Conflict theory views society as characterized by inequality and power struggles among groups that compete for scarce resources. It was developed as an alternative to functionalism by Marx, Weber, Simmel and later theorists. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, who struggle over economic resources. Weber and Simmel expanded on this to argue that power can also be gained through social prestige and political influence. Modern conflict theorists like Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills applied these ideas to analyze power structures and social change in the post-World War II era.
This document discusses sociological perspectives on gender inequality. It begins by differentiating between the concepts of sex and gender, noting that sex refers to biological attributes while gender refers to social and cultural roles and expectations. It then examines the process of gender socialization through key socializing agents like family, education, peers and media. Finally, it explores several sociological theories that seek to explain the origins and persistence of gender inequality in areas like the workplace, family roles, politics, health and violence. The document aims to provide an overview of sociological understandings of gender as a social construct and the social forces that contribute to gender inequality.
Conflict theory states that society functions through conflict between individuals and groups competing over limited resources. It views society as consisting of groups in conflict over power and resources rather than cooperation. Key aspects include inequality built into social structures that benefit those in power, change occurring through conflict rather than adaptation, and groups forming in opposition to pursue their own interests rather than cooperate for social benefits. Major theorists who contributed to conflict theory include Marx, who saw class conflict between owners and workers, and Weber, who argued multiple conflicts exist in society beyond class. Feminist conflict theory explains the oppression of women as benefiting men's pursuit of power. Modern approaches view inequality as producing conflict that can only be overcome through fundamental social transformation.
Week 15: Collective Behavior and Social Change kilgore1
Collective behavior involves large groups acting together in an unplanned manner and can take various forms such as crowds, mass behavior, social movements, and social change. Crowds are temporary gatherings that share a focus and can become suggestible, while dispersed collectives like mass behavior involve people spread over a wide area sharing common information sources. Social movements aim to promote or resist social change through organized collective action. Theories of social movements examine factors like deprivation, resources, and the social construction of issues. Frame analysis explores how social movements define problems, solutions, and motivations to mobilize participants.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on social interaction and the social construction of reality. It defines social interaction as the basis for all social relationships and groups. It describes the components of social structure, including status, roles, and social networks. It explains that sociologists see reality as socially constructed through subjective perceptions and interactions between people, rather than having an objective existence. Social construction of reality influences how people define and make sense of social situations and encounters.
The document discusses two main theories regarding the relationship between individuals and society: social contract theory and organismic theory of society. Social contract theory proposes that individuals in a state of nature entered into an agreement to form societies for protection and security. Theorists like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau contributed different versions of this theory. Organismic theory views society as an organism that develops in complexity like biological organisms, with individuals being interdependent parts of the larger social whole.
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Theories of the family (3)Haleema Begum
The document provides an overview of different sociological perspectives on the family, including functionalism, the New Right perspective, Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism. It discusses the key assumptions and views of each perspective. Functionalists see the family as fulfilling essential functions for society, such as socializing children and stabilizing adults. They argue it is universally important. The New Right emphasizes traditional gender roles and family self-reliance. Marxism views the family as reinforcing class inequality and capitalism. Feminism highlights the family's role in oppressing women. Postmodernism rejects defining the family structure and sees greater diversity today due to more choices and rapid change.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology. It discusses how sociology emerged in the 19th century due to industrialization, travel, and the success of the natural sciences. Auguste Comte is identified as the "Father of Sociology" and his key contributions are outlined, including positivism and the three stages of human progress. The document also summarizes the works and theories of other important early sociologists like Emile Durkheim and his concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity. It provides examples of Durkheim's four types of suicide. Finally, it discusses Ferdinand Tonnies' distinction between emotion-based Gemeinschaft relationships and goal-driven Gesellschaft relationships in modern society.
Conflict theory views society as characterized by inequality and power struggles among groups that compete for scarce resources. It was developed as an alternative to functionalism by Marx, Weber, Simmel and later theorists. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, who struggle over economic resources. Weber and Simmel expanded on this to argue that power can also be gained through social prestige and political influence. Modern conflict theorists like Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills applied these ideas to analyze power structures and social change in the post-World War II era.
This document discusses sociological perspectives on gender inequality. It begins by differentiating between the concepts of sex and gender, noting that sex refers to biological attributes while gender refers to social and cultural roles and expectations. It then examines the process of gender socialization through key socializing agents like family, education, peers and media. Finally, it explores several sociological theories that seek to explain the origins and persistence of gender inequality in areas like the workplace, family roles, politics, health and violence. The document aims to provide an overview of sociological understandings of gender as a social construct and the social forces that contribute to gender inequality.
Conflict theory states that society functions through conflict between individuals and groups competing over limited resources. It views society as consisting of groups in conflict over power and resources rather than cooperation. Key aspects include inequality built into social structures that benefit those in power, change occurring through conflict rather than adaptation, and groups forming in opposition to pursue their own interests rather than cooperate for social benefits. Major theorists who contributed to conflict theory include Marx, who saw class conflict between owners and workers, and Weber, who argued multiple conflicts exist in society beyond class. Feminist conflict theory explains the oppression of women as benefiting men's pursuit of power. Modern approaches view inequality as producing conflict that can only be overcome through fundamental social transformation.
