The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology including the scientific method, branches of science, traits of living things, and needs of living things. It defines science as a process used to understand the world through observation and experimentation. It describes the main branches of science and lists examples. It then explains the traits that distinguish living things, including response, movement, organization, reproduction, growth and development. Finally, it discusses the basic energy and material needs of living things like food, water, and sunlight.

1. Chapter 1 The Science of Biology

2. The Scientific Method

3. Activating Prior Knowledge Spinner What are some facts that you know about this topic? 2. what are some synonyms for this topic? OR define this topic in your words. 3. How could you use this topic currently in your life or in the future? OR what questions do you have about this topic? 4. Can you think of a specific example of when you experienced this topic? If so, how did it benefit you? 5. If you were writing about this topic, what information would you include? 6. Why might it be important to learn about this topic? Title: Scientific Method Date: : Draw the diagram on right side Write the question on the left side Answer the question on the diagram Look at the topic on the handout given 6 2 1 3 4 5

4. The word science come from the Latin Word “ scire” = To know Science: is the process of trying to understand the world around you. is the body of knowledge that scientists have built up after years of using this process What do you call someone who practices science? A scientist What is Science?

5. Branches of Science Many different types of science exist. And they are all named based on the subject matter they are studying. -Ex: Biology = the study of life Earth Science = study of Earth and Space Chemistry = the study of the composition and structure of matter. Biochemistry = study of chemical composition of biological forms. Physics = study of the interactions between matter and energy

6. Look for the branches of science that start with each of the letter. Give the definition with illustration. Write a complete sentence on each. Branches of science Biology: the study of living things

7. The Goals of Science to investigate and understand nature to explain events in nature to use those explanations to make useful predictions

8. How Scientists Work Scientific Method

9. Scientific Method In order to conduct an experiment you must use the Scientific Method . The scientific method is a series of steps taken during an experiment in order to solve a problem.

10. STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Observation State the problem Form a hypothesis Experiment/design the experiment Results/Data Analysis

11. Observations Making observations —gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way. Information gather from observation is called data Types of observations Qualitative observation Focus on the qualities of an object. Ex. Color of an object Quantitative observation Characteristics of an object that can be measured. involves numbers Ex. Mass, Length

12. State the Problem This problem or question is formed from your observations. This is the question you as the scientist want answered. Also called the “purpose”.

13. Form a Hypothesis The hypothesis is a testable explanation to your problem. “ Educated Guess” is not enough. You must be able to test your explanation. It may arise from prior knowledge, logical inferences or imaginative guesses. A hypothesis is useful only if it can be tested.

14. 3 Hole Bottle Demo 1. If I remove the tape from the top hole in the 2-liter bottle then _________________ Leave space for a drawing here Actual Results and comments (include a drawing and an explanation):

15. 3 Hole Bottle Demo 2. If I remove the tape from the middle hole in the 2-liter bottle then ________________ Leave space for a drawing here Actual Results and comments (include a drawing and an explanation):

16. 3 Hole Bottle Demo 2. Hypothesis: If I remove the tape from the bottom hole in the 2-liter bottle then ____________ Leave space for a drawing here Actual Results and comments (include a drawing and an explanation):

17. Experiment/Design an experiment Design an experiment that tests your hypothesis. Control Group: test variables are kept constant “ Normal Conditions” Experimental Group: variables are changed

18. Designing an experiment Variables are factors in an experiment that can change. Types of Variables Independent Variables= Manipulated variables : are variables that change during an experiment. (If you wanted to see what soap cleaned dishes the best, all the different soaps used would be independent variables. Dependant variables=Responding variable: are the variables being measured. I n a graph it is along the vertical axis or y-axis (So you would measure how clean the dishes are after using a specific soap. That result is dependant on the soap used to clean that dish.) Controlled variables: are variables that never change over the course of an experiment. (Here it would be the amount of soap used to clean the dishes, you would always use the same amount.) They are kept the same.

