21.2 Vascular System.ppt
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The vascular system of plants consists of xylem and phloem tissues that transport water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant. Xylem contains specialized cells that transport water and dissolved minerals passively from the roots to the leaves through a process called transpiration. Phloem contains sieve tube elements and companion cells that actively transport sugars produced during photosynthesis from leaves to areas of the plant where they are used or stored through pressure differences in the phloem.
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Transportation in plants involves the movement of substances like water, minerals, and food from one part of the plant to another. This is facilitated by the plant's conducting tissues - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upward from the roots through three main cell types: tracheids, vessels, and xylem parenchyma. Tracheids and vessels are elongated, thick-walled dead cells that provide support and allow for the upward movement of water. Xylem parenchyma are living cells that store food and transport water and minerals.
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Girdling would be destructive to plants. By removing the bark in a ring around the trunk or branch, it severs the connection between the roots and leaves. The bark contains the phloem tissue which transports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Without this connection, the roots are cut off from their food source and will not be able to survive for long. The leaves above the girdle may remain alive temporarily as they still have access to water and minerals through the xylem vessels, but over time will also die off without receiving nutrients. Girdling effectively kills the portion of the plant above and below the cut, making it a destructive process.
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Here are the key steps in phloem transport of sugars:
1. Sugars are actively loaded into the sieve tube elements in source tissues like leaves through plasma membrane transporters, using energy from ATP.
2. The sugars create an osmotic gradient that pulls water into the sieve tube elements through osmosis. This increases the hydrostatic pressure.
3. The pressure gradient drives bulk flow of sugars and water through the sieve tube elements to sink tissues like roots and fruits.
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So in summary, phloem transport uses active transport of sugars into sieve
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This document discusses the transport system in plants. It describes how vascular plants have two main transport systems - the xylem and phloem. The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoots, while the phloem transports organic nutrients like sucrose from leaves to other plant parts. Transpiration is also described, where water lost through the stomata in leaves creates a transpiration pull that drives the movement of water through the xylem.
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2. Transpiration is the process where water evaporates from the leaves and creates a transpiration pull that draws water up the xylem. Factors like temperature, light intensity, and humidity affect the transpiration rate.
3. Capillary action and adhesion between water and xylem vessels walls helps push water upwards against gravity, along with root pressure and transpiration pull. Together these forces facilitate the movement of water through the plant.
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Vascular plants have vascular tissue composed of xylem and phloem that transport water, nutrients and sugars between roots, stems, and leaves. Xylem transports water and minerals up from the roots through hollow tubes called tracheids and vessel elements. Phloem transports sugars made in leaves to all plant parts through sieve tube elements and companion cells. Substances move through vascular tissue via diffusion, osmosis, and active or passive transport across cell membranes according to concentration gradients.
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The document summarizes the main types of plant cells and tissues. It discusses three primary types of tissues - dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Dermal tissue forms the outer epidermis of plants. Ground tissue makes up most of the interior and performs basic functions like storage and metabolism. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and nutrients throughout the plant via the xylem and phloem. The xylem carries water and ions upward and the phloem carries sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant. Meristematic tissues are also discussed, which facilitate plant growth through cell division.
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Water transport in plants occurs through xylem tissue. Transpiration creates a pulling force that draws water up from the roots through the xylem. Transpiration occurs as water evaporates from the leaves and exits through stomata, creating negative pressure. Cohesion between water molecules and adhesion of water to cell walls allows the water column to remain intact over great heights. Together, root pressure and transpirational pull drive the absorption and movement of water through the xylem from roots to leaves.
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Water transport in plants occurs through xylem vessels. Transpiration creates a pulling force that draws water up from the roots through the stem and into the leaves. This transpirational pull is facilitated by the cohesive forces between water molecules and adhesive forces between water and vessel walls. Opening and closing of stomata controls the rate of transpiration and water loss from the leaves. Together, root pressure and transpirational pull drive the absorption and ascent of water through the xylem vessels against gravity to heights of over 100 meters in tall plants.
