SlideShare a Scribd company logo

1. historical foundations for community corrections

•
•
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice

CJCJ's Executive Director Daniel Macallair, is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his Community Corrections and Sentencing course materials.

Education
1 of 29
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Historical Foundations of Modern Criminal Law Mitigation of Punishment
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Mitigation A reason for making a punishment less severe
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Most Serious Crimes Throughout History – Crimes Against State • Treason • Witch Craft
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Punishments Throughout History • Capital Punishment • Corporal Punishment • Shaming • Banishment • Enslavement
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Ancient Origins • Code of Hammurabi • Greek Legal System • Roman Law
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Hammurabi code (1700 BC) Lax talionis (principle of retaliation)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Greek laws and the question of severity • Draco (621 BC) • Solon (594 BC)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Roman Law • 12 Tables (451 BC) • Organized law enforcement (27 BC) • Justinian Code (518-565 AD)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Medieval Criminal Law Controlling Crime Through Terror
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Criminal penalties of the middle ages • Based on social status • Social control through fear and terror • Redemption and reformation not a consideration
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Punishments under Anglo-Saxon Law • Trial by ordeal • Branding • Flogging • Mutilation • Execution
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Medieval Origins of Probation: the Search for Moderation • Amercement • Benefit of Clergy • Reading of Psalm 51 • Sanctuary • Abjuration • Pleading the belly • Judicial Reprieve
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Age of Enlightenment and the Origins Of Modern Criminal Law The Application of Reason and the Search for Humane Laws
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 William Penn (1644-1718) English Quaker, who established Pennsylvania colony. Created Quaker Code of 1682 (Great Law) that introduced more humane treatment of criminal offenders.
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Montesquieu Published Spirit of the Laws in 1748; advocated the rule of law and the elimination of arbitrary power
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Voltaire(Francois Marie Arouet) (1694-1778) Spoke out against torture and sought conviction reversals even after people had been executed Believed fear of shame was a deterrent to crime Imprisoned in the Bastille (1726)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 CESARE BECCARIA (1738-1794) Author of Essays on Crime and Punishments 1764 which laid the foundation for modern legal philosophy Introduced concepts of: Equality Proportionality Humane treatment
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832 English advocate of Utilitarianism Coined term: Hedonistic Calculus “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think...[16]”
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Classical Criminology and Modern Criminal Sentencing • Human Beings are Rational • Deterrence is the purpose of punishment • Human beings balance pleasure with pain • Punishment should be proportionate to the crime • Sanctions should be proclaimed prior to their use • Punishments should “not embrace savage measures” • Death Penalty should be eliminated or limited
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The American Penitentiary and the Pursuit of Humane Justice
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 John Howard (1726-1790) English prison reformer who wrote “The State of the Prisons in England and Whales. Advocated passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by British Government that called for: Classifications of prisoners Prison inspections Emphasis on solitary confinement Abolishment of fees for basic needs
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Great American Reformers Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) Solitary Penitentiary System Thomas Eddy (1758–1827) Congregate Penitentiary System
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Edward Livingston Livingston Code (Louisiana Code) Advocated for: • Complete solitude for criminals • Opposed corporal punishment • Believed in incentives to promote change through work
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Sentencing Reform in the New Republic • Rejection of harsh European practices • Incarceration becomes a primary form of punishment • Employs combination of solitary confinement and labor • Founded on notion that criminal offender could be redeemed
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 ON THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN UNITED STATES AND ITS APPLICATION IN FRANCE (1833) Alexis de Tocqueville Gustave de Beaumont
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Failures of the Penitentiary System Birth of Probation
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Society for the Alleviation of Prison Miseries IT IS WITH DEEP REGRET THE VISITING COMMITTEE FEEL THEMSELVES OBLIGED TO STATE, THEY HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO PERCEIVE ANY REFORMATION AMONG THE PRISONERS; AND THEY ARE FULLY CONVINCED, THE FOLLOWING CAUSES HAVE PRINCIPALLY, IF NOT ENTIRELY, PREVENTED THE REFORM THAT HAS BEEN SO ANXIOUSLY EXPECTED • 1ST THE UNFITNESS OF THE PRESENT BUILDING FOR A PENITENTIARY. • 2ND THE WANT OF CLASSIFICATION • 3RD THE CROWDED STATE OF THE PRISON • 4TH THE WANT OF EMPLOYMENT WHILE CAUSES SO PREGNANT WITH EVIL EXIST, IT IS VAIN TO EXPECT ANY REFORM.
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 American Incarceration after 1840 • Emphasis on harsh punishment • Forced labor to reduce prison costs • Brutal treatment and unsanitary living conditions • Inmates seen as incorrigible
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Dorothea Dix (April 4, 1802 – July 17, 1887) Prison and Prison Discipline in the United States (1845) Argued for the improved treatment of prisoners. The good system, ignorantly or viciously administered, becomes as a great an evil to the prisoner and to society, as the very worst system ever devised or tolerated.

