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sel unit struktural pada makhluk hidup2.ppt
- 1. BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell ā¢ Jane B. Reece ā¢ Lawrence G. Mitchell ā¢ Martha R. Taylor From PowerPointĀ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 4 A Tour of the Cell Modules 4.1 ā 4.5
- 2. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The microscope was invented in the 17th century ā¢ Using a microscope, Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 ā¢ All living things are made of cells (cell theory) INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD OF THE CELL
- 3. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The light microscope enables us to see the overall shape and structure of a cell 4.1 Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell Figure 4.1A Image seen by viewer Eyepiece Ocular lens Objective lens Specimen Condenser lens Light source
- 4. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Electron microscopes were invented in the 1950s ā¢ They use a beam of electrons instead of light ā¢ The greater resolving power of electron microscopes ā allows greater magnification ā reveals cellular details
- 5. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Figure 4.1B ā¢ Scanning electron micrograph of cilia
- 6. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polihedra Se-NPV Hasil Analisis SEM dengan Perbesaran 11.268 X Pengamatan āScanning Electron Microscopeā Se-MNPV ISOLAT SeMNPV Diteteskan pada kaca objek DEHIDRASI PREPARAT SeMNPV Pelapisan permukaan sampel dengan emas FOTO SEM SeMNPV Dikeringkan pada suhu 56Ā°C selama 15 menit
- 7. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Figure 4.1C ā¢ Transmission electron micrograph of cilia
- 8. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Below is a list of the most common units of length biologists use (metric) 4.2 Cell sizes vary with their function Table 4.2
- 9. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Cell size and shape relate to function Figure 4.2
- 10. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ At minimum, a cell must be large enough to house the parts it needs to survive and reproduce ā¢ The maximum size of a cell is limited by the amount of surface needed to obtain nutrients from the environment and dispose of wastes 4.3 Natural laws limit cell size
- 11. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume than a large cell of the same shape 30 Āµm 10 Āµm Surface area of one large cube = 5,400 Āµm2 Total surface area of 27 small cubes = 16,200 Āµm2 Figure 4.3
- 12. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ There are two kinds of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic ā¢ Prokaryotic cells are small, relatively simple cells ā They do not have a nucleus 4.4 Prokaryotic cells are small and structurally simple
- 13. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane and is usually encased in a rigid cell wall ā The cell wall may be covered by a sticky capsule Ribosomes Capsule Cell wall Plasma membrane Prokaryotic flagella Nucleoid region (DNA) Pili ā Inside the cell are its DNA and other parts
- 14. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ All other life forms are made up of one or more eukaryotic cells ā¢ These are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells ā¢ Eukaryotes are distinguished by the presence of a true nucleus 4.5 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
- 15. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ An animal cell Plasma membrane Figure 4.5A Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Not in most plant cells Cytoskeleton Flagellum Lysosome Centriole Peroxisome Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament
- 16. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The plasma membrane controls the cellās contact with the environment ā¢ The cytoplasm contains organelles ā¢ Many organelles have membranes as boundaries ā These compartmentalize the interior of the cell ā This allows the cell to carry out a variety of activities simultaneously
- 17. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ A plant cell has some structures that an animal cell lacks: ā Chloroplasts ā A rigid cell wall
- 18. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5B Nucleus Golgi apparatus Not in animal cells Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoskeleton Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament
- 19. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The largest organelle is usually the nucleus ā¢ The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope ā¢ The nucleus is the cellular control center ā It contains the DNA that directs the cellās activities 4.6 The nucleus is the cellās genetic control center ORGANELLES OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
- 20. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.6 Chromatin Nucleolus Pore NUCLEUS Two membranes of nuclear envelope ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ribosomes
- 21. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The endomembrane system is a collection of membranous organelles ā These organelles manufacture and distribute cell products ā The endomembrane system divides the cell into compartments ā Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is part of the endomembrane system 4.7 Overview: Many cell organelles are related through the endomembrane system
- 22. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Smooth ER synthesizes lipids (fatty acids, phospolipids and steroid) ā¢ In some cells, it regulates carbohydrate metabolism and breaks down toxins and drugs Sel-sel hati banyak smooth ER 4.9 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a variety of functions
- 23. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER Figure 4.9 Smooth ER tdk memimiliki Ribosome
- 24. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The rough ER manufactures membranes ā¢ Ribosomes on its surface produce (& modified) proteins 4.8 Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes membrane and proteins 1 2 3 4 Transport vesicle buds off Ribosome Sugar chain Glycoprotein Secretory (glyco-) protein inside transport vesicle ROUGH ER Polypeptide