Week 15: Collective Behavior and Social Change kilgore1
Collective behavior involves large groups acting together in an unplanned manner and can take various forms such as crowds, mass behavior, social movements, and social change. Crowds are temporary gatherings that share a focus and can become suggestible, while dispersed collectives like mass behavior involve people spread over a wide area sharing common information sources. Social movements aim to promote or resist social change through organized collective action. Theories of social movements examine factors like deprivation, resources, and the social construction of issues. Frame analysis explores how social movements define problems, solutions, and motivations to mobilize participants.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on social interaction and the social construction of reality. It defines social interaction as the basis for all social relationships and groups. It describes the components of social structure, including status, roles, and social networks. It explains that sociologists see reality as socially constructed through subjective perceptions and interactions between people, rather than having an objective existence. Social construction of reality influences how people define and make sense of social situations and encounters.
The document discusses two main theories regarding the relationship between individuals and society: social contract theory and organismic theory of society. Social contract theory proposes that individuals in a state of nature entered into an agreement to form societies for protection and security. Theorists like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau contributed different versions of this theory. Organismic theory views society as an organism that develops in complexity like biological organisms, with individuals being interdependent parts of the larger social whole.
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Theories of the family (3)Haleema Begum
The document provides an overview of different sociological perspectives on the family, including functionalism, the New Right perspective, Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism. It discusses the key assumptions and views of each perspective. Functionalists see the family as fulfilling essential functions for society, such as socializing children and stabilizing adults. They argue it is universally important. The New Right emphasizes traditional gender roles and family self-reliance. Marxism views the family as reinforcing class inequality and capitalism. Feminism highlights the family's role in oppressing women. Postmodernism rejects defining the family structure and sees greater diversity today due to more choices and rapid change.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology. It discusses how sociology emerged in the 19th century due to industrialization, travel, and the success of the natural sciences. Auguste Comte is identified as the "Father of Sociology" and his key contributions are outlined, including positivism and the three stages of human progress. The document also summarizes the works and theories of other important early sociologists like Emile Durkheim and his concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity. It provides examples of Durkheim's four types of suicide. Finally, it discusses Ferdinand Tonnies' distinction between emotion-based Gemeinschaft relationships and goal-driven Gesellschaft relationships in modern society.
Social norms are the implicit or explicit rules and behaviors that are considered acceptable within a society or group. The major societal force that shapes individuals' norms and values is socialization through things like family, education, peer groups, and media/technology. Twenty standard social norms provided include things like avoiding burping in public, saying please, chewing with your mouth closed, offering help to others, wearing clothes in public, and celebrating cultural holidays.
The document discusses how the media portrays crime and can influence perceptions of crime. It notes that the media tends to overrepresent violent crimes and underrepresent more common property crimes. This creates a distorted view of crime among the public. The media also plays a role in moral panics by sensationalizing certain issues and groups, which can amplify fears about crime. Fictional crime representations also tend to exaggerate violence and follow stereotypical portrayals rather than reflect reality.
1. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behavior. It focuses on how social relationships influence people's attitudes and behaviors and how societies are established and change.
2. The document outlines the key founders and early theorists of sociology, including Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and their major works and perspectives.
3. It also discusses the development of sociology in North America and challenges faced by early women and minority sociologists in pursuing the field.
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL FORCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORYtowfique12345
This presentation discusses the social and intellectual forces that influenced the development of sociological theory. Some of the key social forces included the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, rise of feminism and urbanization. The French Revolution disrupted social order in France and thinkers like Comte sought new bases for social organization. The Industrial Revolution led to urbanization and the emergence of capitalism, prompting thinkers like Marx and Weber to address problems in societies. Intellectually, the Enlightenment period emphasized reason and empiricism over beliefs and rituals, influencing French theorists like Montesquieu and Rousseau. The presentation was given by Md. Towfique Hasan, a third year sociology student at Khulna University in Bangladesh.
Levels of Sociological Analysis|Social Structure|MacrosociologyQasim Mahmood Khalid
Levels of Sociological Analysis
The Macro sociological Perspective: Social Structure
The Micro sociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
The Need for Both Macrosociology and Microsociology
Social Construction of Reality
- Auguste Comte was one of the founders of sociology and positivism. He developed key sociological concepts like the hierarchy of sciences and positivism.
- Comte argued that intellectual thought evolved through three stages - theological, metaphysical, and positive/scientific. He believed sociology should study society scientifically and objectively like the natural sciences.
- He developed positivism, which holds that knowledge is only derived from natural phenomena and their properties and relations. For Comte, positivism represented the highest stage of intellectual development.
The document provides an overview of the three major sociological perspectives: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. It discusses the key concepts, assumptions, originators, levels of analysis, and criticisms of each perspective. It also provides an example of how each perspective could be applied to the sociology of sports to analyze the functions of sports, conflicts in sports, and social interactions in sports.
This document provides an overview of key topics in gender studies, including definitions of sex, gender, and sexual orientation. It discusses both biological and social constructionist perspectives on gender, as well as different feminist theories regarding gender inequality, including liberal, socialist/Marxist, and radical feminism. The core ideas of these feminist theories are outlined, such as their views on patriarchy, capitalism, and the role of the family in perpetuating women's subordination.
The document outlines several key education policies in the UK:
1) The 1944 Education Act established the tripartite system which divided students into grammar schools, secondary moderns, and technical schools based on 11+ exam results.
2) The 1988 Education Act introduced league tables, parental choice of schools, national curriculum standards, and regular school inspections.
