Methods of economic valuation - with a focus on marine ecosystemsIwl Pcu
Rolf Willmann
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
Methods of economic valuation - with a focus on marine ecosystemsIwl Pcu
Rolf Willmann
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
Until two decades ago the world looked at economic status alone as a measure of human development.
Thus countries that were economically well developed and where people were relatively richer were called advanced nations while the rest where poverty was widespread and was economically backwards were called developing countries.
Most countries of North America and Europe which had become industrialized at an earlier stage have become economically more advanced.
They not only exploited their own natural resources rapidly but also used the natural resources of developing countries to grow even larger economies.
Thus the way development progressed, the rich countries got richer while the poor nations got poorer.
poorer.
However, even the developed world has begun to realize that their lives were being seriously affected by the environmental consequences of development based on economic growth alone.
This form of development did not add to the quality of life as the environmental conditions had begun to deteriorate.
By the 1970s most development specialists began to appreciate the fact that economic growth alone could not bring about a better way of life for people unless environmental conditions were improved.
Development strategies in which only economic considerations were used, had begun to suffer from serious environmental problems due to air and water pollution, waste management, deforestation and a variety of other ill effects that seriously affected peoples’ well being and health.
Open Source Circular Economy - DIF Festival 2015Lars Zimmermann
Open Source Circular Economy (Days) Presentation for the DIF-Festival 2015, by Sam Muirhead @cameralibre & Lars Zimmermann @bricktick
DOWNLOAD THE EDITABLE ODP FILE: https://cloud.oscedays.org/index.php/s/Mz1gVAsi3BiA07B
Until two decades ago the world looked at economic status alone as a measure of human development.
Thus countries that were economically well developed and where people were relatively richer were called advanced nations while the rest where poverty was widespread and was economically backwards were called developing countries.
Most countries of North America and Europe which had become industrialized at an earlier stage have become economically more advanced.
They not only exploited their own natural resources rapidly but also used the natural resources of developing countries to grow even larger economies.
Thus the way development progressed, the rich countries got richer while the poor nations got poorer.
poorer.
However, even the developed world has begun to realize that their lives were being seriously affected by the environmental consequences of development based on economic growth alone.
This form of development did not add to the quality of life as the environmental conditions had begun to deteriorate.
By the 1970s most development specialists began to appreciate the fact that economic growth alone could not bring about a better way of life for people unless environmental conditions were improved.
Development strategies in which only economic considerations were used, had begun to suffer from serious environmental problems due to air and water pollution, waste management, deforestation and a variety of other ill effects that seriously affected peoples’ well being and health.
Open Source Circular Economy - DIF Festival 2015Lars Zimmermann
Open Source Circular Economy (Days) Presentation for the DIF-Festival 2015, by Sam Muirhead @cameralibre & Lars Zimmermann @bricktick
DOWNLOAD THE EDITABLE ODP FILE: https://cloud.oscedays.org/index.php/s/Mz1gVAsi3BiA07B
Nature’s Contribution to People: The Africa Regional Assessment of Biodiversi...ESD UNU-IAS
Nature’s Contribution to People: The Africa Regional Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Mariteuw Chimère Diaw
8th African RCE Meeting
8-10 August, 2018, Zomba, Malawi
ENVIRONMENTAL WORKFORCE FOR AFRICA BRIEF BY WASTE OR CREATE HUB.pdfChineyenwaOkoroonu1
Africa has significant natural wealth but its greatest asset is its largely youthful population. The population of Africa is fast expanding and the youth continue to face a multitude of challenges, including unemployment and environmental degradation.
Unemployment is particularly challenging and in the next few years there will be many
young job seekers. This can only serve to exacerbate poverty, and the ripple effects of
youth unemployment in Africa are already resulting in social unrest and unsafe migration even as they threaten global peace and security. The other pertinent issue
across Africa today is how much the continent should invest in environmental
sustainability, being that the region contributes very little to the burning challenges of
global warming and environmental degradation, while it suffers the most in terms of
health, economic, geographical and social consequences. Water pollution, air pollution,
and droughts are the continent’s most serious environmental issues, all of which have
very strong negative effects on the health of Africans.
