Digital communication works by transmitting a bit stream as a series of pulses over a communication medium like fiber optic cable or radio waves. The speed at which data can be transmitted, or the bitrate, depends on both the bandwidth of the medium and the spectral efficiency. Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies a medium can carry, while spectral efficiency is the ratio of bitrate to bandwidth. Higher spectral efficiencies allow more data to be sent within a given bandwidth. However, interference like crosstalk on wires or other users' signals on radio limits how many bits can be encoded in each pulse, setting an upper bound on spectral efficiency. To overcome interference and maintain data integrity, the signal is regenerated periodically as it travels.
Wireless Communication and Networking by WilliamStallings Chap2Senthil Kanth
Hai I'm Senthilkanth, doing MCA in Mepco Schlenk Engineering College..
The following presentation covers topic called Wireless Communication and Networking
by WilliamStallings for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA, ME students.Make use of it.
Wireless Communication and Networking
by WilliamStallings Chapter : 2Transmission Fundamentals
Chapter 2
Electromagnetic Signal
Function of time
Can also be expressed as a function of frequency
Signal consists of components of different frequencies
Time-Domain Concepts
Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time
No breaks or discontinuities in the signal
Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level
Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time
s(t +T ) = s(t ) -¥< t < +¥
where T is the period of the signal
Time-Domain Concepts
Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesn't repeat over time
Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of the signal over time; typically measured in volts
Frequency (f )
Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at which the signal repeats
Time-Domain Concepts
Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one repetition of the signal
T = 1/f
Phase () - measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal
Wavelength () - distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal
Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles
Sine Wave Parameters
General sine wave
s(t ) = A sin(2ft + )
Figure 2.3 shows the effect of varying each of the three parameters
(a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s
(b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5
(c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T = ½
(d) Phase shift; = /4 radians (45 degrees)
note: 2 radians = 360° = 1 period
Sine Wave Parameters
Time vs. Distance
When the horizontal axis is time, as in Figure 2.3, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in space as a function of time
With the horizontal axis in space, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in time as a function of distance
At a particular instant of time, the intensity of the signal varies as a function of distance from the source
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Fundamental frequency - when all frequency components of a signal are integer multiples of one frequency, it’s referred to as the fundamental frequency
Spectrum - range of frequencies that a signal contains
Absolute bandwidth - width of the spectrum of a signal
Effective bandwidth (or just bandwidth) - narrow band of frequencies that most of the signal’s energy is contained in
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Any electromagnetic signal can be shown to consist of a collection of periodic analog signals (sine waves) at different amplitudes, frequencies, and phases
The period of the total signal is equal to the period of the fundamenta
Here we study the channel capacity of the signal from analog and digital communication signals. Also study data rates limit , Noisy-channel coding theorem, Shannon capacity theorem.
Wireless Communication and Networking by WilliamStallings Chap2Senthil Kanth
Hai I'm Senthilkanth, doing MCA in Mepco Schlenk Engineering College..
The following presentation covers topic called Wireless Communication and Networking
by WilliamStallings for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA, ME students.Make use of it.
Wireless Communication and Networking
by WilliamStallings Chapter : 2Transmission Fundamentals
Chapter 2
Electromagnetic Signal
Function of time
Can also be expressed as a function of frequency
Signal consists of components of different frequencies
Time-Domain Concepts
Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time
No breaks or discontinuities in the signal
Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level
Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time
s(t +T ) = s(t ) -¥< t < +¥
where T is the period of the signal
Time-Domain Concepts
Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesn't repeat over time
Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of the signal over time; typically measured in volts
Frequency (f )
Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at which the signal repeats
Time-Domain Concepts
Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one repetition of the signal
T = 1/f
Phase () - measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal
Wavelength () - distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal
Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles
Sine Wave Parameters
General sine wave
s(t ) = A sin(2ft + )
Figure 2.3 shows the effect of varying each of the three parameters
(a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s
(b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5
(c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T = ½
(d) Phase shift; = /4 radians (45 degrees)
note: 2 radians = 360° = 1 period
Sine Wave Parameters
Time vs. Distance
When the horizontal axis is time, as in Figure 2.3, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in space as a function of time
With the horizontal axis in space, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in time as a function of distance
At a particular instant of time, the intensity of the signal varies as a function of distance from the source
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Fundamental frequency - when all frequency components of a signal are integer multiples of one frequency, it’s referred to as the fundamental frequency
Spectrum - range of frequencies that a signal contains
Absolute bandwidth - width of the spectrum of a signal
Effective bandwidth (or just bandwidth) - narrow band of frequencies that most of the signal’s energy is contained in
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Any electromagnetic signal can be shown to consist of a collection of periodic analog signals (sine waves) at different amplitudes, frequencies, and phases
The period of the total signal is equal to the period of the fundamenta
Here we study the channel capacity of the signal from analog and digital communication signals. Also study data rates limit , Noisy-channel coding theorem, Shannon capacity theorem.