Recommended

4. evolution of parole
4. evolution of parole4. evolution of parole
4. evolution of parole
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
3. the building of folsom and the reformatory movement
3. the building of folsom and the reformatory movement3. the building of folsom and the reformatory movement
3. the building of folsom and the reformatory movement
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
2. develop. of san quentin
2. develop. of san quentin2. develop. of san quentin
2. develop. of san quentin
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
1. develop. of the penitentiary system
1. develop. of the penitentiary system1. develop. of the penitentiary system
1. develop. of the penitentiary system
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
2. unoffical measures of delinquency
2. unoffical measures of delinquency2. unoffical measures of delinquency
2. unoffical measures of delinquency
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
2. the 19th century roots of community corrections
2. the 19th century roots of community corrections2. the 19th century roots of community corrections
2. the 19th century roots of community corrections
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated
7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated
7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
8. the future of community corrections in california
8. the future of community corrections in california8. the future of community corrections in california
8. the future of community corrections in california
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 

Recommended

4. evolution of parole
4. evolution of parole4. evolution of parole
4. evolution of parole
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
3. the building of folsom and the reformatory movement
3. the building of folsom and the reformatory movement3. the building of folsom and the reformatory movement
3. the building of folsom and the reformatory movement
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
2. develop. of san quentin
2. develop. of san quentin2. develop. of san quentin
2. develop. of san quentin
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
1. develop. of the penitentiary system
1. develop. of the penitentiary system1. develop. of the penitentiary system
1. develop. of the penitentiary system
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
2. unoffical measures of delinquency
2. unoffical measures of delinquency2. unoffical measures of delinquency
2. unoffical measures of delinquency
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
2. the 19th century roots of community corrections
2. the 19th century roots of community corrections2. the 19th century roots of community corrections
2. the 19th century roots of community corrections
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated
7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated
7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
8. the future of community corrections in california
8. the future of community corrections in california8. the future of community corrections in california
8. the future of community corrections in california
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
3. classical criminology
3. classical criminology3. classical criminology
3. classical criminology
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
11. juvenile training schools
11. juvenile training schools11. juvenile training schools
11. juvenile training schools
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
8. the juvenile court movement
8. the juvenile court movement8. the juvenile court movement
8. the juvenile court movement
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
5. intermediate sanctions II
5. intermediate sanctions II5. intermediate sanctions II
5. intermediate sanctions II
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
1. official crime measures
1. official crime measures1. official crime measures
1. official crime measures
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. special needs of the female offender
6. special needs of the female offender6. special needs of the female offender
6. special needs of the female offender
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
3. sentencing and probation practice
3. sentencing and probation practice3. sentencing and probation practice
3. sentencing and probation practice
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Due Process (CJ 471)
Due Process (CJ 471)Due Process (CJ 471)
Due Process (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
5. delinquency and modern science
5. delinquency and modern science5. delinquency and modern science
5. delinquency and modern science
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. delinquency environmental and theories
6. delinquency environmental and theories6. delinquency environmental and theories
6. delinquency environmental and theories
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. sex offenders in the community
6. sex offenders in the community6. sex offenders in the community
6. sex offenders in the community
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. creation of the california department of corrections
6. creation of the california department of corrections6. creation of the california department of corrections
6. creation of the california department of corrections
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
9. juvenile court precedents
9. juvenile court precedents9. juvenile court precedents
9. juvenile court precedents
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
10. juvenile justice flowchart
10. juvenile justice flowchart10. juvenile justice flowchart
10. juvenile justice flowchart
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. mentally ill offenders in the community
6. mentally ill offenders in the community6. mentally ill offenders in the community
6. mentally ill offenders in the community
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
7. collateral consequences of conviction
7. collateral consequences of conviction7. collateral consequences of conviction
7. collateral consequences of conviction
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 

