Dr. Salwa Marwad

1. Organizations
Organization:
 An organization is a social arrangement to achieve collective
goals, which controls its own performance, and which has a
boundary separating it from its environment.
 An organization is a deliberately constructed collectivity aimed at
achieving specified goals with clear statuses, roles, and rules.
 An organization Is a set of interacting members who perform
certain tasks to achieve common goals according to assigned
roles.
 An organization is a channel for purposeful action- it can influence
social decisions, effect and stimulate social changes
There are many different types of organizations:
 Governmental organization (GO) / Non governmental NGO.
 private / public
 The organizations may focus on one interest / have special
interests.

2. Organizations
Organization also divided on the basis of how
control is exerted over people :
1- Coercive organization: Uses force to control those in
the bottom of the structure.
( prisons).
2- Utilitarian Organization: that uses money to control
the people. People work in the organization primarily for the
wages they receive. (Factories, business).
3- Normative Or voluntary organization: People
participates are controlled by the norms and values of the
organization.

3. Institution
 Organization of any type are parts of larger social units
called institutions.
 An institution is an abstraction referring to the
aspects of culture that satisfy the fundamental needs of
a society.
 It is a set of groups and organizations with norms, and
values that center around the most basic needs of a
society.
 Most institutions are cultural universal and found in
every culture in some forms.
 They vary from time to time and across cultures, in
terms of complexity, specialization, scope, formality.
But their basic nature and purpose are similar
everywhere.

4. Institution
 Social institutions are resistant to change;
they tend to persist. However, once a change
occurs in particular social institution, it
tends to affect the other institutions as well.
 The major institutions are The family,
Education, The Economy, Health, the Policy,
and Religious institutions.
 All of these institutions are found in one form or
another in any society to carry out necessary
societal tasks.

5. Institution & Organization
 It is important to distinguish between the terms institution
and organization:
 While institutions can be described as long-standing
rules and rights governing social and productive
behavior,
 organizations are the "players" and structures, or
group of individuals bound together by some common
purpose to achieve objectives.
 Institution thus form the "Framework" upon which
organization are based.

6. Organizational analysis model
Any organization could be analyzed through three main
components and nine related elements which are:
A-Structural component:
which has four elements;
(1)Roles: patterns of expected behavior from each member by the other members
of the organization in specific situation.
 In all societies males and females have socially recognized positions with
certain expectations about one will or will not do.
 Gender is always a status that carries with it some expected behavior. Roles are
always connected with gender.
Role Making: People do not simply conform to role expectation, they also actively
modify their roles. This ability of individuals to modify their own roles has been
called Role -Making
Role conflict: When an individual who has two or more role to play , each role
demands specific expectations.

7. Organizational analysis model
A-Structural component:
(2) Status : is a socially recognized position in a social
system.
Status: Esteem and respect given to specific role holder.
 It depends on the one’s share in the society wealth.
 At any organization there must be a hierarchy of status & roles,
Due to the importance of the role that person plays he is
assigned a share of the society wealth.
 each role is connected with a status, when you achieve your
roles perfectly so you are promoted to take a higher role and
status.
 Higher status promotes one to meet one’s need, makes more
self esteem and more respect.

8. Status can be of two types:
1- An Ascribed Status is one which individuals
move or are placed, irrespective of their efforts
or capacities.
2- An Achieved status is one that people
acquire through their own efforts.
 In general, the people who fill a status
understand the expectations and follow the
behavior expected to them.

9. Organizational analysis model
A-Structural component:
(3)Authority: “The capacity to control the other
behavior ”
– Is a very restricted type of power as it comes
from the status or the position.
– There is another type of power that is driven
from the personal characters or traits and this
type can’t be easily lost or gone.

