occlusal amalgam, glass ionomer, and ART
Dental caries remains a widespread problem globally, with untreated cavities often progressing to extraction. A new treatment called Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) was introduced in 1994 that requires only hand instruments and adhesive materials. ART consists of manually cleaning cavities and filling them with glass ionomer cement, requiring minimal equipment that can be easily transported. It is effective at preventing tooth extraction, reducing the need for drills, electricity and highly trained personnel. ART has helped provide dental treatment to underserved communities worldwide.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
2. Reactive and Benign lesions of Fibroblastic and Histiocytic Origin
Irritation Fibroma
Giant Cell fibroma
Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia
Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia
Fibrous Histiocytoma
Fibromatosis and Myofibromatosis
Oral Focal Mucinosis
Pyogenic Granuloma
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
Benign Tunors of Fat tissue origin
Lipoma
Benign Tumors of Neural Origin
Traumatic Neuroma
Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
Granular Cell Tumor
Congenital Epulis
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
3. Benign Tumors of Vascular Origin
Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Benign Tumors of Muscle Origin
Leiomyoma
Rhabdomyoma
Osseous and Cartilaginous Choristomas
Malignant Tumors of Connective Tissue
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Liposarcoma
Neurofibrosarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Metastases to Oral Soft Tissues
4. Irritation Fibroma (Traumatic Fibroma)
Clinical Features
• Reactive hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue
• Can occur anywhere in the oral cavity that is susceptible to constant
trauma – like buccal mucosa and tongue due to biting
• Color is similar to surrounding mucosa and is pedunculated or sessile
• Symptoms present only if ulcerated
• 4th to 6th decades of life
Treatment: Conservative surgical excision
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Giant Cell Fibroma
Clinical Features
• Occurs at a much younger age compared to fibroma and
presents as asymptomatic sessile/pedunculated nodule <1cm
• Not associated with trauma
• More than half the cases occurs on the gingiva and has a
papillary surface; Mandible>Maxilla
• Similar to retrocuspid papilla
Treatment: Conservative surgical excision
Recurrence is rare
11.
12.
13. Histology
• Vascular and loosely arranged
fibrous connective tissue
• Hallmark is the presence of
large, stellate shaped fibroblasts
which are multinucelated
• Rete ridges are narrow and
elongated
14. Epulis Fissuratum (Inflammatory Fibrous hyperplasia;
Denture Injury Tumor)
Clinical Features
• Tumor-like hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that
develops in association with the flange of an ill-fitting denture
• Presents as single or multiple folds of tissue in the alveolar
mucosa; usually presents as two folds with denture flanges
in between
• The size varies from < 1 cm to large lesions involving the entire
length of the vestibule
• Appears as firm, fibrous tissue with variable ulcerations and
erythema
• Most common location is facial aspect of alveolar ridges;anterior
portions of jaws and older adults with female predilection
15.
16.
17.
18. Treatment: Surgical removal and denture should be relined
or remade
Histology:
• Fibrous connective tissue hyperplasia
• Overlying epithelium is
hyperkeratotic and shows
hyperplasia of rete ridges
• Pseudoepitheliomatous
hyperplasia
• Ulceration and chronic inflammation is also seen frequently
Epulis Fissuratum
19. Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia
• Reactive lesion that most commonly develops under a denture
an ill-fitting denture
poor oral hygiene
wearing the denture 24 hours
• Usually occurs on the hard palate beneath a denture base
• Starts at the palatal vault but advanced lesions can cover
the entire palate
• Candidiasis can also be seen associated with the lesion
• Mucosa is pebbly or papillary and appears erythematous
Treatment: Removal of denture
Surgical removal with altering the denture
23. Fibrous Histiocytoma
• Group of tumors which have both fibroblastic and histiocytic
differentiation
• Most common in the skin called dermatofibroma
• Oral cavity – rare; buccal mucosa and vestibule
• Middle aged and older adults
• Painless nodular mass of varying size
Treatment: Local surgical excision
24.
