Land is a scarce resource due to rising population and demand. Countries face land constraints as land supply is fixed while demand increases for housing, agriculture, industry, and transportation. To address this, countries take several responses including increasing land supply through land reclamation, landfill projects, and maximizing existing land use through mixed development projects, high-density buildings, irrigation, and terracing of agricultural land.
Land constraint occurs when there is insufficient land available to meet the rising demand for various human uses like housing, agriculture, industry, and recreation. The two main reasons for land constraint are a rising population that increases demand for land, and a limited fixed supply of land globally. As populations grow, more land is needed for housing, industries, transportation, food production, and recreational activities. However, only 30% of the earth's surface is land, and much of that is unsuitable for development or reserved for other uses like water catchment. This imbalance between growing land demands and restricted land availability leads to land constraint.
The bid rent theory proposes that the price of land decreases as distance from the central business district (CBD) increases. This is because retail establishments are willing to pay more to locate closer to the CBD to maximize profits from higher customer concentration. The commercial sector bids highest for CBD land, while the industrial sector requires more space and bids less. Residential bidding is also lower farther from the CBD as residents are less willing to pay high land costs far from the center. However, the theory does not account for all urban planning and transportation factors.
The document discusses land use planning and zoning. It provides definitions for key concepts in 3 sentences:
Land use planning is the process of organizing, managing and regulating land and resource use to meet socio-economic needs efficiently and sustainably. Zoning is a tool that controls land use through designations like residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and institutional. These designations regulate development form, design, use and compatibility as a basic framework for future growth and as a control mechanism to ensure development aligns with plans.
Land pooling Policy of DDA TPS and MagarpattaBhavik Raval
The document provides an overview and comparison of three land pooling policies: TPS Gujarat, Magarpatta City Pune, and DDA Land Pooling Policy. TPS Gujarat involves consolidating land parcels of 100-200 hectares and reorganizing plots while providing infrastructure and returning a portion of the original land to owners. Magarpatta City was a cooperative development by farmers in Hadapsar village that established an development company and returned shares rather than land portions. The DDA Land Pooling Policy aims to promote development through consolidating land into categories to be developed by private entities, with land returns of 60% and 48% respectively but lacks compensation for land given to the government.
This document summarizes a workshop on local area planning organized by Janwani. Janwani is a non-profit trust established to make Pune a better place to live and work. It focuses on environment, heritage, governance, transportation, energy, and urban planning. Janwani's local area planning project aims to introduce micro-level neighborhood planning, create citizen awareness, establish a shared vision, and feed citizen input back into Pune's development plan. As a pilot, Janwani conducted local area planning for the JM Road and Deccan area of Pune through citizen outreach and participation. The workshop discussed Janwani's objectives and methodology for local area planning as well as avenues for implementing citizen
Polycentric Cities and Sustainable DevelopmentDuncanSmith
Research mapping the density and function of commercial activities in Greater London, then exploring relationships with travel patterns. Part of my PhD research at CASA UCL. Presented at Regional Science UK and Ireland Section 2009.
- Urban populations are growing rapidly worldwide and will account for the majority of global population growth over the next 30 years, concentrating in large cities and megacities.
- Cities are increasingly divided spatially, economically, and socially, with large proportions of urban populations in developing countries living in slums lacking basic services and facing high levels of poverty, disease, and social exclusion.
- Urban growth has environmental impacts like pollution, overcrowding, and waste management problems that spread disease, with the health burdens often disproportionately affecting the urban poor.
Unit 12 responses to the rising demand for landcritter33
This document discusses various responses to the rising demand for land, including increasing land supply through land reclamation, conservation, and maximizing usage. Land reclamation involves creating new land from sea areas using landfill methods, which Singapore and Dubai have done successfully. Conservation designates protected nature reserves and government policies restrict land usage. Maximizing land use involves mixed development, high-density buildings, terracing, soil-less farming, and irrigation in agriculture. While such responses have temporarily increased land availability, reclamation cannot be done indefinitely.
Land constraint occurs when there is insufficient land available to meet the rising demand for various human uses like housing, agriculture, industry, and recreation. The two main reasons for land constraint are a rising population that increases demand for land, and a limited fixed supply of land globally. As populations grow, more land is needed for housing, industries, transportation, food production, and recreational activities. However, only 30% of the earth's surface is land, and much of that is unsuitable for development or reserved for other uses like water catchment. This imbalance between growing land demands and restricted land availability leads to land constraint.
The bid rent theory proposes that the price of land decreases as distance from the central business district (CBD) increases. This is because retail establishments are willing to pay more to locate closer to the CBD to maximize profits from higher customer concentration. The commercial sector bids highest for CBD land, while the industrial sector requires more space and bids less. Residential bidding is also lower farther from the CBD as residents are less willing to pay high land costs far from the center. However, the theory does not account for all urban planning and transportation factors.
The document discusses land use planning and zoning. It provides definitions for key concepts in 3 sentences:
Land use planning is the process of organizing, managing and regulating land and resource use to meet socio-economic needs efficiently and sustainably. Zoning is a tool that controls land use through designations like residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and institutional. These designations regulate development form, design, use and compatibility as a basic framework for future growth and as a control mechanism to ensure development aligns with plans.
Land pooling Policy of DDA TPS and MagarpattaBhavik Raval
The document provides an overview and comparison of three land pooling policies: TPS Gujarat, Magarpatta City Pune, and DDA Land Pooling Policy. TPS Gujarat involves consolidating land parcels of 100-200 hectares and reorganizing plots while providing infrastructure and returning a portion of the original land to owners. Magarpatta City was a cooperative development by farmers in Hadapsar village that established an development company and returned shares rather than land portions. The DDA Land Pooling Policy aims to promote development through consolidating land into categories to be developed by private entities, with land returns of 60% and 48% respectively but lacks compensation for land given to the government.
