Class struggle By Karl Marx ppt
presentation on Karl marx theory class struggle.
definition, stages, types. and criticism.
classical sociological theory
Rousseau’s IdeasNikita WarrenSouthern New Hampshire UniversiMalikPinckney86
Rousseau’s Ideas
Nikita Warren
Southern New Hampshire University
March 26 2020
Rousseau’s Ideas
The necessity of freedom
Freedom is a problem of political philosophy
Freedom is needed for two reasons:
“Natural man is physically free because he is not constrained by a repressive state apparatus or dominated by his fellow men” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
“Natural man is psychologically and spiritually free because he is not enslaved to any of the artificial needs that characterize modern society” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
Modern society is different form the previous uncorrupted society where man lived favorably with the state of nature despite having the freedom and liberty to do what they wished
Rousseau was concerned with the nature of freedom. in his general argument, man was previously living in harmony with the nature because he had not become a slave to his own needs. As the needs of man evolved so did his means of interaction with nature and in this case, man used his freedom to do himself good and do good to others. However, the modern society is made up of men who have become slaves to their own needs. Man is therefore responsible for the present problems of exploitation, domination, self esteem issues and depression.
2
Rousseau’s Ideas
The social contract
Good government must prioritize the freedom of its citizens because it is the most fundamental objective
Government must affirm the freedom of its citizens with specific restrictions inherent to certain complex, modern and civil society
Provided law and property exist, man can never be absolutely free
With deployment of certain principles, governments can be able to accord its citizens some form of freedom that almost resembles the kind freedom that man enjoys in the state of nature
Rousseau invoked the concept of social contract. According to him, government must act in accordance with the freedom needs of the society. Apparently, while this sounds so appealing, it is impractical. This is the reason why the naturally inherent sense of freedom of man has to be regulated by use of laws. The argument that man is not born free but is made free by use of created institutions that seek to protect the rights of man is quite true. Rousseau admits from this fact that the government must make use of institutions to restrict human freedom by use of laws that are largely non-democratic forms of governance as not all people find them good.
3
Email and social media surveillance and freedom
Emails and social media have resulted from cooperation and division of labor developments in modern society,
Modernization makes the needs of men multiply and include many nonessential things, such as friends, entertainment, and luxury goods
While they are initially pleasurable and good, men eventually become slaves of this luxurious needs and they continue to pursue it
Unnaturalness causes moral inequalities
Surveillance reflects the governments intrusion into the ...
Class struggle By Karl Marx ppt
presentation on Karl marx theory class struggle.
definition, stages, types. and criticism.
classical sociological theory
Rousseau’s IdeasNikita WarrenSouthern New Hampshire UniversiMalikPinckney86
Rousseau’s Ideas
Nikita Warren
Southern New Hampshire University
March 26 2020
Rousseau’s Ideas
The necessity of freedom
Freedom is a problem of political philosophy
Freedom is needed for two reasons:
“Natural man is physically free because he is not constrained by a repressive state apparatus or dominated by his fellow men” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
“Natural man is psychologically and spiritually free because he is not enslaved to any of the artificial needs that characterize modern society” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
Modern society is different form the previous uncorrupted society where man lived favorably with the state of nature despite having the freedom and liberty to do what they wished
Rousseau was concerned with the nature of freedom. in his general argument, man was previously living in harmony with the nature because he had not become a slave to his own needs. As the needs of man evolved so did his means of interaction with nature and in this case, man used his freedom to do himself good and do good to others. However, the modern society is made up of men who have become slaves to their own needs. Man is therefore responsible for the present problems of exploitation, domination, self esteem issues and depression.
2
Rousseau’s Ideas
The social contract
Good government must prioritize the freedom of its citizens because it is the most fundamental objective
Government must affirm the freedom of its citizens with specific restrictions inherent to certain complex, modern and civil society
Provided law and property exist, man can never be absolutely free
With deployment of certain principles, governments can be able to accord its citizens some form of freedom that almost resembles the kind freedom that man enjoys in the state of nature
Rousseau invoked the concept of social contract. According to him, government must act in accordance with the freedom needs of the society. Apparently, while this sounds so appealing, it is impractical. This is the reason why the naturally inherent sense of freedom of man has to be regulated by use of laws. The argument that man is not born free but is made free by use of created institutions that seek to protect the rights of man is quite true. Rousseau admits from this fact that the government must make use of institutions to restrict human freedom by use of laws that are largely non-democratic forms of governance as not all people find them good.
