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2. origins of the house of refuge movement

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Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice

CJCJ's Executive Director Daniel Macallair, is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his Intervention Policies in Juvenile Justice course materials.

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Origins of the House of Refuge Movement Expanding state responsibility for the care and treatment of children 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
State Role in the Care of Children in Colonial America • ALMSHOUSES • INDENTURED SERVITUDE • APPRENTICED OUT • ORPHANAGES • JAILS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
The Birth of New Forms of Institutional Care • PENITENTIARY SYSTEM • HOUSES OF REFUGE 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
1787 Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Misery of Public Prisons found by Dr. Benjamin Rush 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia (1790) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Changing Social Conditions in 19th Century America • MASS IMMIGRATION • RURAL TO URBAN POPULATION TRENDS • POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS • FEAR OF THE DANDEROUS CLASSES 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York Street circa 1860s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Living in Squalor 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York Slum 1800s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York Street Children 1800s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
In 1817 the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism was formed 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York House of Refuge established 1825 The Jacksonian Era Institution 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Philadelphia House of Refuge 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Commitment to the House of Refuge • Children committed for vagrancy and petty crimes by city officials • Parents could commit their children for incorrigibility • Commitments were indeterminate 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Support of the House of Refuge • State subsidy • Private donations • City tax on taverns, theatres, and circuses • Tax on transatlantic passengers 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York House of Refuge after 1854 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Philadelphia House of Refuge (1854) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York House of Refuge: a model for the world Charles Dickens Alexis De Tocqueville NY State Senate Committee The NY House of Refuge is now in the extent of its operations, the greatest reform school in the world (1857) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Western House of Refuge Main Building and Yard 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Typical day in a House of Refuge (I) • Awakened at sunrise by ringing bell • Makes bed enters hallway • Line up and march to wash room • Inspection in the yard and then prayer room • Morning school until 7:00 am • Bell rings for breakfast 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Typical Day in the New York House of Refuge (II) • Proceed to workshops • Labor until dinner from12:00-1:00 pm • Back to workshops until 5:00 • Supper from 5:00-5:30 • Back to school room from 5:30-8:00 • Evening prayer • Conducted to dormitories for sleep 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Work in the House of Refuge • Contract labor system (10-40% of Refuge operating costs) • Large congregate workshops • Brass nails, cheap shoes, cane chairs • Apprenticeships • Binding out • Indentured to ship captains 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Girls in the House of Refuge • Confined until their 18th birthday • Taught value of maintaining innocence and virtue • Learned biblical passages • Trained in domestic servitude and/or marriage • Limited vocational training 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
House of Refuge Classroom 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Playground Western House of Refuge 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
House of Refuge Carpentry Shop 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Blacksmith Shop 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Bricklaying and Masonry 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Training School Youth were taught vocational skills and spend a large portion of their day working. http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7p30169k/?brand=calisphere 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Training School http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt0b69p4dx/?brand=calisphere 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Ex Parte Crouse (1838) and the assertion of supreme state power In 1838, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the doctrine of Parens Patriae and the right of the state to confine children in Houses of Refuge without constitutional due process protections. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013

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2. origins of the house of refuge movement

  • 1. Origins of the House of Refuge Movement Expanding state responsibility for the care and treatment of children 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 2. State Role in the Care of Children in Colonial America • ALMSHOUSES • INDENTURED SERVITUDE • APPRENTICED OUT • ORPHANAGES • JAILS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 3. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 4. The Birth of New Forms of Institutional Care • PENITENTIARY SYSTEM • HOUSES OF REFUGE 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 5. 1787 Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Misery of Public Prisons found by Dr. Benjamin Rush 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 6. Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia (1790) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 7. Changing Social Conditions in 19th Century America • MASS IMMIGRATION • RURAL TO URBAN POPULATION TRENDS • POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS • FEAR OF THE DANDEROUS CLASSES 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 8. New York Street circa 1860s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 9. Living in Squalor 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 10. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 11. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 12. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 13. New York Slum 1800s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 14. New York Street Children 1800s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 15. In 1817 the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism was formed 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 16. New York House of Refuge established 1825 The Jacksonian Era Institution 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 17. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 18. Philadelphia House of Refuge 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 19. Commitment to the House of Refuge • Children committed for vagrancy and petty crimes by city officials • Parents could commit their children for incorrigibility • Commitments were indeterminate 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 20. Support of the House of Refuge • State subsidy • Private donations • City tax on taverns, theatres, and circuses • Tax on transatlantic passengers 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 21. New York House of Refuge after 1854 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 22. Philadelphia House of Refuge (1854) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 23. New York House of Refuge: a model for the world Charles Dickens Alexis De Tocqueville NY State Senate Committee The NY House of Refuge is now in the extent of its operations, the greatest reform school in the world (1857) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 24. Western House of Refuge Main Building and Yard 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 25. Typical day in a House of Refuge (I) • Awakened at sunrise by ringing bell • Makes bed enters hallway • Line up and march to wash room • Inspection in the yard and then prayer room • Morning school until 7:00 am • Bell rings for breakfast 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 26. Typical Day in the New York House of Refuge (II) • Proceed to workshops • Labor until dinner from12:00-1:00 pm • Back to workshops until 5:00 • Supper from 5:00-5:30 • Back to school room from 5:30-8:00 • Evening prayer • Conducted to dormitories for sleep 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 27. Work in the House of Refuge • Contract labor system (10-40% of Refuge operating costs) • Large congregate workshops • Brass nails, cheap shoes, cane chairs • Apprenticeships • Binding out • Indentured to ship captains 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 28. Girls in the House of Refuge • Confined until their 18th birthday • Taught value of maintaining innocence and virtue • Learned biblical passages • Trained in domestic servitude and/or marriage • Limited vocational training 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 29. House of Refuge Classroom 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 30. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 31. Playground Western House of Refuge 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 32. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 33. House of Refuge Carpentry Shop 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 34. Blacksmith Shop 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 35. Bricklaying and Masonry 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 36. Training School Youth were taught vocational skills and spend a large portion of their day working. http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7p30169k/?brand=calisphere 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 37. Training School http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt0b69p4dx/?brand=calisphere 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 38. Ex Parte Crouse (1838) and the assertion of supreme state power In 1838, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the doctrine of Parens Patriae and the right of the state to confine children in Houses of Refuge without constitutional due process protections. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013