This document summarizes a workshop on local area planning organized by Janwani. Janwani is a non-profit trust established to make Pune a better place to live and work. It focuses on environment, heritage, governance, transportation, energy, and urban planning. Janwani's local area planning project aims to introduce micro-level neighborhood planning, create citizen awareness, establish a shared vision, and feed citizen input back into Pune's development plan. As a pilot, Janwani conducted local area planning for the JM Road and Deccan area of Pune through citizen outreach and participation. The workshop discussed Janwani's objectives and methodology for local area planning as well as avenues for implementing citizen
Polycentric Cities and Sustainable DevelopmentDuncanSmith
Research mapping the density and function of commercial activities in Greater London, then exploring relationships with travel patterns. Part of my PhD research at CASA UCL. Presented at Regional Science UK and Ireland Section 2009.
- Urban populations are growing rapidly worldwide and will account for the majority of global population growth over the next 30 years, concentrating in large cities and megacities.
- Cities are increasingly divided spatially, economically, and socially, with large proportions of urban populations in developing countries living in slums lacking basic services and facing high levels of poverty, disease, and social exclusion.
- Urban growth has environmental impacts like pollution, overcrowding, and waste management problems that spread disease, with the health burdens often disproportionately affecting the urban poor.
Unit 12 responses to the rising demand for landcritter33
This document discusses various responses to the rising demand for land, including increasing land supply through land reclamation, conservation, and maximizing usage. Land reclamation involves creating new land from sea areas using landfill methods, which Singapore and Dubai have done successfully. Conservation designates protected nature reserves and government policies restrict land usage. Maximizing land use involves mixed development, high-density buildings, terracing, soil-less farming, and irrigation in agriculture. While such responses have temporarily increased land availability, reclamation cannot be done indefinitely.
The document summarizes the redevelopment of Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai. Bhendi Bazaar is a 125-year-old crowded market area that was in need of redevelopment due to deteriorating infrastructure and unsafe living conditions. The redevelopment project will replace the existing 245 buildings spread across 16.5 acres with 17 new high-rise residential towers that will house the current residents and provide open public spaces. The redevelopment aims to improve living standards, reduce congestion, and make the area environmentally friendly.
The document discusses master plans and land use planning. It defines a master plan as a long term comprehensive plan that guides sustainable city development through policies, guidelines and priorities. It creates a vision based on public input and existing conditions. The key functions of a master plan are to guide growth, organize land uses, and plan infrastructure.
The document also defines land use as the human utilization of land including management and allocation. Major land uses discussed are residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, transportation, utilities and open spaces. Land use planning involves classifying and mapping land uses to efficiently use land and minimize conflicts between uses. Land use maps graphically represent land use distributions and relationships.
This document discusses zoning and its importance in town planning. It defines zoning as the process of dividing land into zones with different permitted uses, like residential, commercial, etc. The main objectives of zoning are to promote public welfare, enable future growth planning, and coordinate public amenities. Zoning provides advantages like orderly development and improved health, safety and prosperity. Key aspects of zoning covered are density zoning, height zoning, and use zoning. The document outlines the zoning powers of local authorities to regulate land use and development.
Urban morphology, elements of urban designAbdul Rab
This document provides an overview of urban design topics including urban morphology, elements of urban design, and the nature of urban design projects in public and private developments. It defines urban morphology as the study of the form and development of human settlements. It then discusses some key elements of urban design like buildings, public spaces, streets, transportation, and landscaping. Finally, it describes how urban design projects are carried out through public-private partnerships, with the private sector taking on financial and operational risks and the public sector providing funding or subsidies.
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
Land use and land value theory ppt
William Alonso In location theory William Alonso (Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, 1964) built upon the Thünen model to account for intra-urban variations in land use. He attempted to apply accessibility requirements to the city centre for various types of land use (housing, commercial,…
land use and land value theory of william alonso ppt
william alonso
Contestation in Urban Spaces in Mumbai. It is a brief introduction about the different problems faced in Urban Design of Mumbai. The pictures are self explanatory.
Urban land value
Bid rent theory
theoretical city models
Migration
types of migration
impact of migration on urban form
causes and impacts of migration
This document discusses real estate and land valuation from an economic perspective. It begins by defining land and real estate, then covers classical and neoclassical economic theories related to land. The key principles of land economics are discussed, including supply and demand, anticipation, balance, conformity, and substitution. External factors that can influence land value are also addressed.
Planning Legislation in India (Town Planning)S.P. Sharma
The document discusses various town planning legislation in India, highlighting their importance and key aspects. It covers:
1) The Sanitary Commission of 1864 which was formed to oversee sanitation and public health in cities and address issues like epidemics.
2) The Bombay Improvement Act of 1898 which established improvement trusts to undertake slum removal and sanitation works.
3) The Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915 which was India's first town planning law conferring powers on local authorities to control future growth and prevent slums.
4) The Model Town and Country Planning Act of 1960 which provided a framework for state legislation on planning authorities, master plans, and land use regulation.
The document summarizes key aspects of land acquisition laws and policies in India. It discusses the Land Acquisition Act of 1894, which allowed the government to acquire private land for public purposes with limited compensation. It then outlines the provisions of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR), which established social impact assessments, consent requirements and increased compensation rates. Finally, it notes that the Modi government proposed amendments through an ordinance in 2015 to simplify the land acquisition process under LARR, but the ordinance lapsed due to protests claiming it was anti-farmer.
The document discusses human settlements throughout history in different parts of the world. It provides details on:
1. Early human nomadic settlements and the factors influencing location such as access to resources.
2. Key ancient settlements including those in Egypt along the Nile River which provided fertile land and transportation, Mesopotamian cities like Uruk which was one of the first true cities, and Greek cities following plans by Hippodamus with grid layouts.
3. Roman settlements employing orthogonal street grids inspired by Greek designs, exemplified by planned cities like Timgad in North Africa which had precise stone construction illustrating Roman urban planning.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act of 1999. It defines important terms like tenant, landlord, and rent. It explains that the Act was introduced to unify existing rental laws under a single Act that applies statewide. Some important provisions are that rent can increase 4% annually and landlords must keep premises in good repair. The Act aims to balance protecting tenants from eviction while also ensuring landlords receive a fair return.