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The document summarizes transport systems in plants. It describes that xylem transports water and minerals up the plant and provides mechanical support, while phloem transports sugars and amino acids. Xylem cells are dead and hollow, strengthened by lignin, whereas phloem is made of living sieve tube cells that transport sugars with help from companion cells. Water moves into roots by osmosis and up the plant via root pressure, capillary action and transpiration pull through the xylem. The rate of transpiration is affected by temperature, humidity, light, wind and carbon dioxide levels.
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Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo.
Vascular bundle: A strand of tissue that carry water and nutrients through the body of the plant
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Transpiration pull draws water and mineral salts from the roots to the stems and leaves
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The document discusses the transport systems in plants, explaining that multicellular plants require oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients delivered through their vascular tissues. It focuses on the transport of water, describing how water moves from the soil through the roots and xylem tissue up to the leaves, where it is released through transpiration. The transport of water establishes pressure gradients and flow that also facilitates the transport of minerals throughout the plant.
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The document discusses transport systems in plants. It describes how xylem tissue transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves through vessels and tracheids. Phloem tissue transports organic nutrients like sugars from the leaves to other plant parts using sieve tubes and companion cells. The document outlines the processes of absorption, including how root hairs absorb water and minerals through osmosis and active transport, and how the casparian strip in the endodermis regulates mineral passage into the vascular cylinder.
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Compiled Notes for the following outcomes:
Identify plant structure
Describe the functions for each plant structure
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Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
Describe the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves
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Describe transport mechanisms
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Plants transport water, nutrients, and carbohydrates throughout their bodies using specialized tissues. Water and minerals are transported upward from the roots to the leaves through xylem tissue using transpiration and cohesion. Carbohydrates produced in the leaves are transported throughout the plant downward through phloem tissue using pressure flow. Nutrients are absorbed by root hairs and transported to the leaves through the xylem.
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Plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their tissues since roots absorb water and minerals from the soil while leaves produce sugars through photosynthesis. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals upward from the roots to the leaves, while phloem tissue transports sugars downward from the leaves to all other plant parts. Xylem is made of dead water-conducting cells called vessels while phloem is made of living sieve tube elements that transport sugars with the help of companion cells.
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Girdling would be destructive to plants. By removing the bark in a ring around the trunk or branch, it severs the connection between the roots and leaves. The bark contains the phloem tissue which transports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Without this connection, the roots are cut off from their food source and will not be able to survive for long. The leaves above the girdle may remain alive temporarily as they still have access to water and minerals through the xylem vessels, but over time will also die off without receiving nutrients. Girdling effectively kills the portion of the plant above and below the cut, making it a destructive process.
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Roots absorb water through osmosis and transpiration. Root hairs absorb water from the soil through osmosis due to their cell sap having a lower water potential than the soil solution. The water moves into the root cortex and then into the stele through passage cells that lack suberin casings. It travels up the xylem vessels through transpiration pull from the leaves. There are three pathways for water movement: apoplastic through cell walls, symplastic through plasmodesmata, and transmembrane through cell membranes. Active absorption is driven by root cell osmosis while passive absorption relies on transpiration pull from the leaves.
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Here are the key steps in phloem transport of sugars:
1. Sugars are actively loaded into the sieve tube elements in source tissues like leaves through plasma membrane transporters, using energy from ATP.
2. The sugars create an osmotic gradient that pulls water into the sieve tube elements through osmosis. This increases the hydrostatic pressure.
3. The pressure gradient drives bulk flow of sugars and water through the sieve tube elements to sink tissues like roots and fruits.
4. Companion cells provide energy to the sieve tube elements through plasmodesmata to power the transporters loading sugars against the concentration gradient.
So in summary, phloem transport uses active transport of sugars into sieve
Transpotation
Plants absorb water and minerals through their roots and transport it to their leaves via xylem. The leaves use photosynthesis to produce food, which is then transported to other parts of the plant by phloem. Xylem forms a continuous network of channels connecting roots to leaves and stems to transport water throughout the plant. Phloem transports the food produced in the leaves to the rest of the plant.