19. Results/Analysis Results This section includes all of the data and information collected. How do you present your data? Analysis/interpreting The data is explained and the process is wrapped up. When an experiment if finished, the researcher analyzes the data for patterns, often by doing calculations or making graphs, to determine whether the results support the hypothesis

20. Steps for the Scientific method

21. Important things to consider when using the scientific method Trials, variables, Controls and Data Tables Trials are repeated experiments, performed in order to make sure that your results are consistent. (the more trials you perform the truer the results.) Why else would you perform more than just one trial? -Human error, faulty material

22. Developing Theories After a scientist completes an experiment and analyzed his/her data they than can propose a scientific theory . A theory is an explanation of things or events based on scientific knowledge that is the result of an experiment. After the theory is tested it could become a law. A scientific law however, is a statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time. It is a theory that has been accepted as true. -Ex: gravity

23. Writing a laboratory Report

24. CONCEPT MAP using the following terms: Observations, Field studies, Hypotheses Scientists Observations 1 Inferences Questions Control experiment 2 3 Make Can lead to Can be tested 1. Hypotheses, 2. Observations 3. field studies

25. Answer the “Sponge Bob” Control and variables Worksheet 1. Patty Power 2. Slimotosis 3. Marshmallow Muscles 4. Microwave Miracle http://www.smithlifescience.com/PH1-2ScientificInquiry.htm http://www.sciencespot.net/Pages/startersgensci.html http://www.sciencespot.net/Pages/startersgensci.html (sciencespot) http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/controls.html (Id variables) http://sciencespot.net/Media/scimethodconvar.pdf (spomgeBob)

26. Questions and answer 1. What does scientist study? 2. What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative observations? 4. Describe three possible ways in which a hypothesis may arise?

27. Measuring with Scientific Units An important part of experimentation in science is making accurate measurements . Everyday things that we use are or have been measured. The ingredients of the food you will eat, your shoe size, the amount of electricity use to power this computer. ● And the way all of these things are measured all over the world are in Scientific Units or SI Units .

28. SI Units

29. Living Things What are some examples of living things? - Humans -Plants -bugs ● What about these things? Rocks, bicycles, books

30. What are living things Called? - They are called organisms, a living thing that posses the traits of life. ● What is a trait ? A trait is a specific feature of something. What are some human traits? Hair color, eye color, height

31. How to distinguish a living thing from a non living thing. If something expresses one of traits of life it is considered to be alive. The traits of life are: Response Movement Organization Reproduction Growth and development

32. Traits of Life 1) Response - organisms have the ability to react to their environments. Ex: When an animal runs away from a loud noise. Or when a plant grows in the direction of sunlight. (external responses) When you run your body temperature rises so your body sweats to cool you down. (internal response) - This is an example of Homeostasis , the maintaining of a proper internal condition. ● What is an environment and what is included in an organisms environment? - An environment includes everything in its surroundings. It includes other organisms, water, weather, temperature, soil, sound and light.

33. Traits of Life (continued) 2) Movement- all organisms show some form of movement which requires the use of energy. Humans and animals - run, walk, fly Plants - they grow out in the direction of sunlight and water. Bacteria and Algae - use things called flagella and pseudo pods for movement.

34. Traits of Life (continued) 3) Organization - All living things are made up of parts that are organized. All organisms are made of cells , the smallest unit of living things. Some organisms only contain one cell. ( bacteria ) & - Some organisms contain many cells. ( Plants and animals )

35. Traits of Life (continued) 4) Reproduction - All living things reproduce, meaning they make more of their own kind. Two types of reproduction: A) Sexual reproduction - Here two parents are needed, a male and female, to create one of their own kind. (Animals) B) Asexual reproduction - Here only one parent is needed to reproduce itself. (bacteria)

36. Traits of Life (continued) 5) Growth and development - All organisms express changes that take place over the course of their lives, this is known as development. - An example would be how a frog is conceived and born. - A frog begins as a single cell in a fertilized egg and then grows into a tadpole and eventually into a fully grown frog.

