Evolution Of AIDS And Its VIRUS

1. EVOLUTION OF AIDS AND ITS VIRUS
UNIVERSITY OF KALYANI (MAIN CAMPUS)
CYTOGENETICS AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
EVOLUTION OF AIDS AND ITS VIRUS
UNIVERSITY OF KALYANI (MAIN CAMPUS)
CYTOGENETICS AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
ROLL NO: KU/ZOO3/2103888
ENROLLMENT NO.: KU/MSC/ZOO/0034/21
SESSION: 2021-2023
ROLL NO: KU/ZOO3/2103888
ENROLLMENT NO.: KU/MSC/ZOO/0034/21
SESSION: 2021-2023

2. EVOLUTION OF AIDS
EVOLUTION OF AIDS
AND
AND
ITS VIRUS
ITS VIRUS

3. AIDS
AIDS


ACQUIRED IMMUNO
DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
AIDS stands for ACQUIRED IMMUNO
DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.
HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
It is a disease caused by the retrovirus
HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
and characterized by immunosuppresion
that leads to opportunistic infections,
secondary neoplasms and neurologic
manifestation.

4. Evolution
Evolution
•
•
•
HIV infection in humans came from a type of
chimpanzee in Central Africa. Studies show
that HIV may have jumped from chimpanzees
to humans as far back as the late 1800s.
The chimpanzee version of the virus is
called simian immunodeficiency virus. It was
probably passed to humans when humans
hunted these chimpanzees for meat and
came in contact with their infected blood.
Over decades, HIV slowly spread across
Africa and later into other parts of the
world.

5. Evolution cont'd
Evolution cont'd
•
•
•
•
HIV can first reported as a new distinct
clinical disease by thr Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) in June 1981. At
the time, the condition did not have a name.
The CDC in search of a name and looking at the
infected communities coined The 4H disease ,
as it seemed to single out Haitians,
homosexuals hemophiliacs and heroine users.
Doctors in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New
York had documented an unusal cluster of
diseases in young homosexual men.
These diseases, Kaposi's sarcoma and PCP
(Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), were
previously unknown to this group.

6. Evolution cont'd
Evolution cont'd
•
•
All of the subjects were suffering from
general immune deficiency.
Their bodies were vulnerable to rar
e oppirtunistic infections. The subjects were
otherwise healthy.

7. Earliest Known Cases
Earliest Known Cases
•
•
•
•
•
•
Five young homosexual men in Lis Angeles
were diagnosed with PCP.
26 homosexual men, from both New York and
San Francisco, were diagnosed with Kaposi
Sarcoma.
11 cases of Pnemocystis carinii pneumonia
were documented.
Since all the first cases of this newly
identified disease involved homosexual men,
researchers initially considered sex among
gay men the route of transmission.
The condition was named GRIDS (Gay Relatef
Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
However, HIV cases were soon reported in
other populations as well.

8. Spread to Other
Populations
Spread to Other
Populations




IV drug users
Hemophiliacs
Blood transfusion recipients
Infants born to IV drug using mothers

9.  Researchers hypothesized that because
the virus was primarily affecting
homosexual men and IV drug users, the
agent causing the disease was probably
both blood-borne and sexually
transmitted.
Initial focus
Initial focus

10. Where does HIV came
from??
Where does HIV came
from??


HIV is thought to have occured after
people ate chimps that were carrying the
DIMISN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (SIV)
HIV is a type of lentivirus, which means it
attacks the immune system. SIV attacks
the immune systems of monkeys and apes
in a very similar way. This suggests HIV
and SIV are closely related, and that SIV
in monkeys and apes crossed over to
humans to become HIV.

11. Where and when did HIV
start??
Where and when did HIV
start??


Studies of some of the earliest known samples
of HIV provide clues about when it first appeared
in humans and how it evolved. The first verified
case of HIV is from a blood sample taken in 1959
from a man who was living in what is now
Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Scientists used this sample to create a 'family-
tree' of HIV transmission. By doing this, they
were able to trace the first transmission of SIV
to HIV in humans, which they concluded took
place around 1920, also in kinshasa. This area is
known for having the most genetic diversity in
HIV strains in the world, reflecting the number
of different times SIV was passed to humans.
Many of the first cases of AIDS were recorded
there too.