3) The policy of New Vocationalism from the late 20th century emphasized work experience, vocational qualifications, and key skills to serve industry needs.
Private schools are not subject to these government education policies.
This document provides an overview of the origins and development of sociology from Europe to the United States. It discusses key figures such as Auguste Comte, who is considered the father of sociology, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Jane Addams, and W.E.B. DuBois. These founders developed theories on topics like positivism, social classes, conflict, and rationalization to better understand changes in industrialized societies. They also established scientific methodologies to validate sociological theories through empirical observation and data collection.
This document discusses Karl Marx and conflict theory. It provides an overview of Marx's life and ideas, including his view that society is defined by conflicts between social classes competing over scarce resources. It outlines some of Marx's key concepts, such as how the division of labor leads to economic classes and class struggle. The document also discusses early and modern approaches to conflict theory, how it explains social change and inequality, and provides an analysis of how Marx viewed religion in relation to social conflicts.
This document discusses the dynamics of change and its effects on society. It covers several key points:
1) Social change is a complex, multi-causal process that takes place in all societies over time through both qualitative and quantitative changes.
2) The effects of change on society can be seen demographically, biologically, culturally, and technologically. Demographic changes like population growth can have both positive and negative social impacts.
3) Biological factors like increases or decreases in animal/plant populations or changes in human fertility and mortality can influence social change. Cultural changes in beliefs, customs, and laws can also drive social change or cause conflict.
4) Technological developments like industrialization, transportation
The document discusses several theories on the origin and nature of society:
1) Thomas Hobbes viewed the state of nature as one of "universal strife" and civil society was created through mutual agreement for protection.
2) John Locke saw the state of nature as a "golden age" but property was insecure, so civil society was formed to protect property and preserve order.
3) Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that as populations grew and quarrels increased, civil society was necessitated through a social contract to restore individual rights and have a sovereign with legislative power.
Marxist theory views capitalism as the basis for women's oppression. Under capitalism, men comprise the bourgeoisie class that owns the means of production, while women make up the proletariat class that must sell their labor. New forms of production allowed men to gain wealth and power, leading to the establishment of monogamous marriage and the patriarchal family structure. Marxist feminism argues that capitalism is the primary cause of women's oppression and aims to reform or abolish capitalism. Radical feminist theory views patriarchy and male domination of social roles and institutions as the fundamental cause of women's oppression. Radical feminists seek to completely eliminate patriarchy by transforming society and traditional gender roles.
This document provides an overview of sociological theory, outlining its early origins with thinkers like Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber. It then discusses later developments with George Herbert Mead and Talcott Parsons, before examining present-day approaches including the continuation of functionalism, structuralism, symbolic interactionism, and Marxism. Key concepts from different theorists are summarized for each approach.
Sociology is defined as the scientific study of human society and social interactions. It was coined in 1839 by Auguste Comte and is derived from the Latin word for society and the Greek word for study. Sociology examines the social patterns and organization of human society. It can be divided into branches that study topics like social structures, social institutions, and social dynamics. There are two main schools of thought on the scope of sociology - the specialistic school views it as narrowly focused on forms of social relationships, while the synthetic school sees it as a broad, interdisciplinary study of all aspects of society and social life.
The document discusses several key topics related to education in the United States including: 1) Education has increased massively over time with more people receiving high school and college degrees, 2) Schools serve important social functions like socialization and cultural transmission according to structural functionalist theories, 3) Conflict theorists see education as reinforcing social inequalities through mechanisms like tracking and cultural capital, 4) Problems still exist such as unequal school funding, dropouts, segregation, and academic standards.
4th Lect. Introduction to Rural sociology 101Marina Hanna
Organizations are social structures created by individuals to achieve common goals. They have clear roles, rules, and boundaries separating them from the external environment. There are many types of organizations, including governmental, non-governmental, private, public, and those with special interests. Organizations can also be categorized based on how control is exerted over members, such as through coercion, money, or shared norms and values. Organizations are part of larger social institutions that satisfy fundamental societal needs. The major institutions are family, education, economy, health, politics, and religion. These institutions are found in all societies in some form.
Edward Westermark. “Marriage is a relation of one or more men to one or more women which is recognised by custom or law and involves certain rights and duties both in the case of the parties entering the union and in the case of the children born of it.
As B. Malinowski defines, “Marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children”.
According H.M. Johnson, “Marriage is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially permitted without loss of standing in community, to have children”.
Ira L. Reiss writes, “Marriage is a socially accepted union of individuals in husband and wife roles, with the key function of legitimating of parenthood”.
Sociology examines how social structure guides human interaction through statuses and roles. Statuses are social positions like student or teacher, while roles are the expected behaviors for a given status. There are ascribed statuses based on inherent traits and achieved statuses acquired through skills. A master status dominates one's identity. Roles can be reciprocal between positions and come with expectations, though individual performance may differ. Role conflict occurs when fulfilling one role hinders another, and role strain arises from inability to meet a single status's expectations.
Social Selling for B2B Salespeople: TwitterAlice Myerhoff
Lots of information designed for salespeople to use twitter to build up their pipelines, enhance client relationships and find new people to network with. These slides are from a #socialselling presentation I did for EMC's DPAD sales team.
Social norms are the implicit or explicit rules and behaviors that are considered acceptable within a society or group. The major societal force that shapes individuals' norms and values is socialization through things like family, education, peer groups, and media/technology. Twenty standard social norms provided include things like avoiding burping in public, saying please, chewing with your mouth closed, offering help to others, wearing clothes in public, and celebrating cultural holidays.