More Related Content

What's hot

3. classical criminology
3. classical criminology3. classical criminology
3. classical criminology
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
11. juvenile training schools
11. juvenile training schools11. juvenile training schools
11. juvenile training schools
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
8. the juvenile court movement
8. the juvenile court movement8. the juvenile court movement
8. the juvenile court movement
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
5. intermediate sanctions II
5. intermediate sanctions II5. intermediate sanctions II
5. intermediate sanctions II
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
1. official crime measures
1. official crime measures1. official crime measures
1. official crime measures
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. special needs of the female offender
6. special needs of the female offender6. special needs of the female offender
6. special needs of the female offender
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
3. sentencing and probation practice
3. sentencing and probation practice3. sentencing and probation practice
3. sentencing and probation practice
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Due Process (CJ 471)
Due Process (CJ 471)Due Process (CJ 471)
Due Process (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
5. delinquency and modern science
5. delinquency and modern science5. delinquency and modern science
5. delinquency and modern science
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. delinquency environmental and theories
6. delinquency environmental and theories6. delinquency environmental and theories
6. delinquency environmental and theories
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. sex offenders in the community
6. sex offenders in the community6. sex offenders in the community
6. sex offenders in the community
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. creation of the california department of corrections
6. creation of the california department of corrections6. creation of the california department of corrections
6. creation of the california department of corrections
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
9. juvenile court precedents
9. juvenile court precedents9. juvenile court precedents
9. juvenile court precedents
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
10. juvenile justice flowchart
10. juvenile justice flowchart10. juvenile justice flowchart
10. juvenile justice flowchart
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 

What's hot (20)

3. classical criminology
3. classical criminology3. classical criminology
3. classical criminology
 
11. juvenile training schools
11. juvenile training schools11. juvenile training schools
11. juvenile training schools
 
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
9. decline of rehabilitation and the conservative backlash
 
8. the juvenile court movement
8. the juvenile court movement8. the juvenile court movement
8. the juvenile court movement
 
5. intermediate sanctions II
5. intermediate sanctions II5. intermediate sanctions II
5. intermediate sanctions II
 
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
6. special needs offenders - substance abusers
 
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
 
1. official crime measures
1. official crime measures1. official crime measures
1. official crime measures
 
6. special needs of the female offender
6. special needs of the female offender6. special needs of the female offender
6. special needs of the female offender
 
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
4. 19th century positivism and origins of eugenics
 
3. sentencing and probation practice
3. sentencing and probation practice3. sentencing and probation practice
3. sentencing and probation practice
 
Due Process (CJ 471)
Due Process (CJ 471)Due Process (CJ 471)
Due Process (CJ 471)
 
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
Official Crime Measures (CJ 470/SOC 452)
 
5. delinquency and modern science
5. delinquency and modern science5. delinquency and modern science
5. delinquency and modern science
 
6. delinquency environmental and theories
6. delinquency environmental and theories6. delinquency environmental and theories
6. delinquency environmental and theories
 
6. sex offenders in the community
6. sex offenders in the community6. sex offenders in the community
6. sex offenders in the community
 
11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman
 
6. creation of the california department of corrections
6. creation of the california department of corrections6. creation of the california department of corrections
6. creation of the california department of corrections
 
9. juvenile court precedents
9. juvenile court precedents9. juvenile court precedents
9. juvenile court precedents
 
10. juvenile justice flowchart
10. juvenile justice flowchart10. juvenile justice flowchart
10. juvenile justice flowchart
 