3
Email and social media surveillance and freedom
Emails and social media have resulted from cooperation and division of labor developments in modern society,
Modernization makes the needs of men multiply and include many nonessential things, such as friends, entertainment, and luxury goods
While they are initially pleasurable and good, men eventually become slaves of this luxurious needs and they continue to pursue it
Unnaturalness causes moral inequalities
Surveillance reflects the governments intrusion into the ...
6Politics and Social ContractsPolitics and Social ContractsF.docxevonnehoggarth79783
6
Politics and Social Contracts
Politics and Social Contracts
Flora Gorham
Phil 1001
Walden University
Politics and Social Contracts 1
Abstract
We read and study about American History, The Declaration of Independents, The Constitution of The United States of America, but have you ever been curious where the writers of these documents discovered the ideas and principles that set the standards for such documents. The truth is many philosophers are responsible for the basic frame work of the most celebrated, studied, and referenced documents our government has ever produced. I am going to discuss three of the philosophers in the following paper. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau, their beliefs in social contracts and human nature have served as framework for many areas in our American History.
Politics and Social Contracts.
Understanding morality, human nature, and social contracts will help you understand the framework for many of today’s political decisions as they have built upon each other throughout history. First let’s look at our roles as citizens according to Hobbes, Loucke and Rousseau.
Hobbes believed that humans were unconstrained by laws or social agreements were living in a state of nature, selfish, destructive, and unprincipled. Without social contracts human lives would be nasty and very unpleasant. Loucke was a bit more optimistic regarding human nature, that humans being rational creatures were governed by natural laws and entitled to certain inalienable rights, known as life, liberty, health and property. That humans will come together to ensure their natural rights. Rousseau was more focused on human compassion, all humans are naturally compassionate. Look at these beliefs, and then think about society today, do you know someone that truly represents each one of these beliefs regarding human nature? Possibly even look back though your own life and the stages of growth you have experienced, I know at various times in my life I could have very fittingly been described by each of these descriptions of human nature.
Social contracts are believed to be essential, in order for humans to thrive and prosper by all of the philosophers, yet each of them had a slightly different view of how the social contracts affected society. Hobbes believed that social contracts were necessary to allow humans to coexist successfully in society. That humans would recognize the need and enter into the social contract willfully in order to enhance our own lives. Social contracts were necessary in order to establish justice and laws. Loucke believed that humans would find it to our advantage to come together, form a political state to maintain and ensure our natural rights. Throughout the years our natural rights are more commonly referred to as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Rousseau focused on human compassion to include empathy and sympathy for fellow members of our society. Our human co.
Very helpful for UG/PG students about J J Rousseau
Life History; An overview of Work; Views on Human Nature; Views on State of Nature; Views on Social Contract; Views on General Will; Characteristics of General Will; Popular Sovereignty
Rousseau’s IdeasNikita WarrenSouthern New Hampshire Universi.docxhealdkathaleen
Rousseau’s Ideas
Nikita Warren
Southern New Hampshire University
March 26 2020
Rousseau’s Ideas
The necessity of freedom
Freedom is a problem of political philosophy
Freedom is needed for two reasons:
“Natural man is physically free because he is not constrained by a repressive state apparatus or dominated by his fellow men” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
“Natural man is psychologically and spiritually free because he is not enslaved to any of the artificial needs that characterize modern society” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
Modern society is different form the previous uncorrupted society where man lived favorably with the state of nature despite having the freedom and liberty to do what they wished
Rousseau was concerned with the nature of freedom. in his general argument, man was previously living in harmony with the nature because he had not become a slave to his own needs. As the needs of man evolved so did his means of interaction with nature and in this case, man used his freedom to do himself good and do good to others. However, the modern society is made up of men who have become slaves to their own needs. Man is therefore responsible for the present problems of exploitation, domination, self esteem issues and depression.
