2 Geography
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Rising demand for limited land resources leads to increased competition for land usage. There are three main responses to address this issue: increasing land prices, increasing land supply, and land conservation. One way to increase land supply is through land clearance, which involves demolishing old buildings or clearing forests to free up land for development. While land clearance provides more land for housing and agriculture, it can negatively impact the environment by destroying habitats and increasing soil erosion and water pollution.
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This chapter discusses the damaging impact of human activities on Earth and the urgent need for sustainability and environmental protection. It notes that India's forests are being depleted at an alarming rate and mankind is the primary cause of destruction through industrial exploitation, pollution, and deforestation. The document outlines threats from climate change like greenhouse gases, droughts/floods, and diseases and warns that failure to address these issues could lead to widespread extinction of species and catastrophic environmental damage by the 21st century.
Land Use Planning & Management
Land use planning refers to the process by which a society decides where different socioeconomic activities such as agriculture, residence, industry, and commerce should take place within its territory. Aerial photographs and remote sensing techniques are applied in land use planning for various purposes such as crop production forecasting, land cover and land degradation mapping, soil mapping, and precision farming.
Land degradation
1. Land degradation refers to long-term loss of ecosystem function and productivity caused by disturbances from which the land cannot recover. It is caused by both natural and human factors and results in declining soil fertility and productivity over time.
2. The major causes of land degradation include overpopulation, deforestation, overgrazing, unsustainable agricultural practices, industrialization, and climate change. In Asia, where populations are rapidly growing, degradation is exacerbated by clearing natural vegetation for agriculture without nutrient replenishment.
3. The impacts of land degradation include threatened food security as populations rise, increased poverty, and potential for conflicts over scarce resources. Land degradation reduces yields and leads to smaller farms, lower production, land
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This document summarizes a proposed soil case study examining the use of biochar, gypsum, and fly ash amendments to improve nutrient retention, water holding capacity, and pest control in sandy southeastern soils used for cotton production. Specifically, the study will apply these amendments with and without poultry litter fertilizer, and measure soil nutrients, compaction, and pest populations over two growing seasons. The goal is to evaluate these amendments as alternatives or supplements to poultry litter to reduce nutrient runoff pollution while improving soil quality and farm profitability.
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This document summarizes a study on farmland conversion and compensation for expropriated farmers in Mekelle, Ethiopia. Some key points:
1) Rapid urbanization in Mekelle has required converting thousands of hectares of agricultural land to urban uses between 2005-2008, expropriating over 9,883 farmer households.
2) The method used to value expropriated farmland and determine compensation is unscientific and outdated. Compensation amounts are based on average crop yields and prices from prior years, without considering impacts of exceptional circumstances.
3) Expropriated farmers perceive the compensation process as unfair due to low amounts and lack of rehabilitation support to replace their lost livelihoods.
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This document discusses several factors that can influence differences in levels of development between countries:
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Conserving land is important to ensure sustainable development while protecting nature areas. Governments make plans to set aside land as nature reserves where the wildlife, plants, and natural features are protected. In Singapore, 5% of land is reserved including Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, which is a home to 126 bird species and 500 plant and animal species and is an important site for migratory birds along the East Asian Australasian Flyway.
4 Chapter 7 Land Supply
This document discusses various methods for maximizing land use for agriculture, including irrigation, terracing, and soilless farming.
Irrigation allows farmers to grow crops in water-scarce areas by channeling water from sources like rivers. Terracing involves cutting slopes into steps with retaining walls to slow runoff and create flat land for farming. Soilless farming methods like hydroponics and aeroponics enable growing more crops closer together to maximize land use.
While these methods provide advantages like increasing crop yields and varieties, they also involve costs and challenges such as requiring maintenance, specialized equipment and nutrients, and human labor for construction and operation. Proper drainage and pest control are also important to avoid damage to crops
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Derelict land is land that is no longer suitable for its intended use due to natural disasters, improper farming practices, or mining activities. Natural disasters like fires and floods can damage land, while poor farming techniques like excessive crops or plowing can deplete nutrients and cause erosion. Mining also damages land by removing topsoil and vegetation, leaving behind deep holes and toxic waste that contaminate the soil.
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There are two main reasons for land constraint: rising demand for land and limited supply of land. The rising demand for land is due to factors such as population growth, increasing demand for housing, growth of industries to provide jobs, development of transport systems, increasing demand for arable land to grow crops, and increasing demand for recreational spaces as populations grow.
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Land reclamation involves creating new land from sea or riverbeds. Singapore has undertaken large-scale land reclamation since the 1960s due to its small size and rising population. Land is reclaimed using landfill methods, filling coastal and swamp areas with materials like sand. This has provided more space for housing, recreation, industry, and transportation infrastructure. While it addresses Singapore's land constraints, land reclamation can damage habitats if not properly regulated.
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Empoldering involves creating low-lying areas of land, called polders, reclaimed from bodies of water through building dikes and drainage systems. Polders are enclosed by dikes to prevent flooding and protected further with drainage canals and pumps. The process of creating polders involves draining the area, planting reeds to improve the soil, burning the reeds and mixing the ash into the soil, and eventually making the land ready for agriculture, construction, and other uses after around 15 years.
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This document discusses ways that countries maximize the use of urban land, which has become important as populations increase but land areas do not. It describes mixed land use projects, where residential, commercial, and other functions are located close together in a small area to efficiently use space. High-density high-rise buildings are another strategy, packing more homes into less land. While this maximizes land use, it can also increase traffic, pollution, and stress for residents from living in crowded conditions. The document examines tradeoffs between maximizing land use and quality of life.
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- 11. Thank You!!