This document summarizes a conference on mineralization of CO2 and its beneficial uses. It discusses using mineralization to permanently sequester CO2 by accelerating natural weathering processes. Methods presented include using industrial waste materials like steel slag and fly ash, as well as minerals like olivine and serpentine. Accelerated mineralization techniques aim to increase reaction rates through adding chemicals, operating at high pressure and temperature, or producing functional filler materials. Validation efforts include concrete and paper applications to replace cement or pulp to store CO2 long-term. Challenges addressed developing profitable processes, validating storage, and gaining market acceptance for new products.

1. "Mineralization of CO2 and the Beneficial Use of Its Products"
Gordon Research Conference
Date: 9th May 2019
Location: Les Diablerets (Suisse)
"Mineralization of CO2 and the Beneficial Use of Its Products"
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2. MSc Pol Knops
Mineralization
1963: 317 ppm
2019: 415 ppm

3. Mineralisation
CO2 utilization / CCS / Permanent CO2 sequestration
Direct Air Capture
Negative CO2 emissions
Unknown solution
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4. Presentation
Introduction course
Ambient mineralization
Accelerated mineralization
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5. © 1990 NaturePublishing Group
Switzerland
Seifritz
Nature 1990
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6. Inspiration: Wallace Broecker
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7. Global CO2 balance
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8. Carbon Deposits
Amount (C)
(X 10E15 kg)
Relative
(%)
Limestone (CaCO3) 35.000 47%
Dolomites (CaCO3MgCO3) 25.000 33%
Sedimentary carbon 15.000 20%
Recoverable fossil fuels 4 0,005%
Oceanic HCO3- CO32- 42 0,056%
Dead Surficial Carbon (humus, peat) 3 0,004%
Atmospheric CO2 0,72 0,00095%
Biomass 0,56 0,0007%
Anthropogenic emissions 0,008/year
Natural (volcanic) 0,00005 /yr (1%)
“Live”
“Dead”
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9. Historical view of mineralization
Products
Products
Products
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10. Markets
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Products
Products
Products

11. Mineralization Landscape
Residual Ores
Ambient
Accelerated
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12. Companies active in Mineralization
Residual Ores
Ambient
Accelerated
Steelslags / Fly ash
• Carbon8 Colin Hills
• Carbstone Giulia Costa
Olivine
• Green Minerals (RWTH, myself)
Serpentine:
• MCint. (Newcastle AU)
Olivine
•greenSand
(Deltares, WUR)
Mine tailings
• De Beers
(Gregory Dipple) David
Beerling
Cement
•CarbonCure, Solidia,
carbicrete etc.
Brines
•XX
•Pascale Bénézeth
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13. Carbon8
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14. Chemical reaction
Coal
Gaseous CO2
Solid Carbonate
ΔH = 11,1 MJ/kg CO2
80%
ΔH = 2,7 MJ/kg CO2
20%
“The ground energy state of carbon
is a mineral carbonate”
Olivine:
Mg2SiO4 + 4CO2 + 2H2O => 2Mg2+ + 4HCO3
- + SiO2
Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 => 2MgCO3 + SiO2
[∆H = -239.2 kJ/mol]
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15. End of the course
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16. Ambient weathering
Residual Ores
Ambient
Accelerated
Steelslags / Fly ash
• Carbon8 Colin Hills
• Carbstone Guilia Costa
Olivine
• Green Minerals (RWTH, myself)
Serpentine:
• MCint. (Newcastle AU)
Olivine
•greenSand
(Deltares, WUR)
Mine tailings
• De Beers
(Gregory Dipple) David
Beerling
•Pascale Bénézeth
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17. Olivine Conference 2012
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18. Mineralization Agricultural tests
•Wageningen
•Antwerp
•Dutch NIOZ
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19. Olivine publications
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20. Excel model
Input:
• k-factor
• temperature
• pH
• Particle Size Distribution
• time steps
Assumptions:
• Shrinking core
Output:
• CO2 sequestered
• Magnesium release (& Nickel)
• Alkalinity
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21. Results model
Sand
(0-3 mm)
Based:
- pH rainwater
- Full contact
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22. Results model
Sand
(0-3 mm)
Based:
- pH sea-water
- Full contact
pH Rain 5.5
pH Sea 7.95
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23. GreenSand Sales & Prices
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24. GreenSand
Scaling up sales (=> lowering prices)
More projects
Selling CO2 credits (to be used in demonstration projects)
More science support (Pascale Bénézeth ?)
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25. Accelerated weathering
Residual Ores
Ambient
Accelerated
Steelslags / Fly ash
• Carbon8 Colin Hills
• Carbstone
Olivine
• Green Minerals (RWTH, myself)
Serpentine:
• MCint. (Newcastle AU)
Olivine
•greenSand
(Deltares, WUR)
Mine tailings
• De Beers
(Gregory Dipple) David
Beerling
•Pascale Bénézeth
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26. 2. CO2 Uses
CO2 Uses: Product Company
Fuels Dieseletc. Audi etc.
Chemicals Poly-urethane Covestro etc.
Minerals Carbonates __________
(Solid CO2)
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27. Accelerated weathering
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Additives:
NaHCO3
NaCl ?
Chelating agents
Catalysts ?
Recovery additives

28. 4. Reaction
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29. Integration
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Gasification:
CO2
High temp/high pressure
Two product: SNG / ”Mineral CO2”

30. Properties
Product:
1/3 CO2
Exothermic reaction
Very small particles:
2/3 Magnesite
1/3 Amorphous Silica
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31. Pictures
RWTH CO2MIN10-05-19 GRC Les Diablerets 31

32. Pictures
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33. Mineralization Challenges
Profit Creating value from products
CO2 storage
Exothermic reaction
Process Increase reaction rate
High pressure/high temperature
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34. Validation beneficial use
Scaling up process
Market acceptance
Challenges
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35. Validation beneficial use Functional filler
Scaling up process Continuous process
Chemical knowledge
Market acceptance End-users
Policy support
Solutions to Challenges
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36. Concrete: Packing density RWTH HeidelbergCement
Paper: PCC/Lime replacement Uni Darmstadt ________________.
Polymer: Talc/Lime/Wollastonite _____ ________________.
Same functionality, product replacement
CO2 stored
Market & Status quo
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37. Concrete applications
Goal: (Partial) replacement Cement
Increased properties
Academic: RWTH
Industrial: HeidelbergCement
Green Minerals
Benefits: Packing Density / Amorphous Silica
(CO2 sequestration)
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38. Paper application
1st Tests:
CO2 Cleanup paper
University of Darmstadt
Prof. Schabel:
”The optical properties are better
that I expected. The retention in
the paper is quite good”
”But for a first ”shot” I would rate
the results better as positive”
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Goal: Replacement PCC

39. Polymers
Goal: Replacement: Lime/ Wollastonite
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40. Take home message
1. Make the unknown more known: Mineralisation
2. Look for symbioses (not only CO2)
Ambient: Replace existing civil products
(extra CO2 savings life time)
Accelerated: Manufacture products, products
(and store CO2)
CO2 reduce, re-use & remove
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41. MSc Pol Knops
www.green-minerals.nl
Tel: +31 6 5130 4842
pol@green-minerals.nl
Turning CO2 into Value
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