In order to mitigate both unemployment and environmental degradation, there is a need
for new development models that can drive youth job creation while drastically reducing
environmental risks and ecological scarcities. The green economy offers a world of
business and job opportunities. However, many of these avenues remain unknown and
therefore untapped in this part of the world. An inclusive green economy is a pathway
towards eradicating poverty, achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
and safeguarding the ecological thresholds which underpin human health, well-being,
and development.
Waste Or Create Hub has developed a new strategy, Environmental Workforce For
Africa. This 5-year strategy breaks down how we intend to enable the youth to the work
opportunities that abound in the green economy and provide skills training that will
equip the workforce to take up challenges and innovate with the knowledge acquired,
thereby providing a sustainable and viable means of livelihood that the youth can
embrace. The strategy gives the youth the opportunity to become young environmental
sustainability professionals and the enabling environment to develop their experience in
the green economy space with adequate tools, knowledge, and resources. This strategy
also exposes the young environmentalists in the making to continuous learning as they
adapt to the dynamics in the industry. The strategy gives individuals, private and public
stakeholders, global communities, donors and partners, the opportunity to see the need
to generate new business growth opportunities by treating social and environmental
challenges as unmet market needs.
STEPS Annual Lecture 2017: Achim Steiner - Doomed to fail or bound to succeed...STEPS Centre
Achim Steiner, incoming UNDP director, gave the STEPS Annual lecture at the University of Sussex on 15 May 2017. Find out more: https://steps-centre.org/event/steps-annual-lecture-achim-steiner/
Africa is blessed with abundant natural resources but it remains the world’s less developed region where more than 400 million people live in extreme poverty, debilitating health challenges, wars, etc. The continent is grossly underdeveloped and its resources depleted due to abuse, mismanagement, abandonment and vitiation of Africa’s communalistic ethics by practises such as consumerism, greed and individualism, etc. Inability to develop home-grown technology and expertise in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of resources has contributed to serious challenge of resource governance due to over dependence and reliance on technology transfer and foreign extractive industries which has helped plunder and decimate our resources.
Despite being blessed and surrounded by water, more than 300 million people in Sub Sahara Africa are without access to reliable drinking water sources with 14 countries experiencing water stress. Between 1898 and 2015, 85 water-related conflicts have been recorded with the recent being that of Cameroon and Nigeria over use of the Lake Chad, Nduka (2006). The seas though an important resource in Africa having been central to global commerce and European penetration of Africa and harbours hydro-carbon resources has become huge migration passage for trafficked persons, piracy and illicit trade in drugs, narcotics, weapons. Due to near-government absence, the seas have become sites for dumping of toxic wastes, illegal commercial fishing and depletion of the marine stock.
Envisioning the future of African agriculture and the renewed role of farmer’s organizations
Organized by the Panafrican Farmer’s Organisations (PAFO), the ACP-EU Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), African Union Commission (AUC)
This Briefing is linked to the Brussels Briefings organized by the CTA, EC/DGDEVCO, ACP Group and Concord every two months on key issues related to agriculture in ACP countries.
More information: http://brusselsbriefings.net
BDB India Private Limited is a leading global business strategy consulting and market research company in India. Since 1989, BDB has been providing clients with solutions to expand their businesses in the Indian and international marketplace. We are an ISO certified company.
ToR for the policy dialogue relative to the IYFFFatimata Kone
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE POLICY DIALOGUE RELATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF FAMILY FARMING (IYFF) IN BAMAKO
THEME : BUILDING RESILIENCE TO FEED WEST AFRICA: PROPOSALS FROM FAMILY FARMERS
Sub-Saharan Africa: The State of Smallholders in AgricultureDr Lendy Spires
The purpose of this paper is to provide a regional canvas for the broader discussion of the future directions on smallholders in agriculture. We do not attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), its agricultural sector or even all of the challenges and opportunities associated with smallholder farming.