The document discusses how the media portrays crime and can influence perceptions of crime. It notes that the media tends to overrepresent violent crimes and underrepresent more common property crimes. This creates a distorted view of crime among the public. The media also plays a role in moral panics by sensationalizing certain issues and groups, which can amplify fears about crime. Fictional crime representations also tend to exaggerate violence and follow stereotypical portrayals rather than reflect reality.
1. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behavior. It focuses on how social relationships influence people's attitudes and behaviors and how societies are established and change.
2. The document outlines the key founders and early theorists of sociology, including Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and their major works and perspectives.
3. It also discusses the development of sociology in North America and challenges faced by early women and minority sociologists in pursuing the field.
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL FORCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORYtowfique12345
This presentation discusses the social and intellectual forces that influenced the development of sociological theory. Some of the key social forces included the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, rise of feminism and urbanization. The French Revolution disrupted social order in France and thinkers like Comte sought new bases for social organization. The Industrial Revolution led to urbanization and the emergence of capitalism, prompting thinkers like Marx and Weber to address problems in societies. Intellectually, the Enlightenment period emphasized reason and empiricism over beliefs and rituals, influencing French theorists like Montesquieu and Rousseau. The presentation was given by Md. Towfique Hasan, a third year sociology student at Khulna University in Bangladesh.
Levels of Sociological Analysis|Social Structure|MacrosociologyQasim Mahmood Khalid
Levels of Sociological Analysis
The Macro sociological Perspective: Social Structure
The Micro sociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
The Need for Both Macrosociology and Microsociology
Social Construction of Reality
- Auguste Comte was one of the founders of sociology and positivism. He developed key sociological concepts like the hierarchy of sciences and positivism.
- Comte argued that intellectual thought evolved through three stages - theological, metaphysical, and positive/scientific. He believed sociology should study society scientifically and objectively like the natural sciences.
- He developed positivism, which holds that knowledge is only derived from natural phenomena and their properties and relations. For Comte, positivism represented the highest stage of intellectual development.
The document provides an overview of the three major sociological perspectives: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. It discusses the key concepts, assumptions, originators, levels of analysis, and criticisms of each perspective. It also provides an example of how each perspective could be applied to the sociology of sports to analyze the functions of sports, conflicts in sports, and social interactions in sports.
This document provides an overview of key topics in gender studies, including definitions of sex, gender, and sexual orientation. It discusses both biological and social constructionist perspectives on gender, as well as different feminist theories regarding gender inequality, including liberal, socialist/Marxist, and radical feminism. The core ideas of these feminist theories are outlined, such as their views on patriarchy, capitalism, and the role of the family in perpetuating women's subordination.
The document outlines several key education policies in the UK:
1) The 1944 Education Act established the tripartite system which divided students into grammar schools, secondary moderns, and technical schools based on 11+ exam results.
2) The 1988 Education Act introduced league tables, parental choice of schools, national curriculum standards, and regular school inspections.
3) The policy of New Vocationalism from the late 20th century emphasized work experience, vocational qualifications, and key skills to serve industry needs.
Private schools are not subject to these government education policies.
This document provides an overview of the origins and development of sociology from Europe to the United States. It discusses key figures such as Auguste Comte, who is considered the father of sociology, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Jane Addams, and W.E.B. DuBois. These founders developed theories on topics like positivism, social classes, conflict, and rationalization to better understand changes in industrialized societies. They also established scientific methodologies to validate sociological theories through empirical observation and data collection.
This document discusses Karl Marx and conflict theory. It provides an overview of Marx's life and ideas, including his view that society is defined by conflicts between social classes competing over scarce resources. It outlines some of Marx's key concepts, such as how the division of labor leads to economic classes and class struggle. The document also discusses early and modern approaches to conflict theory, how it explains social change and inequality, and provides an analysis of how Marx viewed religion in relation to social conflicts.
This document discusses the dynamics of change and its effects on society. It covers several key points:
1) Social change is a complex, multi-causal process that takes place in all societies over time through both qualitative and quantitative changes.
2) The effects of change on society can be seen demographically, biologically, culturally, and technologically. Demographic changes like population growth can have both positive and negative social impacts.
3) Biological factors like increases or decreases in animal/plant populations or changes in human fertility and mortality can influence social change. Cultural changes in beliefs, customs, and laws can also drive social change or cause conflict.
4) Technological developments like industrialization, transportation
The document discusses several theories on the origin and nature of society:
1) Thomas Hobbes viewed the state of nature as one of "universal strife" and civil society was created through mutual agreement for protection.
2) John Locke saw the state of nature as a "golden age" but property was insecure, so civil society was formed to protect property and preserve order.
3) Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that as populations grew and quarrels increased, civil society was necessitated through a social contract to restore individual rights and have a sovereign with legislative power.
Marxist theory views capitalism as the basis for women's oppression. Under capitalism, men comprise the bourgeoisie class that owns the means of production, while women make up the proletariat class that must sell their labor. New forms of production allowed men to gain wealth and power, leading to the establishment of monogamous marriage and the patriarchal family structure. Marxist feminism argues that capitalism is the primary cause of women's oppression and aims to reform or abolish capitalism. Radical feminist theory views patriarchy and male domination of social roles and institutions as the fundamental cause of women's oppression. Radical feminists seek to completely eliminate patriarchy by transforming society and traditional gender roles.
