This document provides an introduction to science and the scientific method. It defines science as using observation and experimentation to discover facts and formulate principles or laws that can be tested. Physical science is defined as the study of non-living matter, including chemistry which examines how matter interacts, and physics which examines energy and its effects on matter. The scientific method is then described as a step-by-step process scientists use to answer questions, involving stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusions. The key aspects of experiments like variables, controls, and qualitative and quantitative observations are also outlined.
A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
The “Course Topics” series from Manage Train Learn and Slide Topics is a collection of over 4000 slides that will help you master a wide range of management and personal development skills. The 202 PowerPoints in this series offer you a complete and in-depth study of each topic. This presentation is on "Logical Thinking".
A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
The “Course Topics” series from Manage Train Learn and Slide Topics is a collection of over 4000 slides that will help you master a wide range of management and personal development skills. The 202 PowerPoints in this series offer you a complete and in-depth study of each topic. This presentation is on "Logical Thinking".
15 free qualitative and quantitative research methods booksThe Free School
15 free qualitative and quantitative research methods books for dissertation and thesis scholars. All books are available free-of-charge as open-access scholarships. The web addresses are provided. All books are accessible via Google or Google Scholar searches.
Research is the systematic efforts of gathering, analyzing & interpreting the problems confronted by humanity.
this ppt contains following points :-
Meaning of research
Characteristics of Research
Objectives of Research
Motivation in Research
Importance of Research
Types of Research
Research Process
Difference Between Research Methods & Research Methodology
Meaning of Business Research
Role of Business Research
Factors Affecting Business Research
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
15 free qualitative and quantitative research methods booksThe Free School
15 free qualitative and quantitative research methods books for dissertation and thesis scholars. All books are available free-of-charge as open-access scholarships. The web addresses are provided. All books are accessible via Google or Google Scholar searches.
Research is the systematic efforts of gathering, analyzing & interpreting the problems confronted by humanity.
this ppt contains following points :-
Meaning of research
Characteristics of Research
Objectives of Research
Motivation in Research
Importance of Research
Types of Research
Research Process
Difference Between Research Methods & Research Methodology
Meaning of Business Research
Role of Business Research
Factors Affecting Business Research
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
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2. What is Science?
The knowledge obtained by observing
natural events and conditions in order
to discover facts and formulate laws or
principles that can be verified or tested.
3. What is Physical Science?
The scientific study of non-living matter.
Chemistry
The study of all forms of matter, including
how matter interacts with other matter.
Physics
The study of energy and how it affects matter.
4. What is the Scientific Method?
Step-by-step way in which scientists answer
questions.
1.State the problem. Ask a question.
2. Research the topic.
3. Form a hypothesis.
4. Test the Hypothesis.
5. Gather Data and analyze Results.
6. Draw Conclusions.
5. State the Problem/Questions
The problem identifies what you want to
find out.
Develop a clear statement defining the
problem
Make sure your problem is
narrowed/specific enough
State the problem in the form of a question:
How does __________ affect _______?
What is the effect of _______ on ________?
6. Research
Write down all information you already know
Do research in books on the topic you are
investigating
Ask experts on the subject you are researching
If you find an answer to your problem/question
you do not need to move on
7. What is a hypothesis?
An explanation that is based on prior
scientific research or observations and
that can be tested.
“Educated Guess” (based upon your
research)
“If… then… because” Statement
8. How do you test a hypothesis?
Develop an experiment that will
support or not support your hypothesis.
Must be run multiple times (many
trials)
Must have only 1 independent variable
(the factor being tested)
Must include 2 setups (groups)
Experimental setup (group)
Control setup (group)
9. How do you test a hypothesis?
Use a Controlled Experiment
An experiment that tests only one factor at a time by
using a comparison of a control group and an
experimental group.
Control Group
The group that the scientist changes nothing in. The
Control group is used for comparison.
Experimental Group
The group that the scientist has changed something.
It is the variable in the experiment where you want
to see how this condition affects something.
10. What is a variable?
A variable is something that can change.
In an experiment it is a factor that is
different from one group to another.
Independent variable (a cause)
The factor that the scientist has changed in
order to test the hypothesis (on purpose). It is
the cause
Dependent Variable (the effect)
The result of what the scientist changed. It is
the effect of what happened in the experiment.
11. What are constants?
They are items or conditions that the
scientist kept the same in both the control
group and the experimental group.
Conditions that are THE SAME in both the
experimental and control group.
12. How can you gather data?
Make Observations.
Any use of the senses to gather information.
Qualitative Observations
Anything that you see, smell, touch, taste, or hear.
Ex. Blue, bitter, fizzing sound.
Quantitative Observations
Any observation that can be measured.
Must include a number.
Ex. 5 centimeters long
13. How can you analyze results to
determine patterns?
Record Data
Write observations and measurements
Be consistent when you are checking your
experiments and recording the results
Create tables or charts (Data Tables and Pie
Charts)
Create graphs from collected Data (Line
Graphs, Bar Graphs)
Complete all necessary mathematical
calculations
14. How can you draw conclusions?
Answer the following questions in paragraph
form (Always explain in detail using scientific
vocabulary.):
Do your results/data support your hypothesis? Why
or why not?
What are ways you can improve your data?
What would you do differently if you were to repeat
the experiment?
15. What is in a conclusion?
You restate the purpose of your experiment
You indicate what the results were. Use
numbers!!!!! Example: “On average after 3 trials,
…….”
You explain why those results were given. Here
you think about what you found out in your
research.
You consider any improvements to your
procedure. This is error analysis.
You ask a new question – what do you want to
do next?
16. Let’s try!
Six bean plants are to be tested to see what
happens if light is taken away. The all have the
same type of container, the same amount of soil,
and they will receive the same amount of water.
Three will be placed in a sunlit window and 3 will
be placed in a dark closet for 2 weeks.
1. What is the question?
2. Research.
3. Form a Hypothesis.
4. Test your hypothesis.
17. Let’s try continued…
4a. What is the control group?
4b. What is the experimental group?
4c. What is the independent variable?
4d. What is the dependent variable?
4e. What are the constants?
5. Gather data.
5a. What are some Qualitative observations you
can make?
5b. What are some quantitative observations you
can make?
18. Let’s try continued…again.
6. Analyze results.
6a. How can you show your results?
7. Draw Conclusions?
7a. How do you write a conclusion
paragraph?
19. What are scientific models?
Model
A representation of an object or system.
Physical Models
Mathematical Models
Conceptual Models
20. What is the difference between a
scientific theory and a scientific law?
Theory
An explanation that ties
together many
hypotheses and
observations.
Supported by repeated
trials.
May help with further
predictions.
Tells why it happens.
Law
A summary of many
experimental results
and observations.
Tells how things work
Only tells what
happens, it does not
explain why.