Rather, the intention is to communicate our appreciation of the richness and complexity of the continent in comparison with other developing regions, and through discussion of the role of smallholder farmers in agricultural growth, focus the broader discussions of the conference on some of the key issues which, from our experience and that of IFAD projects working in SSA, are particularly relevant in our efforts to assist smallholder families definitively escape poverty through the transition towards ‘farming as a business’.
We begin in Section One with a brief overview of the land, geography, people, economy and of course, smallholder agriculture in SSA. Following this, in Section Two, we look more closely at the opportunities for SSA’s smallholders, adapting the perspective of IFAD’s recently released Rural Poverty Report to our regional context, and use a risk management lens to connect overall ecological and market contexts to the specific endeavours of smallholder farmers.
In Section Three, we move rapidly from the general to a specific focus on an issue which we feel merits much greater consideration – the importance of spatial and temporal coordination in reducing risk, increasing returns and allowing for project success. Finally, we conclude with some key recommendations on how these ideas can be transformed into an operational approach.
Prof. V. Okoruwa's presentation given the the Africa Agriculture Week.
The role of agriculture in an economy is a major factor in determining the economy‟s state of development (Hazell and Diano, 2005). Most African countries are mainly agrarian since agriculture contributes immensely to their economies. Agriculture‟s contribution to GDP in the Africa is between 30% and 40% on the average. The sector accounts for almost 60% of total export earnings in the continent, provides the dominant occupation for about 65% of Africa‟s population and has been growing on the average at about 3.3% each year since 2000 (IFPRI, 2009). Despite this impressive contribution of agriculture to Africa‟s economy, the sector remains largely under-developed. Most farmers are still at the subsistence level and small scale, having less than 2ha of land. The level of technology is also low, production remains weather-dependent and consequently, farmers‟ incomes are low. Poor market access, weak infrastructure and limited ability to influence government policy also characterize the sector (Quartey et al, 2012). Majority of Africa's agricultural population live in rural areas and the rural population comprises over 60% of the entire population. Further, over 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are youths under the age of 30 years and about 65% of this number, work in subsistence agriculture. Rural agricultural workers are among the poorest in Africa with poverty rate averaged at about 50% (UN/ECA, 2010).
Agriculture has the potential to serve as a strong
OECD Green Talks LIVE | Diving deeper: the evolving landscape for assessing w...OECD Environment
Water is critical for meeting commitments of the Paris Agreement and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Our economies rely on water, with recent estimates putting the economic value of water and freshwater ecosystems at USD 58 trillion - equivalent to 60% of global GDP. At the same time, water related risks are increasing in frequency and scale in the context of climate change.
How are investments shaping our economies and societies exposure to water risk? What role can the financial system play in supporting water security? And how can increased understanding of how finance both impacts and depends on water resources spur action towards greater water security?
This OECD Green Talks LIVE on Tuesday 14 May 2024 from 15:00 to 16:00 CEST discussed the evolving landscape for assessing water risks to the financial system.
OECD Policy Analyst Lylah Davies presented key findings and recommendations from recent OECD work on assessing the financial materiality of water-related risks, including the recently published paper “Watered down? Investigating the financial materiality of water-related risks” and was joined by experts to discuss relevant initiatives underway.