10. Organizational analysis model
A-Structural component:
Authority is based on the concept of legitimation. We
can say that Authority is a legitimate power, that is,
power based on values and norms.
(4) Rights: Capacity to ban or restrict those who are
trying to change your behavior.”
Shape the limit of others behavior to influence you.
(If you work extra time: you have rights to get extra
money (The holder authority can’t ban this)

11. B-Functional ( value orientation )
component: with two elements;
(1)Objectives: “A desired change and/or maintenance
of status quo.”
Every seek to change the status quo. (Maintained
aspects “ Religion” ).
 Objectives are the things or targets that have to be
meet through the work.
 Objectives are so related to the roles.
 Objectives are dynamic, some organization have
temporary objectives while others have permanent
ones. Some organizations not seeking change in
status but only to maintain their social ties.

12. B-Functional ( value orientation )
component:
(2)Behavior rules: are the patterns of actions that you
as member have to follow and never violate.
 “ Many forms of rules ” Highest is the
mores(Respected from all members of society &
transmitted by socialization process from generation
to another “ not formal ” ), traditions, habits and fads.
 Tradition: “ Social pattern of behavior adopted by
individuals in certain situation(you will be sanctioned)
But habits: “individual patterns of behavior ( if you
don’t do it you will not be sanctioned )

13. C-Identification component:
with three elements;
(1)Territory(location);
“Is a sign of activities under taken & achieved in the
organization”. Ex: faculty ( offices, labs, farms. )
 Where the organization is settled.
(2)Time; “Time frame is a dimension taken into
consideration when describing this organization”
 Time is the working hours of the organization
according to its nature; where the working hours of
a school differ from those of a hospital or factory.

14. C-Identification component:
(3)Facilities: “Visible materials, techniques or
technology that is adopted by a specific
organization.”
 Facilities are closely and logically related to
Objectives.
 You can identify the type of organization from
the external features as the design of school
including classes while that of a factory includes
offices.

15. Major Types and Functions of
Social Institutions
 There are many principles around which institution are organized
The five important social institutions are:
 1. Economic institutions: those that deal with economic and property
relations;
 2. Policy and law: Those that are concerned with social control with
politics and law government, the police, court, etc
 3. Religious institutions: Those concerned with the supernatural magic
and religion;
 4. Family: those based on principles of kinship meaning, social relations
created by descent and marriage; and
 5. Educational institutions: those that deal with the need for training
individuals in the roles, values, skills, knowledge, attitudes etc. which
are associated with being a citizen and a worker.

16. Family institution
The family is the most important social unit in any society. It is the
building block of any society.
The family consists of a group of a number of people with different status
wives and husbands, mothers and fathers, and children.
 The family structure, and the status and roles of different family
members can vary greatly from one society to anther.
 The functions of the family:
The functions of the family varied, some are found most widely and
others are found less.
1. Reproduction, or replacement. Society reproduces or recreates itself through the
family. Children are born in the family to join the society.
2. Care and Nurturance of Children.
3. Socialization.
4. Meeting Economic Needs.
5. Intergenerational and kin support.
6. Regulation of sexual Behavior.
7. Social placement.

17. Basic Family Types
(1) Nuclear Family:
The family unit is made up of a husband, wife and dependent
children living in the same house.
 is a dominant form of family organization in modern, industrialized
and urban.
Types of nuclear Family: Most people are members of two
different nuclear families during their lifetimes:
 Family of orientation:
The nuclear family into which one is born
 Family of Procreation:
The nuclear family that one creates by marrying and having
children.

18. Basic Family Types
(2) Extended Family
 When a family unit is made up of three or more generations
living in the same household or very close together it is an
extended family.
 It includes first- generation parents, their married sons or
daughters, their spouses, their children, and other relatives.
 It has a high degree of economic cooperation across all
generation and primary loyalty is usually given to oldest
generation.

19. Basic Family Types
(3) Compound Family
 The compound family consists of more than one nuclear
family (Two or three or four) join together by one member or
conjunction.
 The compound family sometimes live together in the same
house.
 They sometimes share their economic and social situation.
Example :
 Man who married more than one wife and has children from
each.