Viewers also liked

6. mentally ill offenders in the community
6. mentally ill offenders in the community6. mentally ill offenders in the community
6. mentally ill offenders in the community
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
7. collateral consequences of conviction
7. collateral consequences of conviction7. collateral consequences of conviction
7. collateral consequences of conviction
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. domestic batterer
6. domestic batterer6. domestic batterer
6. domestic batterer
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
4. california corrections at the beginning of 20th century
4. california corrections at the beginning of 20th century4. california corrections at the beginning of 20th century
4. california corrections at the beginning of 20th century
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
5. women and the california prison system
5. women and the california prison system5. women and the california prison system
5. women and the california prison system
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
7. prison turmoil 1970s
7. prison turmoil 1970s7. prison turmoil 1970s
7. prison turmoil 1970s
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
8. prison gangs
8. prison gangs8. prison gangs
8. prison gangs
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
12. effective juvenile justice intervention
12. effective juvenile justice intervention12. effective juvenile justice intervention
12. effective juvenile justice intervention
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 

Viewers also liked (10)

6. mentally ill offenders in the community
6. mentally ill offenders in the community6. mentally ill offenders in the community
6. mentally ill offenders in the community
 
7. collateral consequences of conviction
7. collateral consequences of conviction7. collateral consequences of conviction
7. collateral consequences of conviction
 
6. domestic batterer
6. domestic batterer6. domestic batterer
6. domestic batterer
 
11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman11. plata coleman
11. plata coleman
 
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
10. california’s prison industrial complex and the perpetual crisis
 
4. california corrections at the beginning of 20th century
4. california corrections at the beginning of 20th century4. california corrections at the beginning of 20th century
4. california corrections at the beginning of 20th century
 
5. women and the california prison system
5. women and the california prison system5. women and the california prison system
5. women and the california prison system
 
7. prison turmoil 1970s
7. prison turmoil 1970s7. prison turmoil 1970s
7. prison turmoil 1970s
 
8. prison gangs
8. prison gangs8. prison gangs
8. prison gangs
 
12. effective juvenile justice intervention
12. effective juvenile justice intervention12. effective juvenile justice intervention
12. effective juvenile justice intervention
 

Similar to 1. historical foundations for community corrections

1. evolution of state role in treatment of children
1. evolution of state role in treatment of children1. evolution of state role in treatment of children
1. evolution of state role in treatment of children
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
9. The Development of Youth Corrections Systems
9. The Development of Youth Corrections Systems9. The Development of Youth Corrections Systems
9. The Development of Youth Corrections Systems
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
3. preventive agencies and reform schools 1850 1890
3. preventive agencies and reform schools 1850 18903. preventive agencies and reform schools 1850 1890
3. preventive agencies and reform schools 1850 1890
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
2. origins of the house of refuge movement
2. origins of the house of refuge movement2. origins of the house of refuge movement
2. origins of the house of refuge movement
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Treatment of Children
1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Treatment of Children1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Treatment of Children
1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Treatment of Children
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. dev. of youth corrections systems
6. dev. of youth corrections systems6. dev. of youth corrections systems
6. dev. of youth corrections systems
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Juveniles in Adult Courts and Prisons (CJ 471)
Juveniles in Adult Courts and Prisons (CJ 471)Juveniles in Adult Courts and Prisons (CJ 471)
Juveniles in Adult Courts and Prisons (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement
2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement
2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
11. Plata & Coleman Lawsuits
11. Plata & Coleman Lawsuits11. Plata & Coleman Lawsuits
11. Plata & Coleman Lawsuits
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
8. juveniles in adult court
8. juveniles in adult court8. juveniles in adult court
8. juveniles in adult court
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
5. the early juvenile court
5. the early juvenile court5. the early juvenile court
5. the early juvenile court
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
5. cal juv court
5. cal juv court5. cal juv court
5. cal juv court
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
7. George Junior Republic at Preston
7. George Junior Republic at Preston7. George Junior Republic at Preston
7. George Junior Republic at Preston
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
4. the origins of california’s juvenile justice system updated
4. the origins of california’s juvenile justice system updated4. the origins of california’s juvenile justice system updated
4. the origins of california’s juvenile justice system updated
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
4. The Reform School Era in California
4. The Reform School Era in California4. The Reform School Era in California
4. The Reform School Era in California
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
6. Eugenics at Whittier
6. Eugenics at Whittier6. Eugenics at Whittier
6. Eugenics at Whittier
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
11. The End of the California Youth Authority (CYA) Era
11. The End of the California Youth Authority (CYA) Era11. The End of the California Youth Authority (CYA) Era
11. The End of the California Youth Authority (CYA) Era
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 