25.
26. Fibromatosis and Myofibromatosis
• Group of fibrous proliferations that have intermediate
biologic behavior
• Named based on clinicopathologic features: juvenile
aggressive fibromatoses, extrabdominal desmoids
• Myofibromatosis is similar but less aggressive
• Painless mass occurring in children or young adults
• Most common site: Paramandibular soft tissues
•Tumor can grow to considerable size and can cause significant
facial disfigurement
• Destruction of adjacent bone can be seen in radiographs
27.
28.
29. Histology:
• Cellular proliferation of spindle-shaped cells arranged in
fascicles
• Poorly circumscribed and infiltrates adjacent tissues
• Cells should be uniform with NO pleomorphism and
hyperchromatism
Treatment: Wide excision
23% recurrence rate
Metastasis does not occur
Fibromatosis and Myofibromatosis
30.
31. Myofibroma (Myofibromatosis)
• Rare spindle cell neoplasm that consists of myofibroblasts
• The multicentric disease affects infants and young children
and this is called myofibromatosis
• Predilection to the head and neck; occurs in the first 4 decades
of life with most lesions occurring in neonates and infants
• Most common oral site is the mandible followed by lips, cheek,
and tongue
• Painless mass in dermis or subcutaneous tissue and
intrabony cases are radiolucent
Treatment: Local excision; can spontaneously regress; lesions
affecting vital or visceral organs are aggressive and can be fatal
32. Oral Focal Mucinosis
• Uncommon tumor-like mass of unknown cause.
• Maybe due to overproduction of hyaluronic acid
• Commonly seen in young adults with a 2:1 female-to-male ratio
• Most commonly seen in the gingiva followed by hard palate
• Sessile painless nodule of normal color
• Size varies from a few mm to 2 cm
Histology: Well-demarcated loose myxomatous tissue
surrounded by dense collagenous tissue
Treatment: Surgical excision and recurrence is rare
33. Pyogenic Granuloma
• Common tumor-like growth of the oral cavity
• Exuberant response to irritation or trauma; periodontal irritation
could be a major source
• Smooth or lobulated pedunculated mass which appears pink
to red in color and is commonly ulcerated
• Range from a few mm to several cm – hormone dependent
• GINGIVA however other sites also affected
• Most common in children and young adults with females>males
• Develops in pregnant women during first trimester and increases
through 7th months - Pregnancy tumors; Some will resolve
after delivery
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. Histology
• In spite of name, not a true granuloma
• Vascular proliferation that resembles granulation tissue
• Surface is usually ulcerated
• Mixed inflammatory infiltrate
• Younger lesions are very vascular, but older lesions mature
and are fibrous
Treatment: Conservative surgical excision.
Recurs if incompletely excised; Irritation also
has to be removed.
Pyogenic Granuloma
39.
40. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
• Reactive lesion due to local irritation or trauma
• Resembles central giant cell granuloma
• GINGIVA or edentulous alveolar ridge
• Red or reddish-blue nodular mass which is usually < 2 cm
• Appearance similar to pyogenic granuloma
• 5th to 6th decades; F > M (60% occurs in females)
• Mandible > Maxilla
• Although occurs in soft tissues a “cupping” resorption of bone
41.
42.
43. Histology:
• Proliferation of multinucleated giant cells in a background of
plump ovoid and spindle-shaped cells
• Abundant hemorrhage is observed
Treatment:
• Local surgical excision down to the underlying bone
• Scaling of the adjacent teeth of any source of irritation
• Rarely, lesions similar to this are seen in hyperparathyroidism
(however these are mostly intraosseous)
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
45. Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
• Reactive growth of the gingiva with uncertain histogenesis
• Believed to be a matured pyogenic granuloma that ultimately
undergoes calcifications
• It does not represent central ossifying fibroma
• Occurs exclusively on the GINGIVA
• Nodular mass that is either pedunculated or sessile usually of
the interdental papillae and appears red to pink and frequently
ulcerated
• Younger adults and teens with F > M
• Maxilla > Mandible; >50% cases occur in the incisor/canine area
46.
