In 2005 the new source of inexhaustible ecological clean and powerful energy is invented. This new
converter of natural gravitational energy makes it possible, at negligible cost, to generate any commercial
quantity of ecological clean electricity without dependence on a weather and climate continuously
many years. The converter is capable of replacing heat & power and nuclear power station. This device
has been successfully tested and it is ready to introduction in industry. In ninth number of this
magazine it has been told about this invention. This article of magazine contains some basic formulas
and new experimental results.
Este documento explica diferentes métodos para factorizar expresiones algebraicas, incluyendo: factor común, trinomios cuadrados perfectos, trinomios de la forma x2 + cx + d, diferencia de cuadrados, y suma/diferencia de cubos. Proporciona ejemplos resueltos para cada caso y una estrategia general para factorizar expresiones.
In 2005 the new source of inexhaustible ecological clean and powerful energy is invented. This new
converter of natural gravitational energy makes it possible, at negligible cost, to generate any commercial
quantity of ecological clean electricity without dependence on a weather and climate continuously
many years. The converter is capable of replacing heat & power and nuclear power station. This device
has been successfully tested and it is ready to introduction in industry. In ninth number of this
magazine it has been told about this invention. This article of magazine contains some basic formulas
and new experimental results.
Este documento explica diferentes métodos para factorizar expresiones algebraicas, incluyendo: factor común, trinomios cuadrados perfectos, trinomios de la forma x2 + cx + d, diferencia de cuadrados, y suma/diferencia de cubos. Proporciona ejemplos resueltos para cada caso y una estrategia general para factorizar expresiones.
El documento describe los elementos clave para el seguimiento, control y ejecución de un proyecto, incluyendo la planificación, control de desviaciones, seguimiento de hitos, gestión de cambios y reuniones. Explica que el control implica supervisar los recursos, tiempo y costos frente a las previsiones iniciales para garantizar el éxito del proyecto.
El documento presenta gráficos de las exportaciones totales, no petroleras, tradicionales y no tradicionales de Ecuador desde 2000 hasta 2013, así como los principales mercados de destino de las exportaciones no petroleras para 2006, 2012 y 2013. También muestra la diversificación de las exportaciones no petroleras ecuatorianas en las diferentes regiones geográficas. Además, incluye dos breves artículos sobre rosas ecuatorianas usadas para decorar eventos del Papa Francisco en Corea del Sur y sobre productos ecuatorianos presentados a empresarios
Este documento presenta un proyecto llamado "Embelleciendo mi Colegio" cuyo objetivo general es promover y concientizar a la comunidad educativa sobre el cuidado y buen uso de los recursos naturales. El proyecto incluye actividades como la preparación del terreno, siembra de semillas, limpieza, arreglo de jardines y materas, y charlas de concientización sobre el medio ambiente. El proyecto busca motivar a los estudiantes sobre la importancia del medio ambiente y desarrollar valores como la responsabilidad y
El documento presenta la misión y visión del SENA, que es ofrecer formación profesional integral a los trabajadores colombianos para contribuir al desarrollo del país. Su objetivo para el 2020 es ser una entidad líder mundial en formación profesional que incremente la competitividad de Colombia a través de aportes a empresas, generación de empleo, y uso de tecnología e innovación. También describe el escudo, logotipo y bandera del SENA, así como roles de aprendices, tutores virtuales, beneficios de la formación y herram
O documento apresenta um projeto educacional sobre o Tangram, um quebra-cabeça chinês antigo. O projeto ensina sobre a história e construção do Tangram, desafia os alunos a formarem figuras geométricas com as peças e calcularem áreas. Inclui atividades e links para aprofundar o aprendizado de forma lúdica.
Cembre TC120 is the essential cable cutting tool for the LV-HV cable jointer and electrical contractor - the Cembre TC120 hydraulic cable cutting head is suitable to cut copper, aluminium and telecommunications cables including steel wire armoured (SWA) and lead sheaths up to 120mm diameter.
Cembre TC120 cable cutting head has a cutting capability up to 4 core 400sqmm XLPE SWA (steel wire armoured) cables - the Cembre TC120 tool is the industry standard for the specialist LV-HV cable jointer and cable contractor. The Cembre TC120 cable cutting tool head features high strength, heat-treated steel cutting blades, the Cembre head has a Quick-Fit coupler designed for rapid connection to any hydraulic pump unit developing 700bar pressure.