Similar to 1. historical foundations for community corrections (17)

1. evolution of state role in treatment of children
1. evolution of state role in treatment of children1. evolution of state role in treatment of children
1. evolution of state role in treatment of children
 
9. The Development of Youth Corrections Systems
9. The Development of Youth Corrections Systems9. The Development of Youth Corrections Systems
9. The Development of Youth Corrections Systems
 
3. preventive agencies and reform schools 1850 1890
3. preventive agencies and reform schools 1850 18903. preventive agencies and reform schools 1850 1890
3. preventive agencies and reform schools 1850 1890
 
2. origins of the house of refuge movement
2. origins of the house of refuge movement2. origins of the house of refuge movement
2. origins of the house of refuge movement
 
1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Treatment of Children
1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Treatment of Children1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Treatment of Children
1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Treatment of Children
 
6. dev. of youth corrections systems
6. dev. of youth corrections systems6. dev. of youth corrections systems
6. dev. of youth corrections systems
 
Juveniles in Adult Courts and Prisons (CJ 471)
Juveniles in Adult Courts and Prisons (CJ 471)Juveniles in Adult Courts and Prisons (CJ 471)
Juveniles in Adult Courts and Prisons (CJ 471)
 
2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement
2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement
2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement
 
11. Plata & Coleman Lawsuits
11. Plata & Coleman Lawsuits11. Plata & Coleman Lawsuits
11. Plata & Coleman Lawsuits
 
8. juveniles in adult court
8. juveniles in adult court8. juveniles in adult court
8. juveniles in adult court
 
5. the early juvenile court
5. the early juvenile court5. the early juvenile court
5. the early juvenile court
 
5. cal juv court
5. cal juv court5. cal juv court
5. cal juv court
 
7. George Junior Republic at Preston
7. George Junior Republic at Preston7. George Junior Republic at Preston
7. George Junior Republic at Preston
 
4. the origins of california’s juvenile justice system updated
4. the origins of california’s juvenile justice system updated4. the origins of california’s juvenile justice system updated
4. the origins of california’s juvenile justice system updated
 
4. The Reform School Era in California
4. The Reform School Era in California4. The Reform School Era in California
4. The Reform School Era in California
 
6. Eugenics at Whittier
6. Eugenics at Whittier6. Eugenics at Whittier
6. Eugenics at Whittier
 
11. The End of the California Youth Authority (CYA) Era
11. The End of the California Youth Authority (CYA) Era11. The End of the California Youth Authority (CYA) Era
11. The End of the California Youth Authority (CYA) Era
 