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This document discusses the transport system in plants. It describes how vascular plants have two main transport systems - the xylem and phloem. The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoots, while the phloem transports organic nutrients like sucrose from leaves to other plant parts. Transpiration is also described, where water lost through the stomata in leaves creates a transpiration pull that drives the movement of water through the xylem.
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1. The document discusses the transport structures in plants, including xylem and phloem tissues. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves, while phloem transports food like sugar downward from leaves to other plant parts.
2. Transpiration is the process where water evaporates from the leaves and creates a transpiration pull that draws water up the xylem. Factors like temperature, light intensity, and humidity affect the transpiration rate.
3. Capillary action and adhesion between water and xylem vessels walls helps push water upwards against gravity, along with root pressure and transpiration pull. Together these forces facilitate the movement of water through the plant.
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Vascular plants have vascular tissue composed of xylem and phloem that transport water, nutrients and sugars between roots, stems, and leaves. Xylem transports water and minerals up from the roots through hollow tubes called tracheids and vessel elements. Phloem transports sugars made in leaves to all plant parts through sieve tube elements and companion cells. Substances move through vascular tissue via diffusion, osmosis, and active or passive transport across cell membranes according to concentration gradients.
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The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that conduct electrical impulses. There are various types of neurons including motor, sensory, and interneurons. Nerve fibers transmit signals via branches called synapses. The central nervous system contains gray and white matter and is enclosed in membranes. The brain is divided into sections that control different functions like the cerebrum for sensory/motor skills. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
neoplasam.ppt
This document defines and describes different types of neoplasms (new abnormal growths of tissue), including benign and malignant tumors. It discusses how tumors are named based on their cell of origin and tissue type. Benign tumors are generally well-differentiated and have low mitotic activity, while malignant tumors can range from well-differentiated to undifferentiated and anaplastic, with higher mitotic rates and loss of normal cell structure and function. The document also covers types of tumors like teratomas, hamartomas, and choristomas, and distinguishes characteristics of benign versus malignant tumors including differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis.
DNA-Structure PPT.ppt
DNA is made up of millions of nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a specific pairing - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. This complementary base pairing allows the sequence of bases on one strand to determine the sequence on the other strand. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins, with the unique sequence of bases in each gene dictating the production of a specific protein.
Kingdoms.ppt
The document discusses taxonomy and the classification of organisms. It describes the six kingdom system including Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a nucleus, while eukaryotes have cells with nuclei. The kingdoms of Bacteria and Archaea only contain prokaryotes. The kingdoms of Fungi and Animalia only contain heterotrophic organisms.
Cell Membrane PPT - Copy.pptx
Active transport requires energy input from the cell in the form of ATP. The other options - diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion - are forms of passive transport that do not require energy.
digestion system detail .ppt
The document provides an overview of the digestive system and body metabolism. It describes the key organs involved in digestion, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the processes of digestion, including breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and elimination of waste in the large intestine and rectum. Accessory organs like the salivary glands, teeth and pancreas help break down food, while the liver and gallbladder aid in fat digestion.
cancer
1) Cancer is a leading cause of death in the US, with over 1.3 million new cases and 563,000 deaths projected in 2004.
2) There is a critical disconnect between cancer research discovery and how findings are delivered through programs, which contributes to unequal cancer burdens in society.
3) Partnerships between researchers and practitioners are needed to close the gap between discovery of new knowledge and delivery of that knowledge to patients through the healthcare system.
IAS Microbiome 5.pptx
Alan Landay gave a presentation on the global overview of the microbiome beyond HIV. He discussed the human microbiome project and their work studying the virome and mycobiome. Landay explained that the gut microbiota plays an important role in health and disease, and that dysbiosis of the normal microbiota is associated with various conditions like diabetes and IBD. He also discussed how the gut microbiota changes over the human lifespan and differs between western and non-western populations. Finally, Landay addressed the role of the gut microbiome in HIV and potential future directions of research.
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