Chamilo es una plataforma de aprendizaje en línea de código abierto que ofrece herramientas para apoyar el aprendizaje y la enseñanza en un entorno educativo virtual. Es un proyecto liderado por la Asociación Chamilo sin fines de lucro y cuenta con más de 3 millones de usuarios en 160 países. Chamilo es intuitivo, sencillo y ofrece una interfaz amigable para docentes y estudiantes.
Para pemikir komunis berhasil menyimpulkan bahwa keberadaan akal bergantung pada adanya fakta dan otak. Namun, mereka keliru mendefinisikan akal sebagai refleksi fakta terhadap otak karena terus mengingkari eksistensi Pencipta. Jika menyatakan pengetahuan mendahului pemikiran, mereka pasti akan mendapatkan kebenaran tentang asal usul pemikiran manusia pertama.
This document provides the competition scheme and results for an English debating contest of senior high schools in Serang Regency, Banten, Indonesia in 2014. It lists 11 participating schools, 4 adjudicators and the case builder. SMAN 1 Ciruas placed first, SMK Insan Mulya Kibin placed second, and SMAN 1 Baros placed third initially, but the results were later changed with SMAN 1 Baros in second place and SMAN 1 Kibin in third place instead. The top three schools would represent Serang Regency at the provincial level competition in Anyer Hotel in October 2014.
Este documento discute três principais assuntos da UTFPR: 1) A criação de comissões para analisar a jornada de trabalho de 30 horas e a política de capacitação para servidores técnico-administrativos; 2) A eleição do reitor e vice-reitor em março; 3) A retomada das discussões sobre a progressão na carreira dos professores EBTT.
Legal, ethical and contracutal assignment Cherie17
This document discusses several legal topics related to employment, liability, intellectual property, and codes of practice in the media industry. It covers employment legislation and employees' rights to protect worker safety. It also discusses public liability insurance to cover damages if the public is harmed on a film set. Intellectual property rights and copyright are explained to protect original ideas and creations. Finally, codes of practice set ethical standards for media organizations like the BBC.
The document discusses concurrency and synchronization in distributed computing. It provides an overview of Petr Kuznetsov's research at Telecom ParisTech, which includes algorithms and models for distributed systems. Some key points discussed are:
- Concurrency is important due to multi-core processors and distributed systems being everywhere. However, synchronization between concurrent processes introduces challenges.
- Common synchronization problems include mutual exclusion, readers-writers problems, and producer-consumer problems. Tools for synchronization include semaphores, transactional memory, and non-blocking algorithms.
- Characterizing distributed computing models and determining what problems can be solved in a given model is an important area of research, with implications for distributed system design.
The document discusses weakly supervised learning from video and images using convolutional neural networks. It describes using scripts as weak supervision for learning actions from movies without explicit labeling. Methods are presented for jointly learning actors and actions from scripts, and for action learning with ordering constraints. The use of CNNs for object and action recognition in images is also summarized, including work on training CNNs using only image-level labels without bounding boxes.
This document discusses common C++ bugs and tools to find them. It describes various types of memory access bugs like buffer overflows on the stack, heap, and globals that can lead to crashes or security vulnerabilities. Threading bugs like data races, deadlocks, and race conditions on object destruction are also covered. Other undefined behaviors like initialization order issues, lack of sequence points, and integer overflows are explained. The document provides examples of each type of bug and emphasizes that undefined behavior does not guarantee a predictable result. It concludes with a quiz to find bugs in a code sample and links to additional reading materials.
AddressSanitizer, ThreadSanitizer, and MemorySanitizer are compiler-based tools that detect bugs like buffer overflows, data races, and uninitialized memory reads in C/C++ programs. AddressSanitizer instruments loads and stores to detect out-of-bounds memory accesses. ThreadSanitizer intercepts synchronization calls to detect data races between threads. MemorySanitizer tracks initialized and uninitialized memory using shadow memory to find uses of uninitialized values. The tools have found thousands of bugs with low overhead. Future work includes supporting more platforms and languages and detecting additional bug classes.
This document discusses common C++ bugs and tools to find them. It describes various types of memory access bugs like buffer overflows on the stack, heap, and globals that can lead to crashes or security vulnerabilities. Threading bugs like data races, deadlocks, and race conditions on object destruction are also covered. Other undefined behaviors like initialization order issues, lack of sequence points, and integer overflows are explained. The document provides examples of each type of bug and quizzes the reader to find bugs in a code sample. It recommends resources for further reading on debugging techniques and thread sanitizers that can detect races and data races.
This document provides examples and snippets of code for MapReduce, Pig, Hive, Spark, Shark, and Disco frameworks. It also includes two sections of references for related papers and Disco documentation. The examples demonstrate basic MapReduce jobs with drivers, mappers, and reducers in Java, Pig and Hive queries, Spark and Shark table operations, and a Disco MapReduce job.
28. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå Ìàðêîâñêèå öåïè
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé Âîçíèêàþùèå çàäà÷è
Ðàçíîå Ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷
Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ïåðåìåííûå
Òåïåðü íàøèìè âñïîìîãàòåëüíûìè ïåðåìåííûìè áóäóò
âåðîÿòíîñòè òîãî, ÷òî ìû âî âðåìÿ t â ñîñòîÿíèè xi , à âî
âðåìÿ t + 1 â ñîñòîÿíèè xj :
ξt (i , j ) = p (qt = xi , qt +1 = xj |D , λ).
Åñëè ïåðåïèñàòü ÷åðåç óæå çíàêîìûå ïåðåìåííûå:
αt (i )aij bj (dt +1 )βt +1 (j ) αt (i )aij bj (dt +1 )βt +1 (j )
ξt (i , j ) = = .
p(D |λ) i j αt (i )aij bj (dt +1 )βt +1 (j )
Îòìåòèì òàêæå, ÷òî γt (i ) = j ξt (i , j ).
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
29. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå Ìàðêîâñêèå öåïè
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé Âîçíèêàþùèå çàäà÷è
Ðàçíîå Ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷
Èäåÿ
t γt (i ) ýòî îæèäàåìîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïåðåõîäîâ èç
ñîñòîÿíèÿ xi , à t ξt (i , j ) èç xi â xj .
Òåïåðü íà øàãå M ìû áóäåì ïåðåîöåíèâàòü âåðîÿòíîñòè:
πi = îæèäàåìàÿ ÷àñòîòà â xi íà øàãå 1 = γ1 (i ),
ê-âî ïåðåõîäîâ èç xi â xj t ξt (i , j ) .
a
ij = =
ê-âî ïåðåõîäîâ èç xi t γt (i )
bj (k ) =
ê-âî ïîÿâëåíèé â xi è íàáëþäåíèé vk
=
t :dt =vk γt (i ) .
ê-âî ïîÿâëåíèé â xi t γt (i )
EM-àëãîðèòì ïðèâåä¼ò ê öåëè: íà÷àòü ñ λ = (A, B , π),
ïîäñ÷èòàòü = (A, B , π), ñíîâà ïåðåñ÷èòàòü ïàðàìåòðû è
λ
ò.ä.
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
38. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ïåðåìåííûå
γt (j , m) âåðîÿòíîñòü áûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè j âî âðåìÿ t ,
ïðè÷¼ì çà D îòâå÷àåò mé êîìïîíåíò ñìåñè.
Ôîðìàëüíî ãîâîðÿ,
αt (j )βt (j ) cjm P(dt , µjm , σjm )
γt (j , m) = N α (j )β (j ) M c P(d , µ , σ ) .
j =1 t t m=1 jm t jm jm
Åñëè M = 1, òî ýòî óæå èçâåñòíûå íàì γt (j ).
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
39. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Àëãîðèòì äëÿ ýòîãî ñëó÷àÿ
Íóæíî íàó÷èòüñÿ ïåðåñ÷èòûâàòü bj (D ), ò.å. ïåðåñ÷èòûâàòü
cjm , µjm è σjm .
Ýòî äåëàåòñÿ òàê:
T γ (j , m)
cjm =
t =1 t ,
T M
t =1 m=1 γt (j , m)
T γ (j , m) · d
1 t t,
µjm = t =T
t =1 γt (j , m)
T γ (j , m) · (d − µ )(d − µ )t
σjm = t =1 t t jm t jm .
T γ (j , m)
t =1 t
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
40. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Ïðîáëåìà
Êàê ìîäåëèðîâàòü ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü íàõîæäåíèÿ â òîì
èëè èíîì ñîñòîÿíèè?
 äèñêðåòíîì ñëó÷àå âåðîÿòíîñòü ïðîáûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè id
øàãîâ:
d
pi (d ) = aii −1 (1 − aii ).
Îäíàêî äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà ôèçè÷åñêèõ ñèãíàëîâ òàêîå
ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò
äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè. Ìû áû õîòåëè ÿâíî çàäàâàòü ïëîòíîñòü
ïðåáûâàíèÿ â äàííîì ñîñòîÿíèè.
Ò.å. âìåñòî êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ïåðåõîäà â ñåáÿ aii ÿâíîå
çàäàíèå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ pi (d ).
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
41. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ïåðåìåííûå
Ââåä¼ì ïåðåìåííûå
αt (i ) = p (d1 . . . dt , xi çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ âî âðåìÿ t |λ).