This document discusses the concepts and objectives of urban morphology. Urban morphology is defined as the study of the physical form and development of human settlements. It examines the shape and structure of settlements as well as their transformation over time under various forces. The document outlines different types of settlement patterns, forms, and structures. It also discusses the determinants that influence a settlement's morphology, including physical, functional, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. The objectives of urban morphology include improving comfort, accessibility, diversity and other qualities of urban form.
3.2 Maharashtra regional town planning actSachin PatiL
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
Review of Mumbai Metropolitan regional development planAnoushka Tyagi
The document outlines the planning methodology for the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Plan from 2016-2036. It discusses analyzing the status of the Mumbai region through reviews of population growth, land use trends, economy, transportation and other factors. Key maps shown include the existing and proposed land use and transportation networks. The plan methodology also includes assessing needs, making projections, identifying issues and proposing strategies and development through 2036.
1. Structure plans provide a framework to guide long-term development of an area by defining future land use, infrastructure, and other key features while protecting the environment.
2. The document discusses structure plans for Bangalore and Whangarei regions, outlining the planning process, key issues addressed, and implementation.
3. Structure plans coordinate development over large areas and multiple land owners, ensure compatible patterns of growth, and provide certainty about infrastructure and character of development.
Chapter 6 Urban Land Rent - Urban Economics 6th EditionParamita E.
Urban Economics 6th Edition by Arthur O'Sullivan.
This is a brief presentation of Chapter 6. Urban Land Rent, with some cases from Indonesia and some other parts of the world.
Land use planning refers to allocating land resources for different uses consistent with development goals. It involves classifying land, determining suitable land uses, and regulating development through tools like zoning maps and land use plans. The objectives are to promote efficient land use, reconcile conflicts, and guide sustainable development patterns. Land use planning organizations at the national, regional, and local levels coordinate to classify land and guide land allocation and conversion nationally and within their jurisdictions.
The urban fringe is the transitional zone between urban and rural areas. It is becoming increasingly important as cities expand outwards. The urban fringe goes through several stages of transformation, starting as purely rural land and eventually becoming urbanized as the city grows. This process impacts land use, occupations, and development patterns in the fringe. Effective planning and management are needed to balance development with preservation of natural and cultural assets in the sensitive urban fringe environment.
This document discusses reasons for housing shortages, including rapid population growth, migration to urban areas, high birth rates, competing uses for limited land, and physical constraints on land availability. Population growth increases housing demand which can outpace supply. Rural-urban migration also contributes to housing shortages as migrants may not find adequate employment and housing in cities. High birth rates within cities further increase population size. Limited land must be allocated between residential, commercial, industrial and other uses, while physical factors like steep slopes constrain housing development possibilities.
The document summarizes the redevelopment of Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai. Bhendi Bazaar is a 125-year-old crowded market area that was in need of redevelopment due to deteriorating infrastructure and unsafe living conditions. The redevelopment project will replace the existing 245 buildings spread across 16.5 acres with 17 new high-rise residential towers that will house the current residents and provide open public spaces. The redevelopment aims to improve living standards, reduce congestion, and make the area environmentally friendly.
The document discusses master plans and land use planning. It defines a master plan as a long term comprehensive plan that guides sustainable city development through policies, guidelines and priorities. It creates a vision based on public input and existing conditions. The key functions of a master plan are to guide growth, organize land uses, and plan infrastructure.
The document also defines land use as the human utilization of land including management and allocation. Major land uses discussed are residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, transportation, utilities and open spaces. Land use planning involves classifying and mapping land uses to efficiently use land and minimize conflicts between uses. Land use maps graphically represent land use distributions and relationships.
This document discusses zoning and its importance in town planning. It defines zoning as the process of dividing land into zones with different permitted uses, like residential, commercial, etc. The main objectives of zoning are to promote public welfare, enable future growth planning, and coordinate public amenities. Zoning provides advantages like orderly development and improved health, safety and prosperity. Key aspects of zoning covered are density zoning, height zoning, and use zoning. The document outlines the zoning powers of local authorities to regulate land use and development.
Urban morphology, elements of urban designAbdul Rab
This document provides an overview of urban design topics including urban morphology, elements of urban design, and the nature of urban design projects in public and private developments. It defines urban morphology as the study of the form and development of human settlements. It then discusses some key elements of urban design like buildings, public spaces, streets, transportation, and landscaping. Finally, it describes how urban design projects are carried out through public-private partnerships, with the private sector taking on financial and operational risks and the public sector providing funding or subsidies.
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
Land use and land value theory ppt
William Alonso In location theory William Alonso (Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, 1964) built upon the Thünen model to account for intra-urban variations in land use. He attempted to apply accessibility requirements to the city centre for various types of land use (housing, commercial,…
land use and land value theory of william alonso ppt
william alonso
Contestation in Urban Spaces in Mumbai. It is a brief introduction about the different problems faced in Urban Design of Mumbai. The pictures are self explanatory.
Urban land value
Bid rent theory
theoretical city models
Migration
types of migration
impact of migration on urban form
causes and impacts of migration
This document discusses real estate and land valuation from an economic perspective. It begins by defining land and real estate, then covers classical and neoclassical economic theories related to land. The key principles of land economics are discussed, including supply and demand, anticipation, balance, conformity, and substitution. External factors that can influence land value are also addressed.
Planning Legislation in India (Town Planning)S.P. Sharma
The document discusses various town planning legislation in India, highlighting their importance and key aspects. It covers:
1) The Sanitary Commission of 1864 which was formed to oversee sanitation and public health in cities and address issues like epidemics.
2) The Bombay Improvement Act of 1898 which established improvement trusts to undertake slum removal and sanitation works.
3) The Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915 which was India's first town planning law conferring powers on local authorities to control future growth and prevent slums.
4) The Model Town and Country Planning Act of 1960 which provided a framework for state legislation on planning authorities, master plans, and land use regulation.