2
Rousseau’s Ideas
The social contract
Good government must prioritize the freedom of its citizens because it is the most fundamental objective
Government must affirm the freedom of its citizens with specific restrictions inherent to certain complex, modern and civil society
Provided law and property exist, man can never be absolutely free
With deployment of certain principles, governments can be able to accord its citizens some form of freedom that almost resembles the kind freedom that man enjoys in the state of nature
Rousseau invoked the concept of social contract. According to him, government must act in accordance with the freedom needs of the society. Apparently, while this sounds so appealing, it is impractical. This is the reason why the naturally inherent sense of freedom of man has to be regulated by use of laws. The argument that man is not born free but is made free by use of created institutions that seek to protect the rights of man is quite true. Rousseau admits from this fact that the government must make use of institutions to restrict human freedom by use of laws that are largely non-democratic forms of governance as not all people find them good.
3
Email and social media surveillance and freedom
Emails and social media have resulted from cooperation and division of labor developments in modern society,
Modernization makes the needs of men multiply and include many nonessential things, such as friends, entertainment, and luxury goods
While they are initially pleasurable and good, men eventually become slaves of this luxurious needs and they continue to pursue it
Unnaturalness causes moral inequalities
Surveillance reflects the governments intrusion into the ...
Rousseau’s IdeasNikita WarrenSouthern New Hampshire Universi.docxdaniely50
Rousseau’s Ideas
Nikita Warren
Southern New Hampshire University
March 26 2020
Rousseau’s Ideas
The necessity of freedom
Freedom is a problem of political philosophy
Freedom is needed for two reasons:
“Natural man is physically free because he is not constrained by a repressive state apparatus or dominated by his fellow men” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
“Natural man is psychologically and spiritually free because he is not enslaved to any of the artificial needs that characterize modern society” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
Modern society is different form the previous uncorrupted society where man lived favorably with the state of nature despite having the freedom and liberty to do what they wished
Rousseau was concerned with the nature of freedom. in his general argument, man was previously living in harmony with the nature because he had not become a slave to his own needs. As the needs of man evolved so did his means of interaction with nature and in this case, man used his freedom to do himself good and do good to others. However, the modern society is made up of men who have become slaves to their own needs. Man is therefore responsible for the present problems of exploitation, domination, self esteem issues and depression.
2
Rousseau’s Ideas
The social contract
Good government must prioritize the freedom of its citizens because it is the most fundamental objective
Government must affirm the freedom of its citizens with specific restrictions inherent to certain complex, modern and civil society
Provided law and property exist, man can never be absolutely free
With deployment of certain principles, governments can be able to accord its citizens some form of freedom that almost resembles the kind freedom that man enjoys in the state of nature
Rousseau invoked the concept of social contract. According to him, government must act in accordance with the freedom needs of the society. Apparently, while this sounds so appealing, it is impractical. This is the reason why the naturally inherent sense of freedom of man has to be regulated by use of laws. The argument that man is not born free but is made free by use of created institutions that seek to protect the rights of man is quite true. Rousseau admits from this fact that the government must make use of institutions to restrict human freedom by use of laws that are largely non-democratic forms of governance as not all people find them good.
3
Email and social media surveillance and freedom
Emails and social media have resulted from cooperation and division of labor developments in modern society,
Modernization makes the needs of men multiply and include many nonessential things, such as friends, entertainment, and luxury goods
While they are initially pleasurable and good, men eventually become slaves of this luxurious needs and they continue to pursue it
Unnaturalness causes moral inequalities
Surveillance reflects the governments intrusion into the .
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
2 Peter 3: Because some scriptures are hard to understand and some will force them to say things God never intended, Peter warns us to take care.
https://youtu.be/nV4kGHFsEHw
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
Discover various methods for clearing negative entities from your space and spirit, including energy clearing techniques, spiritual rituals, and professional assistance. Gain practical knowledge on how to implement these techniques to restore peace and harmony. For more information visit here: https://www.reikihealingdistance.com/negative-entity-removal/
2. Introduction
Social Contract Theory
Organismic theory of society
Interrelationship between individual and
society
4/16/2012 2
3. Man is a social animal. He lives in social
groups in communities and in society.
Human life and society almost go together.
Man cannot live without society.
Man is biologically and psychologically
equipped to live in groups, in society.
4/16/2012 3
4. Society has become an essential condition for
human life to arise and to continue.
The relationship between individual and
society is ultimately one of the profound of
all the problems of social philosophy.