Âñåãî çà ïåðâûå t øàãîâ ïîñåùåíî r ñîñòîÿíèé q1 . . . qr , è
ìû òàì îñòàâàëèñü d1 , . . . , dr . Ò.å. îãðàíè÷åíèÿ:
r
qr = xi , ds = t .
s =1
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
43. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Âû÷èñëåíèå αt (i )
Ïî èíäóêöèè
n D t
αt (j ) = αt −d (j )aij pj (d ) bj (ds ),
i =1 d =1 s =t −d +1
ãäå D ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ îñòàíîâêà â ëþáîì èç ñîñòîÿíèé.
Òîãäà, êàê è ðàíüøå,
n
p(d |λ) = αT (i ).
i =1
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
44. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ïåðåìåííûå
Äëÿ ïåðåñ÷¼òà ïîòðåáóþòñÿ åù¼ òðè ïåðåìåííûå:
α∗ (i ) = p (d1 . . . dt , xi íà÷èíàåòñÿ âî âðåìÿ t + 1|λ),
t
βt (i ) = p (dt +1 . . . dT |xi çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ âî âðåìÿ t , λ),
β∗ (i ) = p (dt +1 . . . dT |xi íà÷èíàåòñÿ âî âðåìÿ t + 1, λ).
t
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
45. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ïåðåìåííûå
Ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó íèìè:
n
α∗ (j ) =
t αt (i )aij ,
i =1
D t
αt (i ) = α∗−d (
t i )pi (d ) bi (ds ),
d =1 s =t −d +1
n
βt (i ) = aij β∗ (j ),
t
j =1
D t +d
β∗ (i ) =
t βt +d (i )pi (d ) bi (ds ).
d =1 s =t +1
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
46. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Ôîðìóëû ïåðåñ÷¼òà
Ïðèâåä¼ì ôîðìóëû ïåðåñ÷¼òà.
πi ïðîñòî âåðîÿòíîñòü òîãî, ÷òî xi áûë ïåðâûì
ñîñòîÿíèåì:
πi β∗ (i )
0
πi =
^ .
p(d |λ)
aij òà æå ôîðìóëà, ÷òî îáû÷íî, òîëüêî âìåñòå ñ α åñòü
åù¼ è β, êîòîðàÿ ãîâîðèò, ÷òî íîâîå ñîñòîÿíèå íà÷èíàåòñÿ
íà ñëåäóþùåì øàãå:
T α (i )a β∗ (j )
a
^ij = t =1 t ij t
n T α (i )a β∗ (k ) .
k =1 t =1 t ik t
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
47. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå
Ñìåñè âûïóêëûõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèé
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé
Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ
Ðàçíîå
Ôîðìóëû ïåðåñ÷¼òà
bi (k ) îòíîøåíèå îæèäàíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà ñîáûòèé dt = vk
â ñîñòîÿíèè xi ê îæèäàíèþ êîëè÷åñòâà ëþáîãî vj â
ñîñòîÿíèè xi :
T α∗ (i )β∗ (i ) − ατ (i )βτ (i )
bi (k ) =
^ t =1,dt =vk τt τ τ τt
.
m T ∗ i i) −
)β∗ ( ατ (i )βτ (i )
k =1 t =1,dt =vk τt ατ ( τ τt
pi (d ) îòíîøåíèå îæèäàíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà ðàç, êîòîðûå xi
ñëó÷èëîñü ñ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ d , ê êîëè÷åñòâó ðàç,
êîòîðûå xi âîîáùå ñëó÷àëîñü:
T α∗ (i )p (d )β (i ) t +d b (d )
pi (d ) =
^ t =1 t i t +d s =t +1 i s
D T α∗ (i )p (d )β (i ) t +d b (d ) .
d =1 t =1 t i t +d s =t +1 i s
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
51. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå Àâòîðåãðåññèâíûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé Êðèòåðèè îïòèìèçàöèè HMM: ML, MMI, MDI
Ðàçíîå Ñðàâíåíèÿ, íà÷àëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ è íåäîñòàþùèå äàííûå
Îáùàÿ èäåÿ
Ðå÷ü èä¼ò î ìîäåëÿõ, â êîòîðûõ ñëåäóþùèå êîìïîíåíòû
âåêòîðà íàáëþäàåìûõ çàâèñÿò îò ïðåäûäóùèõ ñ
íåêîòîðûìè êîýôôèöèåíòàìè.