37. Needs of living things Energy - needed for all of the traits of life. Without energy an organism could not survive. Food and Sunlight) Water - Every living thing needs a constant supply of water. Our body is 70% water and our cells use water to carry out specials tasks like breaking down food. Plants need water to make their own food.

38. Needs of living things Oxygen - Living organisms use oxygen in order to release energy from food. We get Oxygen from the air what about fish, where does their Oxygen come from? Minerals - Chemicals found in the water soil, and air and can not be made by living things, however living things need minerals to survive. (we get them from eating plants and animals, plants get them from the soil.) Ex: Calcium and Potassium

39. Where does life come from? Section 1-3 H.W. pg. 21 ques.1-4 At first scientists believed that living thing things came from non living things. This theory was called spontaneous generation. Then in the mid 1800’s a man named Pasteur disproved this theory and it was replaced with a stronger theory called biogenesis , which states that all living things can only come from other living things.

40. Urey- Miller Experiment In 1924 two scientists named Stanley Miller and Harold Urey conducted an experiment to see how life on Earth formed. It was thought that early Earth had no life forms or O2, but it did have ammonia, hydrogen and water. The scientists hypothesized that these gasses could have combined to form more complex compounds found in living things, thus giving rise to life on Earth. The results they got proved that more complex compounds could be made with these gasses but it did not prove that life on Earth began this way.

41. Classifying Life Section 1-4 H.W pg. 26 ques. 1-4 In a grocery store all of the items that are sold are usually grouped together by similarities. - Milk and cheese with dairy - Hamburgers and cold cuts with meats etc….. - Why? Because it makes it easier for the consumer to find what they are looking for. - We need to do this with living things as well and we call it classification , the grouping of objects or information based on common traits.

42. How organisms are classified. Animals are classified into groups based on shared traits. Ex: Some animals have bones and some don’t. (fish) Some animals live in water and on land (amphibians) Some animals have hair (mammals) and some have feathers. (birds)

43. The Kingdoms of Life All organisms are separated into six large groups called Kingdoms . A kingdom is a large group of organisms that share certain features. There are six kingdoms of life and within each kingdom is an even more specific classification schemes, the smallest of which is called a species . A species is a group of organisms that have the ability to mate with each other and produce offspring. (two organisms that are of different species or kingdoms cannot mate and produce offspring)

44. The Kingdoms of Life (continued) Organisms are placed into a kingdoms based on these four features: How many cells they are made up of. What there cells look like. Whether or not they can move from place to place. How they get energy.

45. The Kingdoms of Life (continued) The six Kingdoms are: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

46. The Kingdoms of Life (continued) The breakdown from Kingdom to species is as follows: (ex: dolphin) K ingdom- Animal P hylum- Chordata C lass- Mammal O rder- Cetacea F amily- Delphinidae G enus- Tursiops S pecies- Tursiops truncatus The breakdown from Kingdom to species is as follows: (ex: human) Kingdom- Animal Phylum- Chordata Class- Mammal Order- Primate Family- Hominidae Genus- Homo Species- Erectus K ing P hyllips C ame O ver F or G ood S ex

47. How do we get these scientific names? All scientific names are taken from either Latin or Greek origin. We use a two-word naming system called Binomial Nomenclature to name organisms. The first word indicates the genus the organism belongs to. And the second name tells you something about the organism. Ex: Homo erectus- Homo means man & erectus means upright. Upright man.

48. Why we use Binomial Nomenclature 1) We use scientific names in order to limit confusion and to avoid mistakes. 2) Also, it allows us to know if two organisms are related. If the first of the two names is the same with both organisms than we know that they belong to the same genus, and are related. 3) These scientific names give descriptions of the species in the second of the two names. 4) These names allow the scientific world as a whole to classify all living things in an easy way.