It is more philosophical rather than
sociological because it involves the question
of values.
4/16/2012 4
5. Man depends on society.
It is in the society that an individual is
surrounded and encompassed by culture, a
societal force.
It is in the society again that he has to
conform to the norms, occupy statuses and
become members of groups.
4/16/2012 5
6. The question of the relationship between the
individual and the society is the starting point
of many discussions.
It is closely connected with the question of
the relationship of man and society.
There are two main theories regarding the
relationship of man and society ;social
contract theory and the organismic theory.
4/16/2012 6
7. The social contract theory throws light on the
origin of the society
According to this theory all men are born free
and equal
Society came into existence because of the
agreement entered into by the individuals
4/16/2012 7
8. Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Jean Jacques Rousseau
4/16/2012 8
9. Society came into being as a means for the
protection of men against the consequences
of their own nature
Man in the state of nature was in perpetual
conflict with his neighbors on account of his
essentially selfish nature
‘The life of man was solitary poor, nasty,
brutish and short’.
4/16/2012 9
10. Every man was an enemy to every other man.
Hobbes in his book Leviathan has made it
clear that man found nothing but grief in the
company of his fellows.
Since the conditions in the state of nature
were intolerable and men longed for peace,
the people entered into a kind of social
contract to ensure for themselves security
and certainty of life and property.
4/16/2012 10
11. By mutual agreement they decided to
surrender their natural rights into the hands
of a few or one with authority to command.
The agreement was of each with all and of all
with each other.
The contract became binding on the whole
community as perpetual social bond.
4/16/2012 11
12. Thus in order to protect himself against the
evil consequences of his own nature man
organized himself in society in order to live in
peace with all.
4/16/2012 12
13. Man in the state of nature was enjoying an
ideal liberty free from all sorts of rules and
regulations.
The state of nature was a state of peace,
goodwill, mutual assistance and preservation.
But there was no recognized system of law
and justice.
4/16/2012 13
14. Hence his peaceful life was often upset by the
corruption and viciousness of degenerate
men.
The men were forced to live in full of fears
and continual dangers.
In order to escape from this and to gain
certainty and security men made a contract to
enter into civil society or the state.
4/16/2012 14
15. This contract Locke called social contract.
This contract put an end to the state of
nature and substituted it by civil society.
The social contract was no more than a
surrender of rights and powers so that man’s
remaining rights would be protected and
preserved.
4/16/2012 15
16. The contract was for limited and specific
purposes and what was given up or
surrendered to the whole community and not
to a man or to an assembly of men.
According to Locke the social contract later
on contributed to the governmental control.
4/16/2012 16
17. The governmental contract was made by the
society when it established a government and
selected a ruler to remove the inconveniences
of ill –condition.
4/16/2012 17
18. Man in the state of nature was a noble savage
who led a life of primitive simplicity and
idyllic happiness.
He was independent, contented, self-
sufficient, healthy, fearless and good.
4/16/2012 18
19. It was only primitive instinct and sympathy
which united him with others.
He knew neither right nor wrong and was free
from all notions of virtue and vice.
4/16/2012 19
20. Man enjoyed a pure, unsophisticated,
innocent life of perfect freedom and equality
in the state of nature.
But these conditions did not last long.
Population increased and reason was dawned.
Simplicity and idyllic happiness disappeared.
Families were established, institution of
property emerged and human equality was
ended.
4/16/2012 20
21. Man began to think in terms of mine and
yours.
When equality and happiness of the early
state was lost, war, murder, conflicts became
the order of the day.
The escape from this was found in the
formation of a civil society.
4/16/2012 21
22. Natural freedom gave place to civil freedom
by a social contract.
As a result of this contract a multitude of
individuals became a collective unity- a civil
society .
Rousseau said that by virtue of this contract
everyone while uniting himself to all remains
as free as before.
4/16/2012 22
23. There was only one contract which was social
as well as political.
The individual surrendered himself
completely and unconditionally to the will of
the body of which he became a member.
The body so created was a moral and
collective body and Rousseau called it the
general will.
4/16/2012 23
24. The unique feature of the general will was
that it represented collective good as
distinguished from the private interests of its
members.
4/16/2012 24
25. The theory of social contract has been widely
criticized as historically there is nothing to
show that the society has ever been
deliberately created as a result of voluntary
agreement or contract.