47.
48.
49. Histology:
• Fibrous proliferation associated with formation of mineralized
product
• The surface if ulcerated, shows a fibrinopurulent membrane
• The mineralized component varies from bone, cementum-like
material or dystrophic calcifications
Treatment:
• Local surgical excision down to the periosteum
• Scaling of the adjacent teeth to remove irritants
• Recurrence rate of 16%
Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
51. The Four “P”s
• Peripheral Fibroma
• Pyogenic Granuloma
• Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
• Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
52. Lipoma
• Benign tumor of fat
• It represents the most mesenchymal tumor, however most
of them occur in the trunk and extremities – Head and Neck
are less common
• Oral lipomas are soft nodular masses that is sessile or
pedunculated with yellow color
• Asymptomatic and present for several years
• Buccal mucosa and vestibule are the most common sites
• >40 years; female = male
Treatment: conservative local excision
53.
54.
55. Traumatic Neuroma
• Reactive proliferation of neural tissue after damage to
nerve bundle
• Smooth nodules most common in mental foramen, tongue
and lower lip with a history of trauma; intraosseous lesions
appear as radiolucencies
• Any age but mostly middle-age, with F>M
• Hallmark is PAIN which could be intermittent or constant
and mild or severe; Mental nerve neuromas are painful
especially with denture flange impingement
56.
57. Histology: Haphazard proliferation of mature, myelinated
nerve bundles within a fibrous connective tissue
• Mild chronic inflammation is also seen sometimes
Treatment: Surgical excision along with a small portion of the
involved nerve; low recurrence rate
Traumatic Neuroma
58. Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma
• Benign neural tumor common in the head and neck area
• Trauma is considered as a major etiological factor
• Face: 90% of cases with majority occurring on the nose
and cheek
• Oral cavity: hard palate and maxillary labial mucosa
• Smooth, PAINLESS nodules; More common in adults; F=M
Histology: Well-circumscribed and encapsulated with interlacing
fascicles of spindle cells (Schwann cells); wavy nuclei with no
mitotic activity or pleomorphism; parallel oriented cells
Treatment: Conservative surgical excision
61. Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)
• Benign neural neoplasm of Schwann cell origin
• Relatively uncommon, however 25-48% of all cases occur in
the Head and Neck area
• Usually painless; slow-growing that arises in association with
a nerve trunk; Asymptomatic and pushes the nerve aside
• Younger and middle-aged adults
• Tongue is the most common location
• Intraosseous appears as unilocular or multilocular
radiolucency in posterior mandible
• Pain and paresthesia seen in intrabony tumors
62.
63. Histology: Encapsulated tumor with varying amounts of
Antoni A and Antoni B cells
Antoni A: Streaming fascicles of spindle-shaped Schwann cells;
These cells are often palisaded around acellular eosinophilic
areas called Verocay bodies (which are reduplicated basement
membrane and cytoplasmic processes)
Antoni B: is less cellular and organized
Degenerative changes are seen in older lesions
•Treatment: Surgical excision
Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)
64. Neurofibroma
• MOST COMMON type of peripheral nerve tumors arising from
a mixture of Schwann cells and perineural fibroblasts
• Can be solitary or associated with Neurofibromatosis
• Solitary are more common and present as slow-growing, soft,
painless nodule, most common in the skin
• Oral cavity lesions are seem mostly in tongue and
buccal mucosa
• Intraosseous lesions also seen as poorly defined unilocular or
multilocular radiolucencies
65.
66.