The document summarizes key aspects of land acquisition laws and policies in India. It discusses the Land Acquisition Act of 1894, which allowed the government to acquire private land for public purposes with limited compensation. It then outlines the provisions of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR), which established social impact assessments, consent requirements and increased compensation rates. Finally, it notes that the Modi government proposed amendments through an ordinance in 2015 to simplify the land acquisition process under LARR, but the ordinance lapsed due to protests claiming it was anti-farmer.
The document discusses human settlements throughout history in different parts of the world. It provides details on:
1. Early human nomadic settlements and the factors influencing location such as access to resources.
2. Key ancient settlements including those in Egypt along the Nile River which provided fertile land and transportation, Mesopotamian cities like Uruk which was one of the first true cities, and Greek cities following plans by Hippodamus with grid layouts.
3. Roman settlements employing orthogonal street grids inspired by Greek designs, exemplified by planned cities like Timgad in North Africa which had precise stone construction illustrating Roman urban planning.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act of 1999. It defines important terms like tenant, landlord, and rent. It explains that the Act was introduced to unify existing rental laws under a single Act that applies statewide. Some important provisions are that rent can increase 4% annually and landlords must keep premises in good repair. The Act aims to balance protecting tenants from eviction while also ensuring landlords receive a fair return.
This document discusses the concepts and objectives of urban morphology. Urban morphology is defined as the study of the physical form and development of human settlements. It examines the shape and structure of settlements as well as their transformation over time under various forces. The document outlines different types of settlement patterns, forms, and structures. It also discusses the determinants that influence a settlement's morphology, including physical, functional, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. The objectives of urban morphology include improving comfort, accessibility, diversity and other qualities of urban form.
3.2 Maharashtra regional town planning actSachin PatiL
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
Review of Mumbai Metropolitan regional development planAnoushka Tyagi
The document outlines the planning methodology for the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Plan from 2016-2036. It discusses analyzing the status of the Mumbai region through reviews of population growth, land use trends, economy, transportation and other factors. Key maps shown include the existing and proposed land use and transportation networks. The plan methodology also includes assessing needs, making projections, identifying issues and proposing strategies and development through 2036.
1. Structure plans provide a framework to guide long-term development of an area by defining future land use, infrastructure, and other key features while protecting the environment.
2. The document discusses structure plans for Bangalore and Whangarei regions, outlining the planning process, key issues addressed, and implementation.
3. Structure plans coordinate development over large areas and multiple land owners, ensure compatible patterns of growth, and provide certainty about infrastructure and character of development.
Chapter 6 Urban Land Rent - Urban Economics 6th EditionParamita E.
Urban Economics 6th Edition by Arthur O'Sullivan.
This is a brief presentation of Chapter 6. Urban Land Rent, with some cases from Indonesia and some other parts of the world.
Land use planning refers to allocating land resources for different uses consistent with development goals. It involves classifying land, determining suitable land uses, and regulating development through tools like zoning maps and land use plans. The objectives are to promote efficient land use, reconcile conflicts, and guide sustainable development patterns. Land use planning organizations at the national, regional, and local levels coordinate to classify land and guide land allocation and conversion nationally and within their jurisdictions.
The urban fringe is the transitional zone between urban and rural areas. It is becoming increasingly important as cities expand outwards. The urban fringe goes through several stages of transformation, starting as purely rural land and eventually becoming urbanized as the city grows. This process impacts land use, occupations, and development patterns in the fringe. Effective planning and management are needed to balance development with preservation of natural and cultural assets in the sensitive urban fringe environment.
This document discusses reasons for housing shortages, including rapid population growth, migration to urban areas, high birth rates, competing uses for limited land, and physical constraints on land availability. Population growth increases housing demand which can outpace supply. Rural-urban migration also contributes to housing shortages as migrants may not find adequate employment and housing in cities. High birth rates within cities further increase population size. Limited land must be allocated between residential, commercial, industrial and other uses, while physical factors like steep slopes constrain housing development possibilities.
This document discusses various methods for maximizing land use for agriculture, including irrigation, terracing, and soilless farming.
Irrigation allows farmers to grow crops in water-scarce areas by channeling water from sources like rivers. Terracing involves cutting slopes into steps with retaining walls to slow runoff and create flat land for farming. Soilless farming methods like hydroponics and aeroponics enable growing more crops closer together to maximize land use.
While these methods provide advantages like increasing crop yields and varieties, they also involve costs and challenges such as requiring maintenance, specialized equipment and nutrients, and human labor for construction and operation. Proper drainage and pest control are also important to avoid damage to crops
The document discusses land supply and constraint due to rising demand for land. It examines various ways to increase land supply, such as landfill, emboldening, and reclaiming derelict land. Other options covered include high density building, mixed land use, irrigation, terracing, and soil-less farming. The document also addresses the importance of land conservation and provides examples of reclaimed areas in Singapore.
The way back Information Resources Project
Developing evidence-informed information resources for people who have attempted suicide and their family and friends. Presented by Jaelea Skehan - Director, Hunter Institute of Mental Health and Susan Beaton - Consultant & beyondblue Suicide Prevention Advisor
There are several reasons for increasing demand for land, including population growth, demand for housing and industries, and development of transportation networks. However, the supply of usable land is limited as much of the Earth's surface is not suitable for development. In response, governments can increase land supply through various means such as land clearance, land reclamation, and maximizing use of existing lands. They can also increase land prices and encourage conservation to manage the rising demand for land.
China faces severe water shortages by 2030 due to increasing demand from a growing and urbanizing population, industrialization, agriculture, and other factors. Overuse of water resources has caused extensive pollution and ecosystem damage across China's major rivers. The government has implemented various measures to encourage water conservation and reallocation, but China remains vulnerable to water stress given its high water usage and regional imbalances in water availability.