Detlef Van Vuuren- Integrated modelling for interrelated crises.pdfOECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Thomas Hertel- Integrated Policies for the Triple Planetary Crisis.pdfOECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Jon Sampedro - Assessing synergies and trade offs for health and sustainable ...OECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Astrid Bos - Identifying trade offs & searching for synergies.pdfOECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Ruth Delzeit - Modelling environmental and socio-economic impacts of cropland...OECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Wilfried Winiwarter - Implementing nitrogen pollution control pathways in the...OECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Laurent Drouet - Physical and Economic Risks of Climate Change.pdfOECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
HyeJin Kim and Simon Smart - The biodiversity nexus across multiple drivers: ...OECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Case Study: Peptides-based Plant Protection Product (harpin proteins*) by Ros...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
CLE Contribution on the Assessment of Innovative Biochemicals in the EU Statu...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
Additional Considerations for Pesticide Formulations Containing Microbial Pes...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
Role of genome sequencing (WGS) in microbial biopesticides safety assessment ...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
Considerations for Problem Formulation for Human Health Safety Assessments of...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
How to Identify and Quantify Mixtures What is Essential to Know for Risk Asse...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
APVMA outcome-focussed approach to data requirements to support registration ...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
The U.S. Perspective on Problem Formulation for Biopesticides: Shannon BORGESOECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
Problem formulation for environmental risk assessment – Finnish case study: ...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
2.1 k. habtegaber natural capital growth and development
1. Natural Capital, Growth and Economic
Development
Kookie Habtegaber, October 24th 2016, Paris
OECD Global Forum on Economic Growth and Environment
Giving Nature a Seat around the ‘Economics’ Table
2. Outline
What is happening – development in
the context of resource use
What needs to happen – bringing
natural capital into mainstream
economic policy making, urbanization,
spatial planning
The ‘how’- recommendations
Concluding Remarks
3. Nature Capital Bedrock of African Economies -Highlights
Agriculture
Africa has 65 % of the world’s arable land and 10 % of internal renewable freshwater sources.
Africa is vulnerable to land degradation and desertification and is most severely affected region. Land degradation affects
two thirds of productive land in Africa. Desertification affects 45% of Africa’s land area. Africa is second world’s driest
continent and water resources are unevenly distributed. The heart of the Congo basin has some of the highest annual
rainfall worldwide There is strong correlation between rate of poverty gap and soil nutrient depletion from cereal
croplands.
The economic loss associated with land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated at $68 billion per year. Land
degradation and desertification impacts entire ecosystem good and services such as carbon sequestration, wood
production, wildlife habitat, medicinal and food plants, groundwater recharge, hunting opportunities, and tourism activities.
“Africa could generate about 2.83 trillion PPP USD (or about 71.8 billion USD/year) if all countries take action against soil erosion (for next
15 years) which is causing nutrient losses from the arable land areas used for cereals production, through investment in sustainable land
management interventions. “ The cost of inaction on the other hand (to all countries) accounts for about 4.6 trillion PPP USD over the next
15 year, equivalent to about 286 billion PPP USD (= 127 billion USD) per year”. Report by UNEP for 42 African Countries.
Tourism
Important sector for many countries – e.g. in 2013 tourism accounted for 2.9 % of total employment, $71.6 billion or 3.6 %
of the continent’s GDP. Illegal poaching, wildlife trafficking, land conversion, threatening this industry.
Fisheries
Estimated to be worth $24 billion, employing 20 million people and with 90 million people dependent on fisheries for their
livelihoods – e.g. in 2011, it accounted for 1.26 % of Africa’s GDP.
Forests
Africa is home to World’s second largest tropical forest with over 70% SSA population depending on forests and woodlands
for livelihoods. Forests contribute an average of 6 per cent of GDP in Africa – much more if we take ecosystem services.
Sources: Africa Resource Center, AMCEN, ELD Initiative, UNEP
4. Dividend from Natural Resources Driving Economic
Growth in Africa
Africa has:30 % of the world’s known
mineral reserves, 8 % of the world’s
natural gas reserves, 10 % of oil reserves,
40 per % of gold reserves, 80–90 % of
chromium and platinum, the largest
cobalt, diamond, platinum and uranium
reserves in the world.