This document provides an overview of sociological theory, outlining its early origins with thinkers like Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber. It then discusses later developments with George Herbert Mead and Talcott Parsons, before examining present-day approaches including the continuation of functionalism, structuralism, symbolic interactionism, and Marxism. Key concepts from different theorists are summarized for each approach.
Sociology is defined as the scientific study of human society and social interactions. It was coined in 1839 by Auguste Comte and is derived from the Latin word for society and the Greek word for study. Sociology examines the social patterns and organization of human society. It can be divided into branches that study topics like social structures, social institutions, and social dynamics. There are two main schools of thought on the scope of sociology - the specialistic school views it as narrowly focused on forms of social relationships, while the synthetic school sees it as a broad, interdisciplinary study of all aspects of society and social life.
The document discusses several key topics related to education in the United States including: 1) Education has increased massively over time with more people receiving high school and college degrees, 2) Schools serve important social functions like socialization and cultural transmission according to structural functionalist theories, 3) Conflict theorists see education as reinforcing social inequalities through mechanisms like tracking and cultural capital, 4) Problems still exist such as unequal school funding, dropouts, segregation, and academic standards.
4th Lect. Introduction to Rural sociology 101Marina Hanna
Organizations are social structures created by individuals to achieve common goals. They have clear roles, rules, and boundaries separating them from the external environment. There are many types of organizations, including governmental, non-governmental, private, public, and those with special interests. Organizations can also be categorized based on how control is exerted over members, such as through coercion, money, or shared norms and values. Organizations are part of larger social institutions that satisfy fundamental societal needs. The major institutions are family, education, economy, health, politics, and religion. These institutions are found in all societies in some form.
Edward Westermark. “Marriage is a relation of one or more men to one or more women which is recognised by custom or law and involves certain rights and duties both in the case of the parties entering the union and in the case of the children born of it.
As B. Malinowski defines, “Marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children”.
According H.M. Johnson, “Marriage is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially permitted without loss of standing in community, to have children”.
Ira L. Reiss writes, “Marriage is a socially accepted union of individuals in husband and wife roles, with the key function of legitimating of parenthood”.
Sociology examines how social structure guides human interaction through statuses and roles. Statuses are social positions like student or teacher, while roles are the expected behaviors for a given status. There are ascribed statuses based on inherent traits and achieved statuses acquired through skills. A master status dominates one's identity. Roles can be reciprocal between positions and come with expectations, though individual performance may differ. Role conflict occurs when fulfilling one role hinders another, and role strain arises from inability to meet a single status's expectations.
Social Selling for B2B Salespeople: TwitterAlice Myerhoff
Lots of information designed for salespeople to use twitter to build up their pipelines, enhance client relationships and find new people to network with. These slides are from a #socialselling presentation I did for EMC's DPAD sales team.
This document discusses different types of crimes and the criminal justice process. It defines a crime as an act that violates the law and carries a penalty. Crimes are classified in various ways, such as victimless crimes, crimes against persons or property, and white collar crimes. More serious crimes are felonies, while less serious crimes are misdemeanors. The document also outlines the criminal justice process from arrest through trial, including initial appearances, grand jury proceedings, plea bargaining, jury selection and the trial.
O documento descreve um projeto chamado "Ler é Legal" que incentiva a leitura e o uso da tecnologia entre os alunos. Os alunos escolhem um livro, o leem, e criam um blog para "vender" o livro e convencer outros a lê-lo, descrevendo os aspectos que gostaram na história. O documento fornece instruções sobre como criar e personalizar um blog no Blogspot.
This document provides information and guidance for parents on building resilience and strengthening families. It discusses the five protective factors that support strong families: parental resilience, social connections, knowledge of parenting/child development, concrete support in times of need, and children's social-emotional competence. For each factor, it offers questions to facilitate discussions among parents and provides tips and activities parents can do individually or in groups to build that factor for their family. The overall goal is to empower parents and spread awareness of how to create stable and supportive communities for children.
Group 3 defines discussion as the consideration of a subject by a group through earnest conversation that explores various perspectives on an issue to come to an informed decision. The purpose is to present information and opinions on more than one side of an issue. A discussion follows an opening statement, arguments or evidence from different points of view, and a concluding recommendation. Language features include the use of general nouns, relating verbs, thinking verbs, and additive, contrastive, and causal connectives.
This document provides information about explanation texts. It defines explanation texts as texts that explain processes relating to natural, social, scientific, and cultural phenomena by answering "why" and "how" questions. Explanation texts are commonly found in science, geography, and history textbooks. They typically include a general statement to introduce the phenomenon, a sequenced explanation of how or why it occurs through a series of steps, and a closing statement. The text also lists common language features of explanation texts such as the use of generic nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunctions of time and cause, and technical language. An example explanation of cancer is provided that defines cancer, explains how cancer cells form from mutations, and discusses
This document provides an overview of the equipment that will be used to produce a music video for the song "Really don't care". The equipment includes a handheld digital camera for filming various angles and shots, a tripod to keep the camera steady while filming, cameras for taking photos of locations and uploading work to a website, Apple Mac computers for easily editing and uploading video clips, the website WIX for presenting the finished music video and coursework, and Adobe Premiere Pro for editing the video clips and adding effects like slow motion.