67. Histology: Not well-demarcated and consists of interlacing
bundles of spindle-shaped cells that exhibit wavy nuclei
Numerous mast cells are present
Treatment: local surgical excision; If multiple lesions are
present, patients should be evaluated for Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibroma
68. Granular Cell Tumor
• Benign tumor that shows predilection to oral cavity
• Derived from Schwann cells or neuroendocrine cells
• Dorsal surface of TONGUE – most common site; followed by
buccal mucosa
• 4th to 6th decades of life and 2:1 (F:M) ratio
• Asymptomatic sessile nodule that is <2 cm and appears
pink or yellow in color
• Usually solitary but multiple sometimes seen in black patients
Treatment: Conservative local excision
69.
70.
71. Histology:
• Large polygonal cells with abundant pale eosinophilic,
granular cytoplasm and pale nuclei
• Cells arranged in sheets
• Lesion is not encapsulated and appears to infiltrate into
surrounding tissues
• Overlying epithelium shows acanthosis and
pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
Treatment: Conservative local excision
Granular Cell Tumor
73. Congenital Epulis
• Occurs exclusively in the alveolar ridge of the newborn
• Histologically similar to granular cell tumor, but ultrastructurally
and immunohistochemical different
• Pink-red smooth surfaced mass on the alveolar ridge
of newborns
• Size varies from small to over 7.5 cm with multiple tumors
also occurring in 10% of cases
• Maxilla > Mandible in the area of lateral incisor and canine
• STRIKING FEMALE PREDILECTION (90% cases)
Treatment: Surgical excision; spontaneous regression also seen
74.
75.
76. Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
• Generally considered a benign tumor despite rapid growth
of neural crest origin
• Rare pigmented neoplasm that occurs during the
first year of life
• Striking predilection for the anterior maxilla (almost
2/3 of cases)
• Occurs as a rapidly expanding mass that is black or
blue in color
• Destroys bone and displaces associated developing teeth
• Can also occur in skull, mandible, brain and testis
80. Histology: Biphasic population of cells that form nests, tubules and
alveolar structures within a dense connective tissue
The 2 cell types: cuboidal epithelioid cells and neuroblastic
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
81. Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
Lab Tests: Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) as in other
neural crest lesions
Treatment: Surgical removal
Rapid growth and destruction despite being
called benign
15% recurrence rate
6% behave like malignancy and metastasize
82. Hemangioma and Vascular Malformations
Hemangiomas are considered to be benign tumors of infancy
that are characterized by a rapid growth phase with endothelial
cell proliferation, followed by gradual involution
Vascular malformations are structural anomalies of blood
vessels without endothelial proliferation
Most hemangiomas are not recognized at birth, but arise during
the first 8 weeks later of life
Vascular malformations are present at birth and persist
throughout life
83. Hemangioma
Most common tumors of infancy
More common in females (3:1)
Most common in Head and Neck (60% of cases)
Mostly occurs as single lesions
Red/blue lesions that occur in skin, lips, tongue and buccal
mucosa; The lesion blanches when compressed
Intraosseous lesions also occur – Mandible > Maxilla and
occurs as multilocular radiolucency
84.
85.
86.
87.
88. Vascular Malformations
Present at birth and persist throughout life
PORT-WINE STAINS are common capillary malformation
occurring most commonly on the face particularly in the area
of the trigeminal nerve
Port-wine stains are pink or purple macules that grows
proportionally with the patient; Older patients have darker
lesions and becomes nodular
91. Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Hamartomatous vascular proliferation of the face and brain
Dermal capillary malformation (Port wine stain) in a unilateral
distribution along one or more segments of trigeminal nerve
Leptomeningeal angiomas involving the ipsilateral cortex
revealing “tramline” calcifications on X-rays
Mental retardation and convulsions
Eye involvement: glaucoma and vascular malformations
Intraoral: Vascular involvement of the ipsilateral oral mucosa
92.
93. Lymphangioma
Benign hamartomatous tumors of lymphatic vessels
Predilection to the head and neck with 50 – 75% occurring
Three types: capillary; cavernous and cystic lymphangiomas
Cavernous lymphangiomas are most common in oral cavity
Most frequent site in the oral cavity - anterior 2/3 of the tongue
where it causes MACROGLOSSIA
Pebbly surface resembling cluster of translucent vesicles
(similar to frog eggs)
94.
