Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can take place after the start of puberty before the first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.).
In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.
Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive sex education and access to birth control. Abstinence-only sex education does not appear to be effective.
Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as, lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be born before term, and have developmental delay.
The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy. Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.
Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can take place after the start of puberty before the first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.).
In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.
Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive sex education and access to birth control. Abstinence-only sex education does not appear to be effective.
Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as, lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be born before term, and have developmental delay.
The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy. Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus that causes AIDS.
It stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and it is a final stage of HIV infection.
Austin Journal of HIV/AIDS Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of research in HIV/AIDS. The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for researchers and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of HIV/AIDS research and treatment.
Austin Journal of HIV/AIDS Research covers special areas of virology such as HIV/AIDS diagnosis, early detection, prognosis, epidemiology, transmission, palliative care and large multicentre studies of new therapies.
Austin Journal of HIV/AIDS Research accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of diagnosis and treatments of HIV/AIDS.
Psychological Challenges Facing Women Living With HIV/AIDS: A Case of Nakuru ...paperpublications3
Abstract: HIV/AIDS is a critical concern in Kenya, ever since the HIV/AIDS virus was identified, many campaigns have been put in place, and people have been made aware of the various effects of the virus. However, much emphasis has been on the physiological effects, but little concern has been given to the major psychological effects the virus can have on individuals who contract the HIV virus. There is strong evidence that people who have been diagnosed with HIV are more likely to develop a mental health or psychological problem such as anxiety or depression. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the psychological challenges faced by people who are living with HIV/AIDS in Nakuru municipality and how they cope with those challenges. A sample of 248 out of a target population of 700 was used. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interviews schedules. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that most of the women living with HIV/AIDS suffer stigma, anger, trauma, denial and fear of disclosure. The disparities that existed among the singles and the married revealed that one’s marital status determined the extent to which one was stigmatized, angered, traumatized, and experienced denial or fear of disclosure. These findings have implications for developing interventions to support the psychological needs of people living with HIV, to accurately reflect the views and needs of the target users.
COUNSELLING IN HIV/AIDS
Qurrot Ulain Taher
P.G Diploma in Nutrition & Dietetics
Dietetic Techniques & Patient Counseling
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the development of the HIV virus into a more serious condition. AIDS was first recognised by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Understanding HIV
HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops below a certain level.
There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are treatments that can slow down the disease, and help prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be prevented with early detection and treatment of the HIV
PREVENTION OF Mother to child transmission
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
HAART
TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Why Is Counseling Necessary
Objectives
Whom to counsel
Characteristics of a Counselor
Skills Required in Counseling
Stages of Counseling
Risk assessment counseling
Pre test counseling
Post test counseling
Follow up counseling
Role of Counselor
Advocacy role
Health education
Referral
Clinical and therapeutic role
Special Situations in HIV Counseling
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected persons
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus that causes AIDS.
It stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and it is a final stage of HIV infection.
Austin Journal of HIV/AIDS Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of research in HIV/AIDS. The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for researchers and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of HIV/AIDS research and treatment.
Austin Journal of HIV/AIDS Research covers special areas of virology such as HIV/AIDS diagnosis, early detection, prognosis, epidemiology, transmission, palliative care and large multicentre studies of new therapies.
Austin Journal of HIV/AIDS Research accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of diagnosis and treatments of HIV/AIDS.
Psychological Challenges Facing Women Living With HIV/AIDS: A Case of Nakuru ...paperpublications3
Abstract: HIV/AIDS is a critical concern in Kenya, ever since the HIV/AIDS virus was identified, many campaigns have been put in place, and people have been made aware of the various effects of the virus. However, much emphasis has been on the physiological effects, but little concern has been given to the major psychological effects the virus can have on individuals who contract the HIV virus. There is strong evidence that people who have been diagnosed with HIV are more likely to develop a mental health or psychological problem such as anxiety or depression. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the psychological challenges faced by people who are living with HIV/AIDS in Nakuru municipality and how they cope with those challenges. A sample of 248 out of a target population of 700 was used. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interviews schedules. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that most of the women living with HIV/AIDS suffer stigma, anger, trauma, denial and fear of disclosure. The disparities that existed among the singles and the married revealed that one’s marital status determined the extent to which one was stigmatized, angered, traumatized, and experienced denial or fear of disclosure. These findings have implications for developing interventions to support the psychological needs of people living with HIV, to accurately reflect the views and needs of the target users.
