2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement
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Daniel Macallair, Executive Director of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (CJCJ) is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his Intervention Policies in Juvenile Justice course materials.
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2. The Origins of the House of Refuge Movement
- 1. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Origins of the Child Intervention Policy and Congregate Institutional Care in in the US Expanding state responsibility for childrenโs care and treatment
- 2. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Changing Social Conditions in 19th America โข Mass immigration โข Rural to urban population trends โข Poverty and homelessness โข Fear of the dangerous classes
- 3. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Scenes of Poverty: New York1860s
- 4. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Scenes of Poverty: New York Street Children 1800s
- 5. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Scenes of Poverty: New York Street Children 1800s
- 6. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Scenes of Poverty: New York Street Children 1800s
- 7. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Emergence of Institutional Care in the Early 19th century โข Congregate Penitentiary Model โข Adult Penitentiary System established 1790-1816. โข Society for the Prevention of Pauperism founded (1819) โข A โReport on the Penitentiary System in the United Statesโ published (1822) โข New York House of Refuge established (1825) โข House of Refuge Era 1825-1850 โข Ex parte Crouse and Parens Patriae
- 8. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 CHILD SAVERS โข 19th century advocates who sought to expand the authority of the state and private charitable organizations to intervene on behalf of children and promote policies that improve their protection and well being. Promoted the doctrine of Parens Patriae as the legal basis for state intervention
- 9. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Americaโs First Child Savers John Griscom (1774-1852) Thomas Eddy (1758-1827)
- 10. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Congregate Institution โข An institution of involuntary confinement designed for the efficient management of large numbers of people through rigid structure, strict regimentation, and harsh enforcement of rules
- 11. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 What the Founders of Houses of Refuge Wanted โข An humane alternative to placing children and youth in adult prisons โข A reaffirmation of the penitentiary model โข Removal and control of primarily destitute children from the streets โข Prevent pauper children from becoming adult criminals โข Avoid constitutional due process constraints โข Blend deterrence and coerced reformation through an institutional setting โข Provide a place where youth could inculcated with proper work habits, Christian values, and basic education
- 12. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103
- 13. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Typical day in a House of Refuge โข Awakened at sunrise by ringing bell โข Make bed enter hallway โข Line up and march to wash room โข Inspection in the yard and then prayer room โข Morning school until 7:00 am โข Bell rings for breakfast โข Proceed to workshops โข Labor until dinner from12:00-1:00 pm โข Back to workshops until 5:00 โข Supper from 5:00-5:30 โข Back to school room from 5:30-8:00 โข Evening prayer โข Conducted to dormitories for sleep
- 14. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Work in the House of Refuge ๏ง Contract labor system ๏ง Large congregate workshops ๏ง Products produced for institutional use ๏ง Institutional maintenance projects ๏ง Apprenticeships, binding out, Indentured to ship captains
- 15. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Girls in Houses of Refuge โข Confined until their 18th birthday โข Taught value of maintaining innocence and virtue โข Learned biblical passages โข Trained in domestic servitude and/or preparation for marriage โข Limited vocational training
- 16. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 House of Refuge Era 1825-1850 New York House of Refuge (1853) Philadelphia House of Refuge (1854)
- 17. www.cjcj.org ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Ex Parte Crouse (1838) and the assertion of supreme state power In 1838, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the doctrine of Parens Patriae and the right of the state to confine children in Houses of Refuge without constitutional due process protections.