Minerals account for an average of 70% of
total African exports and about 28% of
GDP.
Resource rents are the main contributor to
tax revenue in Africa. E.g. - In 2008, the
rent from natural resources in SSA was as
high as 24% of GDP( weighted average). In
2014, it went down to 12.8%.
Source: World Bank, Africa Resource Center, IBIS
5. Dividend from Natural Resources Driving Economic
Growth in Africa
Africa’s pop expected to double by 2050.
Both urban and rural pop are growing -
delivering a vast growing domestic market.
Urbanization - equaling 560mln by 2020 (2nd
highest after Asia) but, has occurred without
industrialization and without creating the
almost 30 million additional jobs Africa will
need every year.
Growing middle class - projected to reach 1.1
billion (42%) by 2060
Source: African Economic Outlook 2015, 2016
Growth was spurred by demand and supply side:
commodity price spike, FDI inflow from $34
billion to $246 billion by 2012 , debt relief, good
governance, growing middle class , trade increase
and diversified export destinations.
African economies have shown strong growth
including non-resource rich countries growing at
similar rates (Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, Uganda and
Rwanda) – i.e. being resource rich does not
automatically equate to GDP growth.
Commodity-focused countries in Africa have
come under pressure when prices have fallen –
lack of diversification and investment in right
skills have been multiplied by the depletion of
their natural capital and pollution.
Economic Growth 2003-2017
Population Growth 1950 -2050 est.
6. Growth has taken place without Structural transformation, the same can be
said about urbanization.
Jobs creating sectors - manufacturing and agriculture - are behind and
losing labor to low value adding services sectors (trade), or to the informal
sector.
Lack of spillovers from the commodity sector to non-commodity sectors
Industrial policy lacking ( trade-off b/n natural assets not clear)
Public spending and tax base mainly based on natural resource income –
thus impacted commodity prices – ( the tax mix is more balanced in non-
resource-rich countries).
Inequality and poverty persists – poverty increased in Africa until about
1993, and fell thereafter. The inequality of opportunities remains in Africa
as a serious constraint on development.
Poverty reduction in Africa has mainly been driven by income growth,
not by reductions in inequality
resource-poor countries achieved a reduction in poverty of 16 % points
between 1995 and 2000, resource-rich countries posted only 7 % reduction
for the same time.
Quality of growth – Have African countries been effective in optimizing their natural
resource rent to deliver on social and economic returns with minimal negative impact on the
environment?
“higher GDP growth over the past decade did not
reduce poverty at an adequate pace and failed to
create commensurate employment opportunities since
the mining and energy sectors are less labor-intense
than the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. “
AfDB Development Report 2015
Gap between Africa and other
developing countries has been
widening during this period
7. Illicit financial flows (IFF) in SSA US$ 500
billion in last decade - more than half from
natural resources revenue. It is greater than
ODA and FDI between 2003 and 2012, it was
equal to 4% of GDP ( 60.3 billion) Responsible:
Large corporates (65%), organized crime (30%),
corruption (5%). Tax breaks also cost countries
huge loss.
African countries loss 17bln USD due to illegal
logging every year while West Africa alone
loses 1.3 billion USD per year from illegal
fishing.
In both cases, countries are also losing the
associated ecosystem services ( carbon sink,
water purification, marine ecosystems that
protect the coastal areas).
Significant loss of domestic resource that could
have been mobilized to invest in public goods
including maintaining and replenishing the
natural capital as well as mitigating
externalities is lost.
Africa Initiative of the Global Forum on
Transparency and Exchange of Information for
Tax Purposes – efforts to address IFF
Illicit financial flows from Africa compared to official development
assistance and foreign direct investment, 2003-12 Source: AEO 2015
Foreign direct investment to Africa: Resource-rich vs. non-resource-rich
countries, 2000-15 Source: AEO 2015
Quality of growth – Have African countries been effective in optimizing their natural
resource rent to deliver on social and economic returns with minimal negative impact on
the environment?