Nor can we suppose that man could ever
think of entering into a contract with others
when he lived under conditions of extreme
simplicity, ignorance and even brutality.
4/16/2012 25
26. The theory seemed to be mere fiction as state
of nature never existed.
The most primitive people even lived in some
form of society however rudimentary or
unorganized.
There are always two parties to the contract.
There cannot be a one-sided contract as was
conceived by Hobbes.
4/16/2012 26
27. The advocates of the theory hold that the
early individuals entered into the contract for
their individual safety and security of
property. But history tells us the other way.
Early law was more communal than individual
and the unit of society was not the individual
but the family.
4/16/2012 27
28. Society has moved from status to contract
and not from contract to status as the
theorists of the social contract argued.
According to Sir Henry Maine contract is not
the beginning of society but the end of it.
4/16/2012 28
29. Herbert Spencer has been the chief exponent
of this theory.
He said that society is an organism and it
does not differ in essential principle from the
other biological organisms.
The attributes of an organism and the society
are similar. Both exhibit the same process of
development.
4/16/2012 29
30. ‘As the lowest type of animal is all stomach,
respiratory surface or limb so primitive
society is all warrior, all hunter, all builder or
all tool maker’.
As society grows in complexity, division of
labor follows.
In each case there is mutual dependence of
parts.
4/16/2012 30
31. Every organism depends for its life and full
performance of its functions on the proper
coordination and inter-relation of units.
Individuals who form society are inseparably
connected with one another for the
realization of their best self.
4/16/2012 31
32. There is so much dependence of one on the
other that the distress of one paralyses the
rest of the society .
The society and organisms are subject to
wear and tear and then replacement.
4/16/2012 32
33. Spencer gives structural analogies between
society and organism.
He says society has three systems
corresponding to the sustaining system,
distributary system and the regulating system
in an organism.
4/16/2012 33
34. The sustaining system in an organism
consists of mouth, gullet, stomach and
intestines. It is by means of this system that
food is digested and the whole organic
machine is sustained.
Society has its own sustaining system which
refers to the productive system comprising
the manufacturing districts and agricultural
areas.
4/16/2012 34
35. The distributary system in an organism
consists of the blood vessels, heart, arteries
and veins and they carry blood to all parts of
the body.
Means of communication and transport along
with them the bankers, railway, traders etc
correspond to the distributary or vascular
system of an organism.
4/16/2012 35
36. The regulating system is the nerve-motor
mechanism which regulates the whole body.
Government in society regulates and controls
the activities of the individuals. The
professional men perform the functions of
the brain and the nervous system is the
nerve-motor mechanism which regulates the
whole body.
4/16/2012 36
37. Spencer hence argued that society is a social
organism.
Individuals are the limbs of the society and
behave as cells of the body whose activity and
life are meant for the sake of the whole.
4/16/2012 37
38. The society is not a mere aggregation of
individuals.
There is no similarity between the cells of an
organism and the individuals who compose
society.
The cells have no independent life of their
own. Each cell is fixed in its place having no
power of thought or will and existing solely
to support and perpetuate the life of the
whole.
4/16/2012 38
39. The individuals on the other hand are
independent, intellectual and normal human
beings.
They do not act like a machine.
Each has a physical life independent of the
whole.
4/16/2012 39
40. Society not only controls our movements but
shapes our identity, our thought and our
emotions.
The structures of society become the
structures of our own consciousness.
Society does not stop at the surface of our
skins. We are entrapped by our own social
nature.
4/16/2012 40
41. The walls of our imprisonment were there
before we appeared on the scene but they are
ever rebuilt by ourselves.
We are betrayed into the captivity ourselves.
We are betrayed into the captivity with our
own co-operation.
4/16/2012 41
42. Society confronts us as an objective fact.
Society is external to ourselves. It
encompasses our entire life.
The institutions of society pattern our actions
and even shape our expectations.
4/16/2012 42
43. We are located in society not only in space
but also in time.
Our society is an historical entity that extends
beyond the temporary life of any individual.
4/16/2012 43
44. Peter Berger says it was there before we were
born and it will be there after we are dead.
Our lives are but episodes in its majestic
march through time.
In sum society is the walls of our
imprisonment in history.
4/16/2012 44