COUNSELLING IN HIV/AIDS
Qurrot Ulain Taher
P.G Diploma in Nutrition & Dietetics
Dietetic Techniques & Patient Counseling
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the development of the HIV virus into a more serious condition. AIDS was first recognised by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Understanding HIV
HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops below a certain level.
There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are treatments that can slow down the disease, and help prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be prevented with early detection and treatment of the HIV
PREVENTION OF Mother to child transmission
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
HAART
TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Why Is Counseling Necessary
Objectives
Whom to counsel
Characteristics of a Counselor
Skills Required in Counseling
Stages of Counseling
Risk assessment counseling
Pre test counseling
Post test counseling
Follow up counseling
Role of Counselor
Advocacy role
Health education
Referral
Clinical and therapeutic role
Special Situations in HIV Counseling
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected persons
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
this ppt includes some special information about HIV virus and awareness for this kind of virus because it is globalized for a long time and the best way is prevention of this disease and have more information about that than before.
A presentation on HIV&AIDS awareness. It useful for the Life-Orientation Educators and even anyone beacuse it has a very crucial information that can help anyone.
this presentation has brief about HIV, AIDS, some rough statistics of AIDS in INDIA and mechanism of HIV infection, modes of transmission, the diagnosis and treatments of AIDS.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. It results from damage to the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).HIV-1 (in green) budding from cultured lymphocyte.
4.
5. The mechanisms by which HIV causes this immune deficiency are still not completely understood, although direct infection of CD4+ T-lymphocytes by HIV certainly plays a role. HIV-1 attacking the CD4-lymphocytes
6. World’s AIDS map Observations- Most affected regions- USA, South Africa ,Eastern Africa, India Severely affected regions- China , Russia, Brazil, Vietnam Less affected regions –Australia, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan
7.
8. The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems.
9.
10.
11. When a person is infected with HIV, their body responds by producing special proteins that fight infection, called antibodies.
12.
13. But, they are very expensive and more complicated to administer and interpret than a standard antibody test.A Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) virus. In the middle of the virus is its viral genetic material.
14.
15. The treatment consists of drugs that have to be taken every day for the rest of a person’s life.
23. If only one drug was taken, HIV would quickly become resistant to it.
24. Taking two or more antiretrovirals at the same time vastly reduces the rate at which resistance would develop, making treatment more effective in the long term.Antiretrovirals kept together in a box.
25.
26. The use of condoms is vital in helping to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
27. Condoms also help to prevent infection by STDs, such as gonorrhoea, Chlamydia, and hepatitis B.“ AIDS: Your Problem, Control With Condoms”. A road sign in Botswana.
28. Condom A condom awareness programme in Argentina. A condom prevents the transmission of AIDS through the sexual contact
29. Such groups have helped raise public awareness about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which affects millions of people worldwide. These are some of the birth control devices which prevent the contact of the egg and the sperm.
30. Many cases of HIV transmission occurred through contaminated blood and transfusions which is prevented by screening and heat procedures. HIV-infected mothers should avoid breast-feeding their infant if replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe
31.
32. Sex education is now started in some schools to promote Sexual awareness. The AIDS quilt travels on display to promote public awareness of AIDS Each panel is individually designed and is dedicated to the memory of someone who has died of AIDS.
33. Famous celebrities engaged in AIDS Awareness “Magic” Johnson Princess Diana Bill Clinton “I'm going to beat it and I'm going to have fun.” - "Magic" Johnson - referring to his HIV-positive status.