8. Rapid demographic change increases migration, puts
pressure on environment and resources in densely
pop areas – e.g. Kinshasa. Urban wood fuel use is
causing deforestation and forest degradation around
many cities in Africa. 80% of household fuel in Africa
and accounts for over 90% of harvested wood.
Concentrating people in cities without proper
management leads to land use changes,
overexploitation of resources and degradation of
ecosystems and ultimately impacts socio-economic
development. Cities and towns face environmental
risk such as water scarcity if they expand in the wrong
places (wetlands & water catchment areas).
Land degradation is responsible for large parts of
rural-urban migration. In the Sahel and in the Horn
of Africa, 60 million people are likely to migrate
between 2016 and 2020 because of degraded areas.
Land degradation is exacerbated in regions of both
high poverty and high population density.
The poorest households are highly reliant on natural
resources and will be most immediately affected by
environmental degradation. Many of these people
are the urban poor living in slums without basic
services such as potable water and sanitation. 72% of
urban population of sub-Saharan Africa live in
slums.
In 2013, air pollution cost Africa USD 447 billion, a
third of its GDP.
Impact of Environmental Degradation on Economic Growth
Source: Africa Economic Outlook 2016
9. On the positive side, recent UNEP report underlines the increasing use of renewable energy
across the continent and African economies continue to have the lowest footprint globally.
There is also improvement in biodiversity conservation and protected areas. However, fresh
water use vis-à-vis renewable water sources, increasing, as is the overexploitation of fish
stocks above their safe biological limits (UNEP, 2015)
Experts from the continent
acknowledge that these
important and defining
changes have occurred in
unsustainable fashion(AEO
2016 Survey)
Impact of Environmental Degradation on Economic Growth
10. Accounting for Natural Capital in mainstream
economic policy making, urbanization, spatial
planning
‘Develop at all costs’ narrative is changing…
11. Countries are Taking Action
Governments in Africa have recognized that long term growth depends managing the natural resources
effectively. To that end, some promising developments:
Gaborone Declaration for Sustainability in Africa ( 2012) calling for integrating the value of natural
capital into national accounting and corporate planning and reporting processes, policies and
programmes ( Gabon, Kenya, Liberia, Botswana, Ghana, Mozambique, South Africa, Rwanda,
Namibia, Tanzania)
Meeting of African Ministerial Conference on the Environment on managing Africa’s natural capital
for sustainable development and poverty reduction.( March 2015). Eighth African Development
Forum and the 2014 joint annual meetings of the Economic Commission for Africa Conference of
African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (2014).
Several Countries are participating in the Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services
(WAVES) programme ( Botswana, Rwanda, Madagascar)
Example: Botswana
Average annual growth rates of over 10% since
mid 90s, now a middle income country
Contribution of minerals to the economy at 19%
mainly from mineral rents – highest contribution
to GDP, followed by tourism.
Rainfall is low, highly erratic and unevenly
distributed. Surface and ground water resources
are scarce. Climate change expected to
exasperate it.
Developedvariousnaturalcapitalaccounts(water,
minerals, energy, land/ecosystems & tourism )to
understandfuture andpresent economicdecisions
and designpolicies that willmaintainnatural wealth
NCA is focused on the part of total wealth
that comes from land, water, mineral,
energy, soil, forests and timber, and
ecosystem assets
Source: WAVES, AMCEN
13. 1. Show the “hidden value” of Nature for economic dynamism
• Ecosystem valuation ( e.g. value of wetlands to economic growth at the city and
national level)
2. Better spatial planning and urban strategy linked with national development
Planning
• Connecting cities the right way -cities should be considered as an active part of
a wider mosaic of land and water use to benefit people and the economy linking
with rural communities.