20. Educational Institutions
Education is the process by which a culture
is formally transmitted to learners. As such
education is similar to socialization.
Education refers to any type of culture-
learning , but its use is generally restricted to
formal training that takes place in a
classroom under the guidance of trained
teachers.

21. Educational Institutions
 This social institution is responsible for providing training
or the members of society. It serves as center of knowledge
production, exchange, and distribution.
 Educational institutions also play the role of preparing
members of society for the statuses and roles that associate
with being good citizens and workers, holding various
occupations.
 Educational institution responsible for creation and
transmission culture from generation to another
generation.

22. Main functions of Educational
institution
1) Transmission of knowledge:
It is more than a set of facts that is learned,
there is also the formation of basic beliefs and
values which determine to a large part the
character of the society's culture.
2) Custody of the young:
School represent a place where young people
are provided shelter and where they are under
adult supervision.

23. There are two types of schools in rural
areas
1-Formal types:
The schools have a formal function such as
Elementary, preparatory and secondary
schools.
2- Informal types;
Kotab, Illiteracy classes are examples of such
types.

24. Health Institutions
Rural Health Services:
 Two types of health services provided in the rural
areas,
 Curative and preventive medical services.
 Almost all the services which provided by the
ministry of health in villages is preventive services
such as immunizations,
 While the curative services are provided by the
private sector.
 Village health organizations include: Heath unit, and
health mobile units.
 Hospitals, Heath center are found in the centers.

25. Economic Institutions
 Every society needs to make effective use of
the scarce resources. Goods and services
have to be produced to meet the basic needs
such as food, clothing, shelter, etc.
 Economic institutions are responsible for
organizing the production, exchange,
distribution and consumption of goods and
services.

26. Economic Institutions
Farm organizations:
Two types of farm organization are found in Egyptian
rural areas:
1- The agriculture cooperative:
 The principle function of the Ag Cop now is to sell the
agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, chemicals,
and machinery.
2- The village Bank:
 It was established to lend farmers what they need for
their farm production in money and on kind.

27. Political Institution
These social institutions are responsible for
protecting the society from internal
disorder, crime and chaos; as well as from
external threats and invasion.
They are responsible for maintaining peace
and order at micro and macro levels;
enforcing social control; and maintaining
the welfare and well-being of society.

28. Religious Institutions
Religion is a cultural universal, all cultures have some kind of
religion.
Religion represents a higher value in the Egyptian society
especially in rural areas.
This asocial institution is responsible for meeting (providing)
spiritual needs of the members of the society. There are puzzling
questions about the meaning of the human life, human destiny, the
universe, and other questions.
 Religion and related institutions provide explanations for these
puzzling of life and provides meaning and purpose for life. These
institutions also help members of society conform to social values
and norms, and play their expected social roles appropriately. They
also provide a sense of social solidarity among members of society.

29. Religious Institutions
The importance of religious institutions
in Egyptian rural areas
1- Relief of fear and anxiety
 When we are uncertain about the outcome of a
particular event, we look to religion for an explanation.
Religion serves a need which helps people to
distinguish between right and wrong and which provide
answers to some of life's ultimate problems.
2- Self- administration and moral identity
 Religion and belief in a life hereafter provide meaning
for life and help people develop explanations and
justifications for individual life situations.

30. Religious Institutions
3- Explaining the unknown
Religion provides an answer for unknowns
( what cannot be explained by science), and
through these answers provides a rational
and a justification for life.
4- Agency of social control
Religion serves as a mechanism of social
control, as means of enforcing norms and
good ethics.

31. Religious Institutions
5- Other functions of the religious
organizations.
Religious organizations (mosques, church)
provide specific services to the community. It
teach religious doctrine, encourage its
members to follow this doctrine, provide
physical structure for religious activities, carries
on welfare, and recreational activities, provide
counseling services to its members and
influences the larger society in religious and
moral beliefs.