95.
96. Cystic Hygroma (Cystic Lymphangiomas)
Most commonly occur in the neck and axilla
Cervical lymphangiomas are most common in the
posterior triangle and are soft, fluctuant masses
Occasionally could extend into the mediastinum or
upward into oral cavity ; could also extend into the
anterior triangle resulting in respiratory difficulties
or dysphagia
97.
98. Histology
Treatment
Intraoral: Excision and prognosis is good; recurrence does occur
Cystic: Well circumscribed and have lower recurrence rate
SCLEROSING AGENTS DO NOT WORK AS IN HEMANGIOMAS
99. Leiomyoma
Benign neoplasms of smooth muscle
Most of these have origin in the vascular smooth muscle
3 types: SOLID, VASCULAR AND EPITHELIOID
75% of oral cases are vascular leiomyomas
Can occur at any age; slow-growing mucosal nodule that
occasionally can be PAINFUL
Commonly seen in lips, tongue, palate and cheek
Local surgical excision
100. Rhabdomyoma
Benign neoplasm of skeletal muscle
Adult and Fetal types
Adult: Middle-aged and older patients; M>F
Intraoral lesions: FOM, soft palate and base of the tongue
Nodule or mass that grows for many years
Fetal: Young children with a male predilection; face and
periauricular region
Treatment: local surgical excision
101. Osseous and Cartilagenous Choristomas
Choristoma is a tumorlike growth of microscopically normal
tissue in an abnormal location
Bone, cartilage or both
TONGUE (85% of cases); especially posterior tongue near the
foramen cecum
Gagging or dysphagia are common symptoms
Histology: well-circumscribed mass of dense lamellar bone
or mature cartilage
Treatment: Surgical excision
107. Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Account for less than 1% of cancers in the oral and
maxillofacial area
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Liposarcoma
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
Olfactory neuroblastoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Synovial sarcoma
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
108. Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of skeletal muscle origin
MOST COMMON SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA IN CHILDREN
HEAD AND NECK IS THE MOST SITE (40% of cases)
Primarily occurs in the first decade, teenagers and young adults
60% of cases occurs in males
Painless infiltrative mass that grows rapidly
Orbit > nasal cavity and nasopharynx
Intraoral: PALATE
109.
110. 3 Histologic Types
Embryonal, Alveolar and Pleomorphic
The head and neck cases are either embryonal or alveolar
Embryonal: First 10 years of life and 60% of cases
Alveolar: occurs between 10-25 years and accounts for
20% - 30% of cases
Treatment: Local surgical excision followed by multiagent
chemotherapy (vincristine, actinomycin D and
cyclophosphamide)
Radiation therapy
Prognosis: 5 year survival rate is 60% to 70%
111.
112. Metastases to Oral Soft Tissues
Uncommon representing 1% of all oral malignancies
Oral metastases can occur in bone and soft tissues
Lymphatic and blood-borne route
Batson’s plexus: a valveless vertebral venous plexus that
might allow retrograde spread of tumor cells, bypassing
filtration through the lungs
GINGIVA followed by the tongue
Nodular masses often resembling hyperplastic or reactive
growths with occasional ulcerations and loosening of
adjacent teeth
113.
114.
115. Oral metastases is more common in males
More common in middle-aged and older adults
Male: Primary tumor is seen in lung cancer
Female: Primary tumor is seen in breast cancer (25% of cases)
In most cases, the primary tumor is known before the
metastases is discovered; HOWEVER IN SOME CASES THE
ORAL LESION IS THE FIRST SIGN OF MALIGNANT DISEASE
Histology is similar to the primary tumor
MOST CASES TO ORAL CAVITY ARE CARCINOMAS AND
NOT SARCOMAS
Treatment: Poor prognosis; palliative management
Metastases to Oral Soft Tissues