This document discusses acids and alkalis. It defines acids as substances that dissociate H+ ions in water, giving examples like citric acid in citrus fruits and formic acid in ants and bees. Acids have properties like being corrosive and turning litmus paper red. Common acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Alkalis are defined as bases that are soluble in water, with examples like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Alkalis turn litmus paper blue and have a soapy feel. Indicators are used to determine if a solution is acidic or alkaline, changing color depending on the pH. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity
The document discusses key concepts about biotic environments and ecosystems. It covers the relationships between organisms like predator-prey and parasitism. An ecosystem consists of communities of interacting living and non-living elements. Energy transfers through ecosystems from producers to various consumer trophic levels and decomposers. Nutrient cycles like carbon and nitrogen are essential to replenish nutrients in an ecosystem. Human activities like pollution, deforestation and overuse can upset the balance of ecosystems, so conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and natural resources.
Density decreases when volume increases while mass stays the same. Temperature variations in fluids cause density differences that create convection currents, with cold air sinking and hot air rising, as seen in refrigerators where coils on top allow this. Radiation transfers heat without a medium, with good absorbers also being good emitters while poor absorbers are good reflectors, and greater temperature differences result in more heat radiated per second, as reduced in vacuum flasks where lids prevent convection but also reduce conduction.
Raffles founded Singapore in 1819 after obtaining permission from Temenggong Abdul Rahman, the senior minister of Johor-Riau, and installing Tengku Hussein as the new sultan. Raffles established a British trading settlement on the island with a treaty signed by Tengku Hussein. However, this caused conflict as the Dutch saw Singapore as part of the Malay Peninsula under their control, while Raffles considered Singapore his personal colony. The East India Company was also angry at Raffles for establishing the settlement without permission.
The document discusses the high rate of population growth in some countries and its consequences. It states that high population growth is caused by low death rates and high birth rates. This results in higher demand for resources like food, water, housing, education, and jobs. It also leads to environmental problems as more waste is produced. Some measures to control population growth mentioned are educating people about family planning through agencies and posters, providing monetary incentives for smaller families and penalties for larger families like in China's one-child policy.
This document discusses different methods of heat transfer. It explains that heat flows from warmer to cooler regions. Conduction involves heat transfer through a medium without the medium moving. Good conductors like metals allow heat to move quickly, while insulators block heat transfer. Convection involves heat transfer through the movement of fluids like liquids and gases. Hot fluids rise and cooler fluids sink, circulating heat through the medium. Conductors and insulators have many applications based on their abilities to transfer or block heat.
Singapore gained independence from Malaysia in 1965 and faced significant challenges as a new nation with limited resources, including lack of land, natural resources, and a growing population. It had to overcome economic uncertainties from separation from Malaysia and its market, create jobs and improve living conditions for its growing population, replace Britain's military expenditure as they withdrew, and ensure political and social stability to enable economic development.
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. It provides details on the causes and effects of each type of pollution. Air pollution is caused by both natural sources like volcanic eruptions and forest fires, as well as human sources such as industries, vehicles, and construction activities. Water pollution occurs when sewage and industrial waste are improperly disposed of in rivers, lakes, and oceans. Land pollution results from improper disposal of waste and excessive use of chemicals on farms.
The document discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It describes how solar furnaces use large concave reflectors to focus sunlight to very high temperatures. Biomass energy can come from fast-growing plants like jojoba and jatropha that produce oil and can be used as fuel. The document also lists other renewable sources of energy including waves, tides, water, sun, biomass, and geothermal, as well as non-renewable sources like fossil fuels and uranium.
This chapter discusses different types of settlements. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and carry out activities. Settlements can be rural or urban, and are classified based on population size, main functions, available amenities, and way of life. Rural settlements typically have smaller populations engaged in activities like farming and fishing, with few amenities. Urban settlements have larger populations involved in manufacturing and business, with more amenities supported by strong infrastructure. Settlements are also classified by their patterns, such as dispersed, linear, or nucleated, which depend on factors like the landscape and transportation routes.
Land is an important resource for meeting basic human needs like food and shelter. However, the amount of land is limited in each country despite increasing demand, creating a land constraint issue. When available land cannot meet rising demand, land prices increase as some users are willing to pay higher prices for the scarce resource, exacerbating conflicts between different groups over land usage.
This document defines and describes different types of landforms. It discusses plains, plateaus, hills, mountains, valleys, depressions, canyons, peninsulas, islands, archipelagos, coasts, lakes, rivers, capes, gulfs, bays, straits, and channels. For each landform, it provides a brief definition and example. It concludes with a high-level review of some key landforms, describing mountains as high, steep, and rocky; valleys as low areas between mountains; plateaus as steep slopes with flat tops; and plains as flat, grassy areas stretching for miles.
Geography essential questions eoy 2012 with answerswoshitg
The document discusses various ways to address the rising demand for land due to population growth, including:
1) Increasing the price of land, which can slow overall demand as most are unwilling to pay higher prices.
2) Increasing the supply of land through methods like land clearance, landfill, empoldering, and reclaiming derelict land. Each method has advantages and disadvantages in terms of environmental impact, cost, and speed of creating new land.
3) Maximizing existing land uses through mixed developments, higher density buildings, improved agricultural techniques like irrigation and terracing, and integrated transport systems. While this better utilizes current land, it can increase traffic in residential areas near other functions.
Geography essential questions eoy 2012 with answerswoshitg
There are several causes of air, land, and water pollution:
1) Industries burn fossil fuels and release pollutants into the air. Motor vehicles and construction also contribute to air pollution.
2) Improper disposal of sewage and agricultural runoff leads to water pollution. Oil spills also pollute water bodies.
3) Domestic, industrial, and mining activities can pollute land when wastes are improperly disposed of and release toxic chemicals.
Comprehensive study notes on Resources and Development for Class 10 students, including detailed explanations, key concepts, and Resources and Development Class 10 NCERT Notes formats to aid in exam preparation and understanding of the subject.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Land and water resources make up 70% and 30% of the Earth's surface respectively. Overpopulation puts pressure on these limited resources. Key uses of land include agriculture, housing, recreation, and industry. Urbanization is driven by factors like improved job opportunities and social services in cities, leading to rural population shifts. Solutions to water scarcity involve desalination, recycling, catchment expansion, conservation, and international cooperation.