This document outlines a performer's 8-week training plan to improve two priority areas identified from testing four weaknesses. It provides a timeline for testing, training, and reviewing progress over 8 weeks. Improvement targets will be set at baseline, reviewed at week 4, and assessed at completion. Justifications will explain how each target benefits both individual performance and their team.
Genetika mikroorganisme merupakan elemen dasar penyusun kehidupan mikroorganisme. Gen pada bakteri, virus, dan jamur secara umum tersusun atas DNA dan RNA, meskipun terdapat perbedaan tergantung jenisnya. Regulasi ekspresi gen pada prokaryotik dapat berupa pengendalian positif maupun negatif, yang dapat berupa sistem yang dapat diinduksi atau ditekan.
This document provides an overview of a website that offers various databases and research related to South African and African businesses. It includes databases on South African companies, their directors and management, BEE ratings, industry profiles for over 200 subsectors, and ownership information showing cross-holdings of over 160,000 companies within Africa. It also tracks mergers and acquisitions as well as black empowerment transactions. The website allows users to search and filter information to understand trends, corporate structures, and relationships between companies, industries, and individuals.
The three somatotypes are ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph. Ectomorphs are thin and fragile, mesomorphs are muscular and athletic, and endomorphs are round with more body fat. Ectomorphs are not best for sprinting due to their thin build, mesomorphs are well-suited for basketball with their athletic build, and while mesomorphs may be ideal for strength sports, an extreme mesomorph may lack endurance needed for long distance running.
The document discusses three main somatotypes - ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph - based on natural body type and metabolic characteristics.
The ectomorph is naturally thin with a fast metabolism and prefers endurance exercise. They are better able to tolerate high carb diets and want to gain muscle and size.
The mesomorph is naturally muscular and athletic, liking resistance training. They have good hormone levels and can moderately tolerate carbs, wanting to build muscle and stay lean.
The endomorph is naturally broad with a slow metabolism and insulin dominance, preferring strength training. They do not tolerate carbs well and want to lose body fat, especially in the abdominal region. There are also hybrid body types
The document discusses three main somatotypes - ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph - based on natural body type and metabolic characteristics.
The ectomorph is naturally thin with a fast metabolism and prefers endurance exercise. They are better able to tolerate high carb diets and want to gain muscle and size.
The mesomorph is naturally muscular and athletic, liking resistance training. They have good hormone levels and can moderately tolerate carbs, wanting to build muscle and stay lean.
The endomorph is naturally broad with a slow metabolism and insulin dominance, preferring strength training. They do not tolerate carbs well and want to lose body fat, especially in the abdominal region. There are also hybrid body types
This document discusses somatotypes, which are three categories used to identify body shapes: endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic. Endomorphs tend to carry more fat, mesomorphs have more muscle and bone mass, and ectomorphs are leaner and thinner. Most people have a combination of types. Certain sports attract certain somatotypes - for example, basketball players tend toward the tall, thin ectomorph/mesomorph category, while sumo wrestlers tend toward the heavier endomorph type. The document provides descriptions and examples to explain somatotyping and which types are suited to different sports.
Body composition refers to the percentage of total body weight that is comprised of fat tissue versus lean tissue like muscle. Maintaining an optimal level of body fat is important for health. Factors like heredity, metabolism, diet, physical activity, and maturation influence one's body fat levels. Having too little or too much body fat can negatively impact health and increase disease risks. Various methods are used to assess body fat percentages, like underwater weighing, skinfold measurements, and body mass index.
Sheldon developed a system for classifying human body types based on measurements of muscle, bone, and fat. The three main body types are ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph. Ectomorphs tend to be thin and lightly muscled with a focus on the brain and nervous system. Mesomorphs are hard and muscular with a focus on muscles and circulation. Endomorphs are soft-bodied with a focus on the digestive system. Sheldon rated individuals on a scale of 1 to 7 for each body type and classified them based on their highest scores. Certain physical, behavioral, and personality traits are generally associated with each body type.
This document provides an overview and review of topics covered in an AP Physics B test, including electrostatics, electric circuits, and magnetism. Key points covered are Coulomb's law, electric fields, Gauss' law, capacitance, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's rules, and how moving charges produce magnetic fields. The review is organized into sections on electrostatics, electric potential, dielectrics and capacitors, electric current, DC circuits, and magnetism. Diagrams are provided to illustrate concepts like electric field lines, parallel plate capacitors, and Kirchhoff's rules.
This document provides an overview and outline of topics to be covered in a review for the AP Physics B exam, including kinematics, Newton's laws of motion, and related concepts. Key topics are units and dimensions, scalars and vectors, particle kinematics, Newton's laws, gravity, friction, and problem solving strategies and equations of motion.
This document provides an overview and review of key topics for an AP Physics B test on momentum and energy, including:
1) Momentum concepts like impulse-momentum theorem and conservation of momentum as well as definitions of center of mass.
2) Energy concepts like work-energy theorem, conservation of energy, and characteristics of elastic and inelastic collisions.
3) Additional topics covered are rotational mechanics, simple harmonic motion, and power.
This document provides an overview of optics and light, including:
1) It defines key wave properties like wavelength and frequency, and describes longitudinal and transverse waves. 2) It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum and explains how different frequencies are classified. 3) It covers geometric optics concepts such as reflection, refraction, mirrors, lenses and image formation using ray diagrams. Sign conventions are also defined for analyzing optical systems.