• Link and develop coherence between climate change policies, economic
development plans and urbanization strategies
3. Improve the access of spatially explicit ecological information to development
planning processes
• Integrate Environmental Indicators as part of the National Economic
Development Plans
• Spatial planning can be used to optimize multiple uses of natural resources and
is essential to maintain ecosystem services
• Ensure that such analyses are a requirement of relevant policies and financial
investment safeguards.
4. Good plans need political will to implement
• Political will and long term thinking
5. Economists need to innovate beyond the status quo
• what are growth the models for the 21st C green economy?
• We need to improve knowledge / research / analysis of the issues
14. Show the “hidden value” of Nature for Economic
Dynamism: the Case of African Cities
“The projected increase in urban population
implies that the way our cities are planned
and run will not only have huge economic
and social implications but will also be of
crucial importance for achieving environmental
sustainability.” OECD The Metropolitan City Report
As of 2005, 75% of global energy and material consumption
was accounted for by cities—which cover a mere 2% of the
world’s land area.
80% of the world’s output, measured in GDP, is generated in
cities (UNEP 2013).
Cities are economic hotspots where the growing middle
classes will be living.
Increased demand for water – agriculture, urban
infrastructure and energy for growing urban population
and increased pollution
Urban areas can facilitate the efficient use of
environmental resources through sharing land, other
natural resources, goods and services.
A low ecological footprint gives African cities a window of
opportunity for sustainable development.
15. African Cities Face Serious Environmental Risks
Cities and towns face environmental risk such as water
scarcity if they expand in the wrong places- conversion of
wetlands and watershed into urban areas (wetlands &
water catchment areas) Wetlands provide both provisioning
services (food, water, raw materials) and regulating services
(flood control, climate stabilization). ( Kampala – wetland –
settlement)
The International Water Management Institute
estimates total value of wetland services in Africa
as being US$5.25 billion a year. While significant,
this is far less than the $70 billion for Asia, showing
potential for greater returns. A conservative
estimate of the value of the Zambezi wetlands was
US$123 million a year.
Deforestation of critical forests which support watersheds
and building on wetlands can lead to water scarcity and
slow growth in African cities.
illegal forest clearance threatens threaten the supply of
water from some economics important cities –
E.g. The port city of Mombasa, in Kenya, relies on
water from the Chyulu Hills, over a hundred miles
away. Despite Chyulu being a protected area, poor
management capacity means illegal logging and
settlement continue, threatening the security of
urban water.
Innovative finance in valuing ecosystems services benefits
farmers, businesses and urban dwellers that rely on
environmental goods and services – e.g. Upper-Tana
Nairobi Water Fund provides financing for the watershed
that provides Nairobi 95% of its water.
The cities identified here will likely to see their urban expansion
taking place on the same watersheds used to supply the cities for
fresh water. This may reduce their water provisions. More detailed
research is required to further analyze the resulting socio-
economic risk. E.g. The Zambian capital, Lusaka, draws 44% of its
water supply from the Kafue Flats; demand is growing fast, but
currently over half the potential supply is lost through pipe
leakage.
Source: Africa Economic Outlook 2016
16. Marine ecosystem services are important for many
coastal cities Mangroves protect shorelines and boost fish numbers.
Mangrove forests buffer coastlines against storms, ocean
surge and sea-level rise; they also create spawning grounds
and nurseries for fish.
E.g. in Vietnam a US$1.1 million investment for
community restoration of mangroves saved an
estimated US$7.3 million/ year in sea dyke
maintenance. The mangroves have effectively
buffered coastal villages against typhoons, when
other villages suffered serious damage.
There have been few economic analyses of mangroves in
Africa. Yet in many places, they are threatened by
infrastructure (e.g. Ports) as well as urban expansion
taking place without taking their services /value into
account..
Climate Change makes coastal cities more vulnerable.
Africa is more vulnerable to climate change than other
world regions. Climate related breakdown in ecosystem
services and extreme weather events hit cities hard due to
high population densities and often poor infrastructure.