Sec3 - Why Does Uneven Development Exist Part 5chua.geog
Colonialism led to uneven development between colonial powers and their colonies. Colonial powers like the UK, Netherlands, and France exploited colonies for raw materials to fuel their own industrialization. While colonial powers developed advanced technologies and industries, colonies mainly developed infrastructure to facilitate exporting raw materials. This caused development to widen between the more developed colonial powers and underdeveloped colonies that remained dependent on exporting raw materials.
Sec 3 NA Why Does Uneven Development Existchua.geog
Colonialism led to uneven development between colonial powers and their colonies. Colonial powers like the UK, Netherlands, and France exploited colonies for raw materials to fuel their own industrialization. While colonial powers developed advanced technologies and industries, colonies mainly developed infrastructure to facilitate exporting raw materials. This caused development to widen between the more developed colonial powers and underdeveloped colonies that remained dependent on exporting raw materials.
Constraint of Land Development in Bangladeshahadali39
This document discusses land constraints for development in Bangladesh. It defines land and land constraints, then lists the main constraints in Bangladesh as flooding, drainage congestion, waterlogging, drought, and more. It explains the reasons for land constraints are rising demand from population growth and limited land supply. Solutions proposed include mixed land use developments, increasing land productivity, and reducing waterlogging.
This document discusses land pollution and degradation. It begins by defining land pollution as the addition of substances that negatively impact soil properties and productivity. It then describes the three main layers of the Earth's crust (lithosphere, mantle, core) before discussing various land uses including agriculture, housing, industry, and transportation. Causes of land degradation like soil erosion, salination, shifting cultivation, and desertification are also outlined. The document concludes by recommending measures to control land pollution such as proper waste disposal, reforestation, use of biofertilizers, and recycling.
The document discusses various types and classifications of agricultural resources in India. It covers the basic resources needed for agriculture like sunlight, soil, water, seeds and human labor. It also discusses different classifications of resources based on origin (biotic vs abiotic), exhaustibility (renewable vs non-renewable), ownership (individual, community, national, international) and the status of development (potential, developed, stock). Specific agricultural resources discussed in detail include land, soil, water, seeds and agro-techniques. The document emphasizes the importance of balanced and sustainable use of resources for maximizing agricultural production.
This document discusses land reclamation, which is the process of creating new land from bodies of water. It provides a brief history of land reclamation dating back to ancient times, describes common methods like filling an area with rock and sediment, and discusses purposes like expanding space for development. The document outlines some key environmental impacts of large-scale land reclamation projects such as destroying habitats, increasing flooding risks, and polluting surrounding waters. It also presents guidelines for better managing reclamation to minimize harm, such as sediment and erosion control and restricting certain waste materials from being used as landfill.
Surface mining increased during World War 2 to meet energy demands, while underground mining also increased in speed. After the war, laws were passed requiring miners to reclaim mined land to protect the environment. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 set nationwide standards for reclamation, including restoring the land to its previous use and wildlife habitats. Successful reclamation requires filling and compacting mined areas, reshaping the land, adding topsoil, and planting grasses, trees, and other vegetation to restore the land's productivity.
Rising demand for limited land resources leads to increased competition for land usage. There are three main responses to address this issue: increasing land prices, increasing land supply, and land conservation. One way to increase land supply is through land clearance, which involves demolishing old buildings or clearing forests to free up land for development. While land clearance provides more land for housing and agriculture, it can negatively impact the environment by destroying habitats and increasing soil erosion and water pollution.
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
WHAT ARE RESOURCES?
CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
Types Of resources?
Boitic And Aboitic
Renewable and Non REnewable REsources
Renewable resources are ones that can be replenished naturally.
Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption.
Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.
Land Role, Importance and Implications for Human Living and UrbanizationJitKumarGupta1
Land, as a gift of nature remains most valuable. Providing platform for all human activities, land always remain in demand. Increasing number of human beings, getting concentrated in small area, makes land most valuable. Options which are being used to leverage land for generating wealth, has made land as a commodity, which is being traded to generate maximum profit and revenue. All parastatal agencies and all urban local bodies are looking land as a goldmine for providing maximum wealth for the city. Speculation, holding land as investment is gaining currency. Land is being manipulated, used , abused at various levels for investing/generating large amount of black/unaccounted money. Land has emerged as the most preferred agenda for power to be as a medium of corruption. Large syndicates are emerging in metro cities which are dealing in land purely for speculative purposes. Looking at the limited availability of land and its numerous applications in the urban and rural context, land needs to be respected and valued not as a commodity but as a gift of nature, to be preserved, conserved, protected and promoted by making value addition to promote larger public interest and not the personal interest. Issue assumes importance for land stressed country like , India which has only 2.4% global land holding 17.6% of global land. India will do well to evolve a policy option which does not allow land to be traded as a commodity.
Three uses of land that change it are agriculture, mining, and development. Only a third of the Earth's land can be farmed because the rest is too dry, wet, salty, or mountainous. To feed the growing population, new farmland is created by clearing forests, draining wetlands, and irrigating deserts. Mining is defined as the removal of nonrenewable resources from the land. Development is the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures.
This document provides an overview of natural resources and their classification. It discusses the interdependent relationship between nature, technology, and institutions in resource development. Resources are classified based on origin, exhaustability, ownership, and development status. The document also discusses sustainable development of resources and the Rio Earth Summit of 1992 which aimed to achieve sustainable global development. It covers various natural resources like land, soil, forests and emphasizes their conservation and judicious utilization to prevent degradation.
This document discusses soil conservation in Pakistan. It begins by defining soil and describing Pakistan's soil inventory. It then discusses land capability classes and current land use trends. Some major soil problems in Pakistan are identified as water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, waterlogging, and nutrient deficiencies. Strategies are suggested to address each problem, such as protecting vegetation, controlling grazing, improving drainage, using balanced fertilizers, and protecting agricultural land from urban expansion.