More from Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice

Closing the Massachusetts Training Schools (CJ 471)
Closing the Massachusetts Training Schools (CJ 471)Closing the Massachusetts Training Schools (CJ 471)
Closing the Massachusetts Training Schools (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Closing California Youth Correctional Institutions (CJ 471)
Closing California Youth Correctional Institutions (CJ 471)Closing California Youth Correctional Institutions (CJ 471)
Closing California Youth Correctional Institutions (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Issues in Juvenile Justice (CJ 471)
Issues in Juvenile Justice (CJ 471)Issues in Juvenile Justice (CJ 471)
Issues in Juvenile Justice (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Youth in American History (CJ 471)
Youth in American History (CJ 471)Youth in American History (CJ 471)
Youth in American History (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
The Roots of Poverty (CJ 471)
The Roots of Poverty (CJ 471)The Roots of Poverty (CJ 471)
The Roots of Poverty (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Evolution of Gangs in the U.S. (CJ 471)
Evolution of Gangs in the U.S. (CJ 471)Evolution of Gangs in the U.S. (CJ 471)
Evolution of Gangs in the U.S. (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
African American Children and Juvenile Justice in the 19th Century (CJ 471)
African American Children and Juvenile Justice in the 19th Century (CJ 471)African American Children and Juvenile Justice in the 19th Century (CJ 471)
African American Children and Juvenile Justice in the 19th Century (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
21st Century Juvenile Justice Reform (CJ 471)
21st Century Juvenile Justice Reform (CJ 471)21st Century Juvenile Justice Reform (CJ 471)
21st Century Juvenile Justice Reform (CJ 471)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
Preventive Agencies and Reform Schools 1850-1890
Preventive Agencies and Reform Schools 1850-1890Preventive Agencies and Reform Schools 1850-1890
Preventive Agencies and Reform Schools 1850-1890
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
10. The Demise of Institutional Rehabilitation
10. The Demise of Institutional Rehabilitation10. The Demise of Institutional Rehabilitation
10. The Demise of Institutional Rehabilitation
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
8. The Establishment of the California School for Girls
8. The Establishment of the California School for Girls8. The Establishment of the California School for Girls
8. The Establishment of the California School for Girls
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
5. Founding the California Juvenile Court
5. Founding the California Juvenile Court5. Founding the California Juvenile Court
5. Founding the California Juvenile Court
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
3. San Francisco History
3. San Francisco History3. San Francisco History
3. San Francisco History
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
11. 21st century juvenile justice reform
11. 21st century juvenile justice reform11. 21st century juvenile justice reform
11. 21st century juvenile justice reform
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 
10. juvenile justice reform in ca 09
10. juvenile justice reform in ca 0910. juvenile justice reform in ca 09
10. juvenile justice reform in ca 09
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
 

More from Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (15)

Closing the Massachusetts Training Schools (CJ 471)
Closing the Massachusetts Training Schools (CJ 471)Closing the Massachusetts Training Schools (CJ 471)
Closing the Massachusetts Training Schools (CJ 471)
 
Closing California Youth Correctional Institutions (CJ 471)
Closing California Youth Correctional Institutions (CJ 471)Closing California Youth Correctional Institutions (CJ 471)
Closing California Youth Correctional Institutions (CJ 471)
 
Issues in Juvenile Justice (CJ 471)
Issues in Juvenile Justice (CJ 471)Issues in Juvenile Justice (CJ 471)
Issues in Juvenile Justice (CJ 471)
 
Youth in American History (CJ 471)
Youth in American History (CJ 471)Youth in American History (CJ 471)
Youth in American History (CJ 471)
 
The Roots of Poverty (CJ 471)
The Roots of Poverty (CJ 471)The Roots of Poverty (CJ 471)
The Roots of Poverty (CJ 471)
 
Evolution of Gangs in the U.S. (CJ 471)
Evolution of Gangs in the U.S. (CJ 471)Evolution of Gangs in the U.S. (CJ 471)
Evolution of Gangs in the U.S. (CJ 471)
 
African American Children and Juvenile Justice in the 19th Century (CJ 471)
African American Children and Juvenile Justice in the 19th Century (CJ 471)African American Children and Juvenile Justice in the 19th Century (CJ 471)
African American Children and Juvenile Justice in the 19th Century (CJ 471)
 
21st Century Juvenile Justice Reform (CJ 471)
21st Century Juvenile Justice Reform (CJ 471)21st Century Juvenile Justice Reform (CJ 471)
21st Century Juvenile Justice Reform (CJ 471)
 
Preventive Agencies and Reform Schools 1850-1890
Preventive Agencies and Reform Schools 1850-1890Preventive Agencies and Reform Schools 1850-1890
Preventive Agencies and Reform Schools 1850-1890
 
10. The Demise of Institutional Rehabilitation
10. The Demise of Institutional Rehabilitation10. The Demise of Institutional Rehabilitation
10. The Demise of Institutional Rehabilitation
 
8. The Establishment of the California School for Girls
8. The Establishment of the California School for Girls8. The Establishment of the California School for Girls
8. The Establishment of the California School for Girls
 
5. Founding the California Juvenile Court
5. Founding the California Juvenile Court5. Founding the California Juvenile Court
5. Founding the California Juvenile Court
 
