The document discusses using olivine minerals to sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere as a means of mitigating climate change. It describes how olivine weathers in the presence of CO2 and water to form magnesium carbonate and silica, permanently storing the carbon. Several companies are working on mineral carbon sequestration projects using olivine residues, mine tailings, or accelerating natural weathering processes. One such company, Green Minerals, sells a product called "greensand" for use in landscaping, sports fields, and construction to sequester CO2 while providing new markets for olivine materials.

1. Magforum 2021
Date: 29 June 2021
Speaker: Pol Knops
Title: CO2 sequestration using olivine
(dunite, serpentine etc.)
Location: Online
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2. MSc Pol Knops
- greensand
- Green Minerals
CO2 sequestration using olivine
(dunite, serpentine etc.)
1963: 317 ppm
2021: 415 ppm
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3. Is this Rock the Key to
Climate Change?
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4. History
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Corona
Climate Change
2020
2012

5. Presentation
Climate Change
Negative emissions
Solutions for achieving negative emissions
Mineralization
CO2 credits
Market assessment
New opportunities
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6. Climate Change: Signs
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7. Climate change: Cause
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8. Climate change: Removing CO2
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9. Negative Emissions
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Txs: @DrRobBellamy

10. CO2 removal options
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11. © 1990 NaturePublishing Group
First mentioning negative emissions
Seifritz
Nature 1990
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12. Companies obtaining CO2 removal credits
Stripe
Shopify
Sourceful
Microsoft
Net zero commitments, including by Starbucks, Maersk,
Cemex, Unilever, Amazon, Apple, Google etc..
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13. CO2 removal criteria
. Offsets / Novel
CO2 credits Companies
Effectively removal ✅ ✅
Additional ✅ ✅
Permanent 🔲 / ✅ ✅
Other Benefits ✅
Quantification CO2 uptake ✅ ✅
Learning, scaling ✅
Social advantages ✅
Price ✅ ❌
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14. CO2 removal criteria
Permanent CO2 removal
Direct Air Capture
BECCS
Mineralisation
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15. Mineralisation projects supported
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Stripe

16. Chemical reaction
Coal
Gaseous CO2
Solid Carbonate
ΔH = 11,1 MJ/kg CO2
80%
ΔH = 2,7 MJ/kg CO2
20%
“The ground energy state of carbon
is a mineral carbonate”
Olivine:
Mg2SiO4 + 4CO2 + 2H2O => 2Mg2+ + 4HCO3
- + SiO2
Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 => 2MgCO3 + SiO2
[∆H = -239.2 kJ/mol]
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17. Historical view of mineralization
Products
Products
Products
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18. Companies mineralisation
Company Supporter
Project Vesta Stripe
Heirloom Stripe
Future Forest Company Stripe
Climeworks Carbfix Stripe, Microsoft, Shopify
GreenSand Sourceful
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19. Mineralization Landscape
Residual Ores
Ambient
Accelerated
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20. Companies active in Mineralization
Residual Ores
Ambient
Accelerated
Steelslags / Fly ash
• Carbon8
• Carbstone
Olivine
• Green Minerals
Serpentine:
• MCint.
Olivine
•greenSand
Mine tailings
• De Beers
Cement
•CarbonCure, Solidia,
carbicrete etc.
Lime/recycling
•Heirloom
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Olivine
•Project Vesta
Rock flour
•Nature reserve
•Future Forest

21. Accelerated weathering
Residual Ores
Ambient
Accelerated
Steelslags / Fly ash
• Carbon8 Colin Hills
• Carbstone
Olivine
• Green Minerals (RWTH, myself)
Serpentine:
• MCint. (Newcastle AU)
Olivine
•greenSand
(Deltares, WUR)
Mine tailings
• De Beers
(Gregory Dipple) David
Beerling
•Pascale Bénézeth
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22. 4. Reaction
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23. Paper application
1st Tests:
CO2 Cleanup paper
University of Darmstadt
Prof. Schabel:
”The optical properties are better that
I expected. The retention in the paper
is quite good”
”But for a first ”shot” I would rate the
results better as positive”
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Goal: Replacement PCC

24. Ambient weathering
Residual Ores
Ambient
Accelerated
Steelslags / Fly ash
• Carbon8
• Carbstone
Olivine
• Green Minerals
Serpentine:
• MCint.
Olivine
•greenSand
Mine tailings
• De Beers
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25. greenSand Sales and Price
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26. Different
markets
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27. Landscapers
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28. Sport fields and artificial grass
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29. Gardens
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30. Roof terrace
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31. citizens' initiative
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32. municipalities
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33. Railway project in the Netherlands
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34. Natural enrichment for soil
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35. Certificates Demo-projects
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Parkingspot Staelduinen

36. Three projects to remove CO2
Walking paths that remove CO2 CO2 cleaning sport fields for young and old Mixed in foundation layer of civil
applications
Your certificates are used to realise projects in
municipalities and schools to make pathways or
drive ways with olivine. Also used for inspection
pathways for railroad applications. You can
always visit the location where your greenSand
is sprinkled.
Sequesters 42% in 100 years
Removing CO2 for our future generations is one
of our main goals. Imagine your children
sporting on sport fields that can actually reduce
CO2. This is a novel application that is
developed together with Antea sports.
Sequesters 68% in 100 years
Mixed in granulate olivine sequesters truly fast
due to its small particle size. Granulate is used
as foundation layers below roads and other civil
projects. Did you know that greenSand still
sequesters when it is applied in the soil? Even
faster!
Sequesters 99% in 30 years
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37. Remove your CO2 emissions with Cleanup Certificates
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38. greenSand World (video) find your cleanup location
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39. Take home message
Climate change is real and happening
Climate change offers opportunities
New markets with as a bonus CO2 removal
Questions
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Pol Knops
- greensand
- Green Minerals