Desertification is a significant global problem caused by both human and environmental factors. It involves dry land regions becoming increasingly arid and losing vegetation and wildlife. There are various types and causes of desertification including drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees. Countermeasures aim to prevent further desertification through reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, farmer-managed natural regeneration, and managed grazing. Past large-scale afforestation efforts in China's dry northwest have failed due to unsuitable climate conditions of low rainfall, though some localized successes have occurred near available water sources.
1. Land, soil, water, natural vegetation, and wildlife are important natural resources. Soil provides nutrients for plants but is vulnerable to erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, and weathering.
2. Water is necessary for life but human activities like agriculture, industry, and urbanization are straining water supplies. Conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation can help manage water resources.
3. Natural vegetation and wildlife exist in delicate ecosystems and are threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and hunting. Protected areas and awareness programs aim to preserve biodiversity.
The document discusses how solids, liquids, and gases expand when heated and contract when cooled. It specifically mentions how expansion can cause problems for roads, bridges, and other structures if not properly accounted for through the use of expansion gaps. It then discusses how the principle of unequal expansion in bimetallic strips is used in applications like thermostats, thermometers, and fire alarms to regulate temperature and detect fires.
The document summarizes how the local people responded to British rule after World War 2 in Singapore. It discusses the difficult post-war living conditions like poverty, overcrowding and disease that led to widespread strikes in 1947. The Malayan Communist Party took advantage of these conditions to stir anti-British sentiments. The riots in the early 1950s, including the Maria Hertogh riots in 1950 and the anti-National Service riots in 1954, further expressed the growing anti-British feelings among the local population as they faced economic hardship and felt discriminated against under colonial rule. Reforms like the 1948 elections were a first step towards self-governance but did not satisfy the demands of the people.
1. In December 1941, Japanese forces invaded Malaya and captured Singapore in less than 70 days, dealing a major blow to British power in the region.
2. The British had underestimated Japanese capabilities and overestimated Singapore's defenses, failing to prevent the rapid Japanese advance down the Malayan peninsula.
3. On February 15, 1942, British Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival surrendered Singapore to the Japanese, marking the worst defeat in British military history. The Japanese then occupied Singapore for over 3 years.
The document discusses water resources and constraints. It notes that while water covers most of the Earth's surface, only 1% is readily available freshwater. There are limited global freshwater supplies and uneven distribution between regions. Rising population growth and increasing development are driving higher water demand, straining scarce resources further. Countries face water constraints and are responding by increasing supplies through various methods like expanding catchment areas, desalination, water recycling, and international agreements. Conservation efforts are also key to sustainably manage limited water supplies.
Shifting cultivation involves clearing and burning forest areas for temporary agriculture, leading to deforestation, erosion, desertification, and loss of biodiversity as forests are destroyed. However, it also benefits the environment by recycling nutrients into used land, improving sustainability, and providing organic pest management. The challenges are balancing these adverse impacts with the environmental benefits of the practice.
This document lists common cations and anions found in ionic compounds, including ammonium, hydrogen, silver, copper I and II, zinc, lead II, iron II and III, chromium, hydroxide, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, oxide, sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, phosphate, hydrogen carbonate, and hydrogen sulfate ions.
Neon is a noble gas that is used to produce bright signs. Noble gases like neon have a stable electronic configuration with either two electrons (duplet) or eight electrons (octet), making them unreactive. Atoms seek to gain or lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration and form ions, becoming electrically neutral.
The document discusses two types of bonding: covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms to form molecules. Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and non-metal where the metal transfers electrons to the non-metal to form oppositely charged ions in a giant lattice structure. This ionic lattice structure results in high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces between the ions.
Atoms are made up of smaller subatomic particles including protons, neutrons, and electrons. [1] Protons and neutrons are packed together in the nucleus, while electrons move around the nucleus. [2] The number of protons defines the element and is called the atomic number. [3] Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, making them isotopes that have similar chemical properties but different masses.
This document discusses the separation of pure substances from mixtures through various techniques. It begins by defining pure substances and mixtures, and explains why it is important to determine purity, especially for medicines, foods, and beverages. Several methods are then described to separate mixtures into their pure components, including filtration, evaporation and crystallization, chromatography, and exploiting differences in physical properties like solubility, density, and magnetism. Chromatography is discussed in depth as a method to separate colored dyes and amino acids. The key points are that purity can be determined by measuring fixed melting/boiling points, and various laboratory techniques exist to separate components of mixtures into pure forms.
The document discusses several methods for measuring important quantities in scientific experiments including time, temperature, mass, volume, and gas volume. It describes the standard International System of Units (SI units) and common lab tools used to measure each quantity, including stopwatches for time, mercury thermometers and temperature sensors for temperature, beam balances and electronic balances for mass, measuring cylinders and burettes for volume, and gas syringes for measuring gas volumes. Accuracy levels and appropriate tools depend on the specific measurement needs in each experiment.
This document discusses covalent bonding and the properties of covalent substances. It explains that non-metals share valence electrons to form covalent bonds between atoms, creating molecules. Molecules can be made of identical atoms or different atom types. Covalent substances exist as either simple molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces, or giant molecular structures with strong intramolecular bonds. Properties like volatility, solubility, and conductivity depend on molecular structure. Examples like diamond and graphite are given to illustrate giant molecular and layered structures. The document also briefly introduces metallic bonding between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons.
Chapter 1 kinetic particle theory notes ( class test )Wei Qi Ng
Everything is made up of matter, which can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. The kinetic particle theory explains the behavior of these different states in terms of the motion and arrangement of their tiny particles. Changes in temperature and pressure can cause matter to change states through processes like evaporation, condensation, and sublimation as particles gain or lose kinetic energy. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread out and fill available space, moving from areas of higher to lower concentration, with rate of diffusion increasing at higher temperatures as particles move faster.
