2.12 producing electrical energy
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Hydroelectric power stations convert the potential energy of water stored in reservoirs into kinetic energy as it flows through turbines, generating electricity with around 90% efficiency. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity at 35-60% efficiency. Solar photovoltaic cells emit electrons when struck by sunlight to generate electricity at 12-25% efficiency. Efficiencies vary depending on environmental conditions like wind speed and sunlight. Advantages are being renewable with no pollution, but disadvantages include high initial costs and variability in energy production. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages like 400,000V on grids to reduce energy losses, then stepped down using transformers to 230V for homes.
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