Ò.å. d = (d1 , . . . , dK ) âåêòîð íàáëþäàåìûõ, è ìîäåëü
òàêàÿ:
p
dk = − ai dk −i + ek ,
i =1
ãäå ek ãàóññèàíû ñ íóëåâûì ñðåäíèì è âàðèàöèåé σ2 ,
ai êîýôôèöèåíòû àâòîðåãðåññèè.
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
52. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå Àâòîðåãðåññèâíûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé Êðèòåðèè îïòèìèçàöèè HMM: ML, MMI, MDI
Ðàçíîå Ñðàâíåíèÿ, íà÷àëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ è íåäîñòàþùèå äàííûå
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
Ìîæíî ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî ïëîòíîñòü d äëÿ áîëüøèõ k
ñòàáèëèçèðóåòñÿ íà
δ(d ,a)
p(d ) = (2πσ2 )−K /2 e −
1
2σ2 ,
ãäå (ïîëîæèâ a0 = 1)
p
δ(d , a) = ra (0)r (0) + 2 ra (i )r (i ),
i =1
p −i K −i −1
ra (i ) = aj aj +i , r (i ) = dj dj +i .
j =0 j =0
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
53. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå Àâòîðåãðåññèâíûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû ìàðêîâñêèõ ìîäåëåé Êðèòåðèè îïòèìèçàöèè HMM: ML, MMI, MDI
Ðàçíîå Ñðàâíåíèÿ, íà÷àëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ è íåäîñòàþùèå äàííûå
Êîììåíòàðèé ê ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ
Íà ñàìîì äåëå r (i ) àâòîêîððåëÿöèÿ âûáîðêè, à ra (i )
àâòîêîððåëÿöèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ àâòîðåãðåññèè.
Àâòîêîððåëÿöèÿ ýòî êîððåëÿöèÿ ïðîöåññà ñ ñàìèì ñîáîé
â ïðåäûäóùèå ïåðèîäû âðåìåíè; èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ñòàòèñòèêå
è îáðàáîòêå ñèãíàëîâ äëÿ ïîèñêà ïàòòåðíîâ â äàííûõ.
Ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ, äëÿ ïðîöåññà Xt R (t , s ) = E [(Xt −µ)(Xs −µ)] ,
σ 2
à åñëè ïðîöåññ ñòàöèîíàðíûé (íå çàâèñèò îò êîíêðåòíîãî
âðåìåíè), òî
E [(Xt − µ)(Xt +k − µ)]
R (k ) = .
σ2
 îáðàáîòêå ñèãíàëîâ (à ìû â íåé) ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóþò
àâòîêîððåëÿöèþ áåç íîðìàëèçàöèè, ò.å. äëÿ äèñêðåòíîãî
ñèãíàëà R (j ) = k xj xj −k .
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
54. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå Àâòîðåãðåññèâíûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
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Ñêðûòàÿ ìàðêîâñêàÿ ìîäåëü
Êàê ïðèìåíèòü àâòîðåãðåññèâíóþ ìîäåëü?
Î÷åíü ïðîñòî: ñíà÷àëà íîðìàëèçóåì âåêòîð íàáëþäåíèé:
d 2π K ^
d=√
^ , p (d ) = ( )−K /2 e − δ(d ,a) .
^
K
2
K σ2
À çàòåì ðàññìîòðèì ñìåñü
M
bj (D ) = cjm bjm (D ),
m =1
ãäå bjm çàäà¼òñÿ âåêòîðîì àâòîðåãðåññèè ajm (ò.å. åãî
êîýôôèöèåíòàìè rajm ).
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55. Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè: îñíîâíîå Àâòîðåãðåññèâíûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè
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Ðàçíîå Ñðàâíåíèÿ, íà÷àëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ è íåäîñòàþùèå äàííûå
Àëãîðèòì ïåðåñ÷¼òà
Íàäî íàó÷èòüñÿ ïåðåñ÷èòûâàòü rajm . Äëÿ ýòîãî ñõåìà òàêàÿ:
ñíà÷àëà íàó÷èìñÿ ïåðåñ÷èòûâàòü rjm , ïîòîì èç íèõ
ïîëó÷èì ajm , à ïîòîì ïî íèì ïåðåñ÷èòàåì rajm .
T γ (j , m) · r
r
jm = t =1 t t
T γ (j , m) ,
t =1 t
ãäå
αt (j )βt (j ) cjm bjm (dt )
γt (j , m) = N α (j )β (j ) M c b (d ) .
j =1 t t m=1 jm jm t
Ñåðãåé Íèêîëåíêî Ñêðûòûå ìàðêîâñêèå ìîäåëè