3. San Francisco History
3. San Francisco History3. San Francisco History
3. San Francisco History
 
11. 21st century juvenile justice reform
11. 21st century juvenile justice reform11. 21st century juvenile justice reform
11. 21st century juvenile justice reform
 
10. juvenile justice reform in ca 09
10. juvenile justice reform in ca 0910. juvenile justice reform in ca 09
10. juvenile justice reform in ca 09
 

Recently uploaded

How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptxHow to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
HajraNaeem15
 
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
deepaannamalai16
 
CIS 4200-02 Group 1 Final Project Report (1).pdf
CIS 4200-02 Group 1 Final Project Report (1).pdfCIS 4200-02 Group 1 Final Project Report (1).pdf
CIS 4200-02 Group 1 Final Project Report (1).pdf
blueshagoo1
 
Skimbleshanks-The-Railway-Cat by T S Eliot
Skimbleshanks-The-Railway-Cat by T S EliotSkimbleshanks-The-Railway-Cat by T S Eliot
Skimbleshanks-The-Railway-Cat by T S Eliot
nitinpv4ai
 
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxBeyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
EduSkills OECD
 
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptxBIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
RidwanHassanYusuf
 
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem studentsRHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Himanshu Rai
 
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger HuntElectric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
RamseyBerglund
 
Haunted Houses by H W Longfellow for class 10
Haunted Houses by H W Longfellow for class 10Haunted Houses by H W Longfellow for class 10
Haunted Houses by H W Longfellow for class 10
nitinpv4ai
 
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
 
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skillsspot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
haiqairshad
 
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
nitinpv4ai
 
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptxNEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
iammrhaywood
 
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptLevel 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Henry Hollis
 
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
IsmaelVazquez38
 
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
TechSoup
 
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsA Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
Steve Thomason
 
Wound healing PPT
Wound healing PPTWound healing PPT
Wound healing PPT
Jyoti Chand
 
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17
Celine George
 
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
Celine George
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptxHow to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
 
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
 
CIS 4200-02 Group 1 Final Project Report (1).pdf
CIS 4200-02 Group 1 Final Project Report (1).pdfCIS 4200-02 Group 1 Final Project Report (1).pdf
CIS 4200-02 Group 1 Final Project Report (1).pdf
 
Skimbleshanks-The-Railway-Cat by T S Eliot
Skimbleshanks-The-Railway-Cat by T S EliotSkimbleshanks-The-Railway-Cat by T S Eliot
Skimbleshanks-The-Railway-Cat by T S Eliot
 
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxBeyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
 
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptxBIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
 
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem studentsRHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
 
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger HuntElectric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
 
Haunted Houses by H W Longfellow for class 10
Haunted Houses by H W Longfellow for class 10Haunted Houses by H W Longfellow for class 10
Haunted Houses by H W Longfellow for class 10
 
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
 
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skillsspot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
 
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
 
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptxNEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
 
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptLevel 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
 
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
 
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
 
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsA Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
 