Impairment of signals & Transmission MediumAkila Dulaj
Nyquist Bit Rate Formula
Shannon Capacity
Wave Forms
Guided & Unguided Media
Difference Between UTP and STP
Different Modes of Fiber
Time Division Multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
PSTN & POTS
ETC
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Mathematical Explanation of channel capacityHere we can see that the channel capacity is measured with the multiplication of pulses per second and information. This is how we can measure the channel capacity.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
[1] is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier
frequencies. OFDM[1] has developed into a popular scheme
for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or
over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television
and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet access, wireless networks,
powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications. In the
Several wireless standards such as IEEE 802.11a[2] and
HiperLAN2[3].The orthogonality of the subcarriers is no longer
maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier Interference)[4]
.ICI reduction techniques achieve a better SNR and BER in
OFDM at zero phase noise variance . This technique will use a
large number of closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers to avoid
phase noise. It provides high data rates with sufficient robustness
to radio channel damages. A major problem in OFDM is carrier
frequency offset error between the transmitted and received
signals. Due to this the orthogonality of the subcarriers is no
longer maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier
Interference). In this paper, we used the ICI self-cancellation
technique and reduced the ICI and improved the BER and SNR
we are also calculate the SNR=15db and 20db at different phase
noise variance.
Electronics and Communication Engineering : Communications, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
Bangalore Head Office:
THE GATE ACADEMY
# 74, Keshava Krupa(Third floor), 30th Cross,
10th Main, Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore- 560011
E-Mail: info@thegateacademy.com
Ph: 080-61766222
Impairment of signals & Transmission MediumAkila Dulaj
Nyquist Bit Rate Formula
Shannon Capacity
Wave Forms
Guided & Unguided Media
Difference Between UTP and STP
Different Modes of Fiber
Time Division Multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
PSTN & POTS
ETC
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Mathematical Explanation of channel capacityHere we can see that the channel capacity is measured with the multiplication of pulses per second and information. This is how we can measure the channel capacity.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
[1] is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier
frequencies. OFDM[1] has developed into a popular scheme
for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or
over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television
and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet access, wireless networks,
powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications. In the
Several wireless standards such as IEEE 802.11a[2] and
HiperLAN2[3].The orthogonality of the subcarriers is no longer
maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier Interference)[4]
.ICI reduction techniques achieve a better SNR and BER in
OFDM at zero phase noise variance . This technique will use a
large number of closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers to avoid
phase noise. It provides high data rates with sufficient robustness
to radio channel damages. A major problem in OFDM is carrier
frequency offset error between the transmitted and received
signals. Due to this the orthogonality of the subcarriers is no
longer maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier
Interference). In this paper, we used the ICI self-cancellation
technique and reduced the ICI and improved the BER and SNR
we are also calculate the SNR=15db and 20db at different phase
noise variance.
Electronics and Communication Engineering : Communications, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
Bangalore Head Office:
THE GATE ACADEMY
# 74, Keshava Krupa(Third floor), 30th Cross,
10th Main, Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore- 560011
E-Mail: info@thegateacademy.com
Ph: 080-61766222
Rubedo est une plateforme digitale open-source professionnelle de gestion de contenus et de e-commerce. Le socle big data de Rubedo intègre l’analyse prédictive pour offrir la personnalisation en temps réel des sites aux centres d’intérêt des visiteurs anonymes ou connectés.
Une gamme complète de fonctionnalités permet de mutualiser sur un même socle technique de multiples sites internet, intranet, ecommerce ou applications métier.
Ce livre blanc présente les possibilités offertes aux administrateurs pour créer et gérer des sites web avec Rubedo.
Offre Création de site Internet Wordpress Gini Concept DesignGini Concept Design
CRÉATION DE SITE INTERNET WORDPRESS
Nous imaginons et développons des interfaces web basées sur des solutions performantes.
Nous sommes experts sur le CMS WordPress.
Notre équipe crée des site Internet au graphisme clair et aéré pour un rendu visuel professionnel.
Sites Internet vitrines, blog et E-commerce
Comprendre votre activité est notre priorité pour vous proposer les solutions techniques et graphiques les plus adéquates.
Des fonctionnalités optimales et des vos outils optimisés à votre activités et vos besoins.
Liens de la présentation : http://giniconceptdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Cr%C3%A9ation-de-site-Internet-Wordpress-Gini-Concept-Design.pdf
This presentation deals with topics such as Electromagnetic Spectrum, Wireless Propagation, Signals, Signal propagation effects, Spread spectrum and cellular systems.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.