1. The document provides an overview and review of topics covered on the AP Physics B exam related to modern physics, including the photoelectric effect, Bohr model of the atom, and nuclear physics.
2. It describes Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect involving photons and how it resolved issues not explained by classical wave theory.
3. It also explains the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, including Bohr's assumptions and how it leads to quantized electron orbits that can explain atomic emission spectra.
This document provides guidance on warming up and stretching for figure skaters. It defines warm-ups as activities to raise body temperature before exercise, while stretching increases muscle extensibility. The purposes of warm-ups are to improve performance and decrease injuries by increasing blood flow and muscle temperature. Stretching aims to improve flexibility long-term and extensibility prior to exercise. The document recommends a dynamic warm-up for skaters including raising temperature, dynamic stretches, and balance/speed/power drills. Skaters should also implement a stretching routine after practice focusing on tight muscle groups like calves and hips to maintain flexibility.
This document discusses three types of stretching: static stretching, which slowly lengthens muscles; dynamic stretching, which mimics sports movements through full range of motion; and PNF stretching, which combines stretching with alternating muscle contraction and relaxation. It recommends stretching before and after exercise to warm up and cool down muscles, targeting those used in the activity, and notes stretching can relieve post-exercise muscle soreness.
This document provides instructions for 20 stretches targeting the back, shoulders, and arms. The stretches include forward bends, forearm and wrist stretches, reaching the arms overhead, stretches isolating the shoulders and upper back, stretches for the triceps and shoulders, stretches for the armpits and shoulders, and stretches that involve interlacing fingers or reaching behind the back. Each stretch lists instructions for proper form and breathing and recommends a duration to hold the stretch.
Nutrition deals with providing the right nutrients in the right amounts in an animal's diet. There are six classes of nutrients: water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Carbohydrates and fats provide energy, with fats containing over twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates. The main carbohydrates are sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and starches (polysaccharides like amylose and amylopectin). Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids connected to form triglycerides, the main form of fat in animal diets. Essential fatty acids must be obtained from feed as animals cannot synthesize them.
The document provides information on nutrition and making healthy food choices according to the USDA's MyPyramid guidelines. It discusses the six main food groups and recommends eating a variety of foods from each group. Specifically, it suggests making half of grain products whole grains, eating more dark green and orange vegetables, focusing on fruits, choosing low-fat dairy, eating lean proteins and varying protein sources, and limiting solid fats. It also provides information on physical activity and its health benefits.
This document discusses nutrition, including types of nutrition, autotrophic nutrition, heterotrophic nutrition, balanced diets, vitamins, minerals, and their roles and deficiency symptoms. It defines nutrition as the process by which organisms obtain energy and nutrients from food. There are two main types - autotrophic nutrition where organisms synthesize their own food, and heterotrophic nutrition where organisms obtain nutrients from other sources. A balanced diet provides all necessary nutrients, minerals, vitamins in correct proportions to meet the body's energy, growth, and metabolic needs. Deficiencies can cause diseases, so a variety of foods are important for health.
The document summarizes key discoveries and experiments in the history of understanding photosynthesis. It describes Jan Van Helmont's early experiment in the 1640s that showed plant mass comes from water, not soil. Later experiments by Priestley, Ingenhousz, Senebier, and others identified carbon dioxide as the source of plant mass and showed plants release oxygen during photosynthesis. The structure and functions of plant leaves and their adaptations are also outlined, followed by descriptions of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis and factors like light, carbon dioxide, and temperature that affect the rate.
Groups are made up of 2 or more people who interact to accomplish a goal. Groups can range from impersonal aggregates of people who lack organization, to very personal primary groups with intimate, long-term relationships. The way groups work depends on factors like the amount of time spent together, level of organization, and size of the group. Groups are also influenced by social categories people are classified into based on shared traits, as well as in-groups and out-groups people identify or do not identify with.
The document outlines 5 types of social interaction: exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation. Exchange involves individuals or groups interacting to receive a reward for their actions based on principles of reciprocity. Competition involves two or more opposing groups trying to achieve a single goal through accepted rules, while conflict deliberately tries to control or harm others with few rules. Cooperation has groups working together for mutual benefit. Accommodation balances cooperation and conflict through compromise, mediation, truce, or arbitration between opposing parties.
2. 2
What Is a Family?
• A social unit of some number of people
who are linked intimately
– Related in some way
– Usually living together
– Engaging in sex
– Having responsibility for rearing children
– Functioning as an economic unit
3. Copyright 2009 The McGraw Hill
Compamies
3
What is a Family
• Definition of the family: shared genetic
heritage, and law, meaning social
recognition and affirmation of the bond
– Boundaries are clear
– Enables tracking of who is related to whom
over time
4. 4
Types of Families
• Nuclear Family: a social unit composed of a husband, a
wife, and their children
– Family of orientation: family to which one was born
– Family of procreation: a person, spouse, and their children
– Blended family: spouses and their children from former
marriages live as a single nuclear family
– Binuclear family: divorced parents form separate households;
children divide their time with each
• Extended Family
– Composed of two or more generations of kin that functions as
an independent social and economic unit
5. 5
Kinship
• A network of people who are related by
marriage, blood, or social practice or the
state of being related to others culturally
learned, not necessarily determined by
biological ties
– Kinship is a means by which societies can
socialize children and transmit culture from
one generation to the next
– Kinship creates complex social bonds
6. 6
Marriage
• Two individuals involved in a socially
approved relationship
– Intimate, mutual long-term obligations
– Fulfilled customary ceremonial or legal
requirements
– Limits on who can marry
– A legal tie, determined by state
– Who can perform a marriage
7. 7
Types of Marriage
• Monogamy: form of marriage in which one woman and
one man are married only to each other
• Serial monogamy: when a person has several spouses
in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time
• Polygamy: when an individual has several husbands or
wives simultaneously
• Polygyny: marriage of a man to more than one wife at a
time
• Polyandry: marriage of a woman to more than one
husband at the same time
8. 8
Courtship and Mate Selection
• Internet is new meeting place
• More people marrying later
• Endogamy: restriction of mate selection
to people within the same group
• Exogamy: requires mate selection outside
certain groups, usually one’s own family or
certain kin
• What is the difference between dating and
courting?