Wound healing PPT
Wound healing PPTWound healing PPT
Wound healing PPT
 
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17
 
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
 

1. historical foundations for community corrections

  • 1. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Historical Foundations of Modern Criminal Law Mitigation of Punishment
  • 2. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Mitigation A reason for making a punishment less severe
  • 3. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Most Serious Crimes Throughout History – Crimes Against State • Treason • Witch Craft
  • 4. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Punishments Throughout History • Capital Punishment • Corporal Punishment • Shaming • Banishment • Enslavement
  • 5. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Ancient Origins • Code of Hammurabi • Greek Legal System • Roman Law
  • 6. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Hammurabi code (1700 BC) Lax talionis (principle of retaliation)
  • 7. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Greek laws and the question of severity • Draco (621 BC) • Solon (594 BC)
  • 8. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Roman Law • 12 Tables (451 BC) • Organized law enforcement (27 BC) • Justinian Code (518-565 AD)
  • 9. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Medieval Criminal Law Controlling Crime Through Terror
  • 10. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Criminal penalties of the middle ages • Based on social status • Social control through fear and terror • Redemption and reformation not a consideration
  • 11. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Punishments under Anglo-Saxon Law • Trial by ordeal • Branding • Flogging • Mutilation • Execution
  • 12. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Medieval Origins of Probation: the Search for Moderation • Amercement • Benefit of Clergy • Reading of Psalm 51 • Sanctuary • Abjuration • Pleading the belly • Judicial Reprieve
  • 13. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Age of Enlightenment and the Origins Of Modern Criminal Law The Application of Reason and the Search for Humane Laws
  • 14. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 William Penn (1644-1718) English Quaker, who established Pennsylvania colony. Created Quaker Code of 1682 (Great Law) that introduced more humane treatment of criminal offenders.
  • 15. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Montesquieu Published Spirit of the Laws in 1748; advocated the rule of law and the elimination of arbitrary power
  • 16. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Voltaire(Francois Marie Arouet) (1694-1778) Spoke out against torture and sought conviction reversals even after people had been executed Believed fear of shame was a deterrent to crime Imprisoned in the Bastille (1726)
  • 17. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 CESARE BECCARIA (1738-1794) Author of Essays on Crime and Punishments 1764 which laid the foundation for modern legal philosophy Introduced concepts of: Equality Proportionality Humane treatment
  • 18. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832 English advocate of Utilitarianism Coined term: Hedonistic Calculus “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think...[16]”
  • 19. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Classical Criminology and Modern Criminal Sentencing • Human Beings are Rational • Deterrence is the purpose of punishment • Human beings balance pleasure with pain • Punishment should be proportionate to the crime • Sanctions should be proclaimed prior to their use • Punishments should “not embrace savage measures” • Death Penalty should be eliminated or limited
  • 20. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The American Penitentiary and the Pursuit of Humane Justice
  • 21. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 John Howard (1726-1790) English prison reformer who wrote “The State of the Prisons in England and Whales. Advocated passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by British Government that called for: Classifications of prisoners Prison inspections Emphasis on solitary confinement Abolishment of fees for basic needs
  • 22. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Great American Reformers Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) Solitary Penitentiary System Thomas Eddy (1758–1827) Congregate Penitentiary System
  • 23. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Edward Livingston Livingston Code (Louisiana Code) Advocated for: • Complete solitude for criminals • Opposed corporal punishment • Believed in incentives to promote change through work
  • 24. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Sentencing Reform in the New Republic • Rejection of harsh European practices • Incarceration becomes a primary form of punishment • Employs combination of solitary confinement and labor • Founded on notion that criminal offender could be redeemed
  • 25. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 ON THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN UNITED STATES AND ITS APPLICATION IN FRANCE (1833) Alexis de Tocqueville Gustave de Beaumont
  • 26. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Failures of the Penitentiary System Birth of Probation
  • 27. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Society for the Alleviation of Prison Miseries IT IS WITH DEEP REGRET THE VISITING COMMITTEE FEEL THEMSELVES OBLIGED TO STATE, THEY HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO PERCEIVE ANY REFORMATION AMONG THE PRISONERS; AND THEY ARE FULLY CONVINCED, THE FOLLOWING CAUSES HAVE PRINCIPALLY, IF NOT ENTIRELY, PREVENTED THE REFORM THAT HAS BEEN SO ANXIOUSLY EXPECTED • 1ST THE UNFITNESS OF THE PRESENT BUILDING FOR A PENITENTIARY. • 2ND THE WANT OF CLASSIFICATION • 3RD THE CROWDED STATE OF THE PRISON • 4TH THE WANT OF EMPLOYMENT WHILE CAUSES SO PREGNANT WITH EVIL EXIST, IT IS VAIN TO EXPECT ANY REFORM.
  • 28. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 American Incarceration after 1840 • Emphasis on harsh punishment • Forced labor to reduce prison costs • Brutal treatment and unsanitary living conditions • Inmates seen as incorrigible
  • 29. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Dorothea Dix (April 4, 1802 – July 17, 1887) Prison and Prison Discipline in the United States (1845) Argued for the improved treatment of prisoners. The good system, ignorantly or viciously administered, becomes as a great an evil to the prisoner and to society, as the very worst system ever devised or tolerated.