12. The contamination of
humans
◆ NATURAL PROCESS THEORY
The contamination of
humans
◆ NATURAL PROCESS THEORY
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This theory proposes that hunters of chimpanzees
contracted the virus as early as the 1940s. The
hunters cut themselves while preparing infected
chimpanzee meat.
The virus then mutated into HIV and was passed along
through millions of humans.
The virus could have also been transferred to humans
through the selling and consumption of primate
bushmeat sold in African markets, an ongoing practice
in parts of Africa.
Both preparers of the meat and those who ate it could
have easily become infected.

13. Other theories
Other theories
◆ORAL POLIO VACCINE THEORY:-
◆ORAL POLIO VACCINE THEORY:-
Polio vaccine called CHAT was developed in Africa during
the 1950s. The theory is that the vaccine was produced
using the kidney cells of infected chimps infected with SIV.
This then led to subsequent infection of humans with HIV.
CONTAMINATED NEEDLE THEORY:-
◆ CONTAMINATED NEEDLE THEORY:-
Healthcare professionals in Africa during 1950s used
needles on multiple patients as a way to save money on
syringes. The virus could have been spread from one
person to another with relative ease.
THE COLONIALISM THEORY:-
◆ THE COLONIALISM THEORY:-
People across Africa, under colonial rule, were subjected
to harsh conditions in labor camps, leading to food
scarcity, poor sanitation and poor health condition. As a
result, SIV could could have infiltrated those camps and
taken advantage of the weakened immune system of the
workers. Additionally, workers may have been inoculated
with contaminated needles.

14. Why is Haiti significant??
Why is Haiti significant??
'B'
In the 1960s, the 'B' subtype of HIV-1 (which
belongs to Group M) made its way to Haiti. This is
thought to have happened because many Haitians
had been working in the Democratic Republic of
Congo and had then returned to Haiti. Initially,
Haitians were blamed for starting the HIV
epidemic, and suffered severe racism, stigma and
discrimination as a result.

15. Transmission
▪Blood ▪Semen and preseminal fluid
▪Rectal fluids ▪Vaginal fluids ▪Breast milk
Transmission
The virus is spread (transmitted) person-to-
person through certain body fluids:
▪Blood ▪Semen and preseminal fluid
▪Rectal fluids ▪Vaginal fluids ▪Breast milk



HIV can be spread if these fluids come in
contact with:
Mucous membrane
Damaged tissue
The blood stream by injection

16. Virus is not spread by
Virus is not spread by
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Casual contact, such as hugging
Mosquitoes or pets
Participating in sports
Touching items that were touched by a person
infected with the virus
Eating food handled by a person with HIV
Intimate contact with an HIV-positive person
with a stably undetectable viral load

17. Symptoms
Symptoms
Symptoms related to acute HIV infection (when a
person is first infected) can be similar to the
flu or other viral illness. They include:
◆Fever and muscle pains ◆Headache ◆Sore throat
◆Night sweats ◆Mouth sores including yeast
infection ◆Swollen lymph glands ◆Diarrhea
◆Fever and muscle pains ◆Headache ◆Sore throat
◆Night sweats ◆Mouth sores including yeast
infection ◆Swollen lymph glands ◆Diarrhea
Many people have no symptoms when they are
first infected with HIV.
Acute HIV infection (stage 1) progresses over a
few weeks to months to become chronic or
asymptomatic HIV infection (stage 2) (no
symptom). This stage can last 10 years or longer.
If they are not treated almost all people
infected with HIV will develop AIDS (stage 3).
Some people develop AIDS within few years of
infection. Others remain completely healthy
after 10 or 20 years.

18. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS
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HIV/AIDS has spread to virtually every
continent on the planet.
Approximately 33 million people worldwide
have the disease.
Presently, the country with the largest
population of people living with HIV/AIDS is
South Africa (5.5 million)
There are about 1.1 million Americans living
with HIV/AIDS.
Fifty-five thousand new infections occur
every year.