9. 9
Ten Questions Couples Should Ask (or Wish
They Had) Before Marrying
Source: New York Times 2006.
10. 10
Courtship
• The relationship between two people who are
preparing for marriage to each other
– Endogamy: people marry within their own group
– Exogamy: people marry outside of their own group
– Propinquity: people meet only when they are not
apart
– Ethnicity and race: people tend to marry within their
own groups
– Values: endogamy is reinforced by cultural values
11. 11
Courtship and Mate Selection
• What are criteria for a potential mate?
• Incest taboo: social norm common to virtually
all societies prohibiting sexual relationships
between certain culturally specified relatives
• Homogamy: conscious or unconscious
tendency to select mate with personal
characteristics similar to one’s own
12. 12
Romantic Love
• Romantic loveAn important incentive to marry
– Love provides a source of support
– Strong commitment to each other
An emotional identification between two individuals
– Intense
– Convinced they cannot live without each other
• Not considered important for marriage until 20th
century
• Other Basis for marriage?
– Arranged Marriages ?
• Economic Basis
• Political basis
– Other ??
13. 13
Functions of the Family
• What families do for society and for their
members
1. Reproduction
2. Socialization
3. Protection
4. Regulation of sexual behavior
5. Affection and companionship
6. Provision of social status
14. 14
Authority Patterns:
Who Rules?
• Patriarchy: society in which men
dominate in family decision making
• Matriarchy: society in which women
dominate in family decision making
• Egalitarian family: authority pattern in
which spouses are regarded as equals
15. 15
Authority Patterns:
Who Rules?
• Historically, family has legitimized and
perpetuated male dominance
• Social class of parents significantly
influences children’s socialization
– Socioeconomic status of a child’s family will
have marked influence on his or her life
chances as an adult
16. 16
Marriage and Family
• Over 95 percent of U.S. men and women
will marry at least once
• Our social positions shape our choices
when picking partners
17. 17
Percentage of People Ages 20–24
Ever Married, Selected Countries
Source: United Nations Population Division 2005.
18. 18
Dimensions of Marriage
and Family
• Residence
– Norms related to where married couples should
reside
• Matrilocal arrangement: kin lives with wife’s mother
• Patrilocal arrangement: kin lives with husband’s mother
• Neolocal arrangement: kin set up independent household
• Bilocal arrangement: each spouse maintains a separate
residence
19. 19
Dimensions of Marriage and Family
• Descent
– The system by which
kinship is traced over
generations
• Patrilineal: kinship is
traced through male
• Matrilineal: kinship is
traced through female
• Bilineal: kinship is
traced through both
sides of the family
• Power
– The system by which
power is assigned
• Patriarchy: male has
most power
• Matriarchy: female has
most power
– Matricentric: females
have some power
20. 20
Alternative Family Forms
• Serial monogamy
– More than one spouse but not at same time
• Single parent
– Mostly result of divorce
• Gay and lesbian
– Legal issues debated
• Cohabitation
– A household without marriage
• Independent living
– Men or women who live alone
21. 21
Marital Dissolution
• Divorce
– Dissolution of legal ties that bind a marriage
– Legal separation
• Couples agree to take up separate residences
• Informal separation: one spouse temporarily moves out
– Desertion
• One spouse leaves the other for a prolonged period of time
22. 22
Explaining Marital Dissolution
• Society
– Nuclear family is subject to many stresses but
has limited resources
– Lower social classes more vulnerable
• Falling out of love
– Passion yields to reality
• Women’s changing roles
– Less economic dependency
23. 23
Domestic Violence
• Amount
– 1/5 of women abused
• Class differences
– Type of violence and reporting patterns
• Stay or leave?
– Retribution and psychological dependence
• Options
– Shelters and legal system
• Global patterns
– National tolerance level
– Stress from rapid social change
24. 24
Functionalism and the Family
The Family Satisfies Common Social Functions
• Socialization
– Family is responsible for primary care and early learning
• Birth; regulates sexual activity
– Choosing mates and perpetuating population
• Economic
– Assigning assets
– Important economic production and consumption unit
• Support and comfort
– Help with problems
• Social placement
– Children inherit status and class of parents
25. 25
Family: Conflict Perspective
• Power relationships
– Men control wealth
– Norms require women to do most domestic
chores
• Perpetuation of social inequality
– Family is a model of patriarchy that dominates
society
26. 26
Family: Symbolic Interactionism
• People construct their own families
– No two families are alike
• Family is source of major roles and identity
– As new roles are learned
– New concepts of reality are created