This document summarizes key concepts about genetic development from a biology textbook chapter. It discusses how embryonic development involves cell division, differentiation and morphogenesis. It explains that differentiated cell types result from differential gene expression, not differences in genomes. Model organisms like fruit flies, nematodes and mice are used to study broad developmental principles. Pattern formation is controlled by genetic and cellular mechanisms like gradients of cytoplasmic determinants and gene regulation.
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents.
The two types of reproduction are:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
TYPES
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Binary Fission
Budding
Vegetative propagation
SPORULATION
Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism.
Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual.
They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
FRAGMENTATION
When a organism is broken into more than one part.
Organism must have good regeneration abilities.
Create many new organisms quickly.
REGENERATION
An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part
Regeneration in plants from
Roots
Stem
leaf
Regeneration in animals
For simple organisms
No vertebrates have this power
Examples are starfish and the salamander
BINARY FISSION
One parent dividing into two by mitosis
Offspring are always genetically identical
Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies
Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
BUDDING
Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches
Example- is Hydra and Yeast
Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
Plant parts make new plant
Reproduction is very quick
Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
Bulbs
– Underground stem
– Surrounded by colorless leaves
– Colorless leaves protect the bulb
– The green leaves store the food
Rhizomes
– Underground stem
– They store food for new plant
– At the end of Rhizomes nodes
Runners(strawberries)
– They are above ground.
– Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners
– They grow outward
Tuber (potatoes)
– Underground stem
– Stores food
– The nodes eat the tuber
– Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
Grafting
– Surgically connecting two similar plants
– Ex. Apples – Not done naturally
Cutting
– Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant
– Must be in wet or moist area
– Combination of regeneration and fragmentation
– Not done naturally
Cloning
What is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
This presentation contains various details from history of cloning to what one should expect in the future from cloning and also different cloning methods
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents.
The two types of reproduction are:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
TYPES
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Binary Fission
Budding
Vegetative propagation
SPORULATION
Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism.
Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual.
They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
FRAGMENTATION
When a organism is broken into more than one part.
Organism must have good regeneration abilities.
Create many new organisms quickly.
REGENERATION
An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part
Regeneration in plants from
Roots
Stem
leaf
Regeneration in animals
For simple organisms
No vertebrates have this power
Examples are starfish and the salamander
BINARY FISSION
One parent dividing into two by mitosis
Offspring are always genetically identical
Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies
Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
BUDDING
Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches
Example- is Hydra and Yeast
Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
Plant parts make new plant
Reproduction is very quick
Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
Bulbs
– Underground stem
– Surrounded by colorless leaves
– Colorless leaves protect the bulb
– The green leaves store the food
Rhizomes
– Underground stem
– They store food for new plant
– At the end of Rhizomes nodes
Runners(strawberries)
– They are above ground.
– Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners
– They grow outward
Tuber (potatoes)
– Underground stem
– Stores food
– The nodes eat the tuber
– Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
Grafting
– Surgically connecting two similar plants
– Ex. Apples – Not done naturally
Cutting
– Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant
– Must be in wet or moist area
– Combination of regeneration and fragmentation
– Not done naturally
Cloning
What is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
This presentation contains various details from history of cloning to what one should expect in the future from cloning and also different cloning methods
Introduction
History
Cell culture techniques
Species cloned
Approaches of cell cloning
Monolayer culture- Dilution cloning
Microtitration plate
Suspension culture- Cloning in agar
Cloning in methocel
Isolation of clone
By clonal rings
By suspension clone
Application of cell cloning
Conclusion
Reference
Estas diapositivas corresponden al libro de Campbell (2010). El primer capítulo se titula Explorando la vida, tiene buenas imágenes y contenido. Las comparto con ustedes, saludos
sel unit struktural pada makhluk hidup2.pptkartinarina
cel adalah bagian terkecil dari makhluk hidup. cel terdiri dari prokariotik dan eukariotik.
berdasarkan jumlah sel organisme dibedakan menjadi organisme uniseluler dan multiseluler
Introduction
History
Cell culture techniques
Species cloned
Approaches of cell cloning
Monolayer culture- Dilution cloning
Microtitration plate
Suspension culture- Cloning in agar
Cloning in methocel
Isolation of clone
By clonal rings
By suspension clone
Application of cell cloning
Conclusion
Reference
Estas diapositivas corresponden al libro de Campbell (2010). El primer capítulo se titula Explorando la vida, tiene buenas imágenes y contenido. Las comparto con ustedes, saludos
sel unit struktural pada makhluk hidup2.pptkartinarina
cel adalah bagian terkecil dari makhluk hidup. cel terdiri dari prokariotik dan eukariotik.
berdasarkan jumlah sel organisme dibedakan menjadi organisme uniseluler dan multiseluler
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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