Half of the ten fastest growing economies in Africa have
major centers of economic activity on the coast (Côte
d’Ivoire, Mozambique, Tanzania, Sierra Leone and Kenya).
Many of them without effective and implementable urban
strategy that embeds climate adaptation and resilience.
Some progressive examples include cities such as Cape
Town. Source: Africa Economic Outlook/ WWF 2016
17. Better Spatial Planning: Need to Link
Urban Strategy with National /Regional
Development Plan
Link and develop coherence
between climate change policies,
economic development plans and
urbanization strategies
multi-level governance and
transparency including reinvesting
resource rents locally
Understand how biodiversity and
ecosystem service assets fair
against development pressures
such as agriculture, mining,
infrastructure plans, and
demographic trends
Development strategies should be
more than a collection of sectoral
policies - have a framework that
balances socio-economic and
environmental policies to bring the
optimal combination
Spatial planning can be used to
optimize multiple uses of natural
resources and is essential to
maintain ecosystem services
Ensure that such analyses are a
requirement of relevant policies
and financial investment
safeguards in economic corridors
and other SEZ developments.
LAPPSET Corridor - Planned road infrastructure in Kenya in relation to protected areas
Source: Africa Economic Outlook/ WWF 2016
18. Improve the Access of Spatially Explicit ecological Information to
Development Planning Processes
1. Integrate environmental indicators
as part of the National Economic
Development Plans as well as
investing and collecting local level
data ( cities –urban / regional
data)
2. To do so, SSA needs to improve
statistical and data infrastructure
Statistical Capacity indicator: Source: Africa Economic Outlook, 2015
19. Systems Approach: Looking at Opportunities and Risks
Africa Sensitive Ecological Zones
Average Annual Growth Rate in Real Per Capita GDP 1996-2013
Foreign Transactions on Agricultural Land in Africa
Irrigation Potential in Africa
Africa Population Density
Potential flashpoints - Spatial overlap of
multiple sectors and drivers of growth
Source: Africa Ecological Futures, WWF, AfDB,
20. Good Plans Need Political Will to Implement
Is circular economy relevant for African
countries? Can they find strategies to leapfrog
towards efficient systems –
What policies are needed and how can those
with the knowledge and expertise i.e.
developed economies enable that?
Given the resource exploitation model is still
viable and attractive, what is required to think
long and medium term? How should we
incentivize governments? What role can
economic thinking play?
21. What can OECD and others do to addresses to help make choices that optimize
human wellbeing and ecological resilience?
Sustainable use of natural assets and ecological thresholds
Qualitative dimensions of natural assets
Economic values of stocks and flows of natural assets
Combining economic and environmental data at the macro-level
Resilience of socioeconomic systems to ecological shocks
Distributional effects of environmental changes or policies
Aggregate impacts of environmental policies
Support the expansion / integration of SEEA – EEA
(Research Results from Green Growth Knowledge Platform Indicators and Measurement
Committee)
We need more Economic Innovation
22. Key Messages
Pollute now, clean up later is no longer an option and African countries
cannot growth their way out of environmental degradation - Ecological factors
can be fundamentally altered by economic and development decisions made
today.
Ecosystem services such as water, hydrologic regulation, soil fertility,
biodiversity and climate change adaptation will be critical factors for Africa’s
economic sectors and future growth – Increasingly we are getting better at
improving links between economics and environments: Institutions like OECD
can help accelerate and advance this knowledge – we need to go beyond
GDP.
By managing and maintaining natural capital, African countries can use the
advantage of having abundance in renewable and non renewable natural
resources to enable key sectors to be competitive and attractive in the
globalized world where most Africans do not yet have the skills required for
high skilled jobs.
How urbanization takes place and cities are planned matters - cities should
be considered as an active part of a wider mosaic of land and water use to
benefit people and the economy linking with rural communities
23. Thank You
The Future is here and the choices we make today will lock
us into development trajectories far into the future.