- 25. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of membranous sacs ā These receive and modify ER products, then send them on to other organelles or to the cell membrane 4.10 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
- 26. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus āReceivingā side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming Transport vesicle from the Golgi Golgi apparatus āShippingā side of Golgi apparatus
- 27. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Lysosomes are sacs of digestive enzymes budded off the Golgi 4.11 Lysosomes digest the cellās food and wastes LYSOSOME Nucleus Figure 4.11A
- 28. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Lysosomal enzymes ā digest food ā destroy bacteria ā recycle damaged organelles ā function in embryonic development in animals
- 29. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Lysosomal storage diseases are hereditary ā They interfere with other cellular functions ā Examples: Pompeās disease, Tay-Sachs disease 4.12 Connection: Abnormal lysosomes can cause fatal diseases
- 30. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.11B Rough ER Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane LYSOSOMES āFoodā Engulfment of particle Food vacuole Digestion Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle
- 31. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Plant cells contain a large central vacuole ā The vacuole has lysosomal and storage functions 4.13 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell Central vacuole Nucleus Figure 4.13A
- 32. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Protists may have contractile vacuoles Figure 4.13B Nucleus Contractile vacuoles ā These pump out excess water
- 33. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ The various organelles of the endomembrane system are interconnected structurally and functionally 4.14 A review of the endomembrane system Transport vesicle from ER Rough ER Transport vesicle from Golgi Plasma membrane Vacuole Lysosome Golgi apparatus Nuclear envelope Smooth ER Nucleus Figure 4.14
- 34. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Chloroplasts are found in plants and some protists ā¢ Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars 4.15 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space Figure 4.15
- 35. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration ā This process uses the chemical energy in food to make ATP for cellular work 4.16 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
- 36. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.16 Outer membrane MITOCHONDRION Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae Matrix
- 37. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ A network of protein fibers makes up the cytoskeleton 4.17 The cellās internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities THE CYTOSKELETON AND RELATED STRUCTURES Figure 4.17A
- 38. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Microfilaments of actin enable cells to change shape and move ā¢ Intermediate filaments reinforce the cell and anchor certain organelles ā¢ Microtubules ā give the cell rigidity ā provide anchors for organelles ā act as tracks for organelle movement
- 39. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings MICROFILAMENT Figure 4.17B INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT MICROTUBULE Actin subunit Fibrous subunits Tubulin subunit 7 nm 10 nm 25 nm
- 40. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are locomotor appendages that protrude from certain cells ā¢ A cilia or flagellum is composed of a core of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane 4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
- 41. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.18A FLAGELLUM Outer microtubule doublet Plasma membrane Central microtubules Outer microtubule doublet Plasma membrane Electron micrograph of sections: Flagellum Basal body Basal body (structurally identical to centriole)
- 42. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Clusters of microtubules drive the whipping action of these organelles Figure 4.18B Microtubule doublet Dynein arm Sliding force
- 43. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Cells interact with their environments and each other via their surfaces ā¢ Plant cells are supported by rigid cell walls made largely of cellulose ā They connect by plasmodesmata, channels that allow them to share water, food, and chemical messages 4.19 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells EUKARYOTIC CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
- 44. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.19A Vacuole Layers of one plant cell wall Walls of two adjacent plant cells PLASMODESMATA Cytoplasm Plasma membrane
- 45. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Animal cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix ā It is a sticky layer of glycoproteins ā It binds cells together in tissues ā It can also have protective and supportive functions
- 46. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Tight junctions can bind cells together into leakproof sheets ā¢ Anchoring junctions link animal cells ā¢ Communicating junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell TIGHT JUNCTION ANCHORING JUNCTION COMMUNICATING JUNCTION Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix Figure 4.19B
- 47. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ Eukaryotic organelles fall into four functional groups 4.20 Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Table 4.20
- 48. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 49. Copyright Ā© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ā¢ It is almost certain that Earth is the only life- bearing planet in our solar system ā¢ But it is conceivable that conditions on some of the moons of the outer planets or on planets in other solar systems have allowed the evolution of life 4.21 Connection: Extraterrestrial life-forms may share features with life on Earth Figure 4.21