Chapter 1 kinetic particle theory notes ( class test ) part 2Wei Qi Ng
Evaporation occurs when liquid particles near the surface gain enough energy to escape into a gas, while boiling only occurs at or above the boiling point of the liquid. Evaporation is a slower process that only occurs at the surface, while boiling happens rapidly throughout the entire liquid. Condensation is the reverse process where a gas turns back into a liquid upon cooling. Sublimation bypasses the liquid state as some solids turn directly into gases upon heating. Diffusion is the process where gas or liquid particles spread out and mix due to their movement from areas of higher to lower concentration. Heavier particles diffuse slower than lighter ones, and increasing temperature also increases the rate of diffusion.
The document describes different types of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of common acids include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid. Examples of bases are metal oxides and metal hydroxides. The document also discusses the reactions of acids and bases, including metal-acid reactions, and the uses of some common acids and bases.
The document outlines five principles of governance in Singapore:
1. Leadership is key - Leaders are carefully selected based on their talent, ability, and character to make sound policies and maintain stability.
2. Anticipate change and stay relevant - The government prepares for future challenges like ensuring water security through NEWater and growing tourism through integrated resorts.
3. Reward work and work for reward - People are motivated to contribute through merit-based rewards and sharing economic surplus.
4. A stake for everyone, opportunities for all - More opportunities are created for public participation in decision-making like on building casinos.
5. Principles help policy decisions balance needs of people and nation over time
1. Chapter 7 Land Supply
Land as a scarce resource
- Land is important resource for us to meet our basic needs for food and shelter.
Eg. Land uses – grow crops, build houses and roads, set up industries
- Population growing rapidly, increase demand of land for housing, farming, building of
industries.
- Limited amount of land in each country and scarcity of land or shortage of land cause us to
have limit to amount of land we can develop - Land constraint.
- “Population grow” and “Land needed for our needs” so “Demand for land rising” but “Land
shortage” and “Land limited” , leading to “Land constraint”
- Countries with this problem must find ways to increase land supply and use the land in best
possible way to meet needs of people.
- Land supply is fixed, limited or sometimes inhabitable so shortage of land.
Reasons for land constraints
1. Rising demand for land
- Population growth needs more land for agriculture, housing, transport, water and factories.
- Population growth
Rapid population growth cause more land needed for human activities.
All areas have carrying capacity (carrying maximum number of people in an area
comfortably without straining supply of resources for future use).
When people increase, available resources are shared among more people, adding
pressure to the land.
- Increasing demand for housing
Growing population leads to increase in demand for housing.
More land needed to build houses for people.
Eg. New house estates developed in Singapore Punggol and Sengkang to meet increasing
demand for housing.
- Growth of industries
The need to provide jobs for growing population is important concern for countries
around the world.
By developing more manufacturing industry and business, more jobs created.
Eg. In Singapore, manufacturing industries take up over 10 percent of Singapore’s total
land area.
To expand these industries more land is needed.
- Development of transport systems
As country develops, more roads and railways have to be built.
2. Good transport network important for movement of goods and raw materials and for
workers to travel between home and workplace.
Eg. In some city, over 20% of total land area is used for transport facilities like roads,
railways and car parks.
- Increasing demand for arable land < flat land – relief >
To produce food to feed increasing population, country needs more arable land.
Arable land - suitable land for growing crops
Arable land in short supply.
Eg. Four fifth of earth land surface is unsuitable to grow crops because it is too hot, too
cold, too dry or infertile.
- Increasing demand for recreational spaces
More people need more recreational spaces for wide range of facilities ranging from
swimming pool to golf course and theatres.
Some land set aside for parks and nature reserves for people to enjoy and relax in.
2. Limited supply of land
- Land only 30% of land surface and many not readily available for use.
- Areas like swamp, marsh, low-lying coastal areas are constantly water-logged or flooded
with water and desert too dry and hot to be used. (Not arable)
- Land can also be damaged through mining or poor farming practices. (Not useful if left in
original state )
- Even if land suitable for human use, some are reserved for military purposes or collecting
water.
Eg. Collect water – water catchment area, areas of forest to collect and channel rainwater
into reservoirs
Eg. Military purpose – training area for soldiers
Eg. In Singapore, half of total land set aside for military and water collection purposes so
only left limited land for industry and housing.
Responses to Rising demand for land
- Rising demand for limited land leads to competition between groups of people and people
will have to decide the use of the land.
- If land used in one way, not possible for another purpose.
Eg. If a land used for natural reserve, cannot build more houses.
- The cost of not being able to use the same piece of land for the next best use is called
opportunity cost.
Eg. Opportunity cost is not having more land for housing.
- Land constraint need to be managed properly or will have problems.
Eg. Increased competition cause conflict between different groups of people as some may
not be able to use the land as intended.
- Responses to rising demand for land : Increasing price of land , increasing supply of land ,
conserving land
3. - Increasing the price of land
Land area available for use in country or city (also called supply) is limited.
When demand increase, available land area (supply) cannot meet with increase in
demand, price of land may increase.
Some users willing to pay higher for available land and this push up the price of the land.
They way prices for goods and services are set based on their demand are called price
mechanism.
Eg. In central Tokyo, rent of one bedroom apartment cost more than $1600 a month
because the land in city area is in high demand for limited supply of land and usually
very expensive.
Increasing price of land is one way to tackle rising demand for land as it discourage some
people from using land, thus reducing demand.
- Increasing the supply of land ( Land clearance, Land reclamation , maximizing use of existing
land)
Land clearance
To increase amount of land to meet with demand
Fastest and easiest way
Process whereby empty plots of land are created for various land uses
Carried out by demolishing old buildings or by clearing forest (deforestation)
Effectiveness – when a piece of land cleared, it can be developed for other uses.
Eg. Old buildings cleared or forest demolished free up land to build new buildings
and facilities.
Negative impact – during deforestation, habitats of animals and plants destroyed
and some of them may die while some even become extinct. This leads to negative
consequences for the entire food chain.
Land reclamation
Increase land supply by creating dry land from area covered by water
Eg. Swamp, lake or sea
Process of recovering land that is damaged or abandoned to make it usable again
Common ways : landfill , empoldering , reclaiming derelict land
Effectiveness: Many countries successfully increase land area through land
reclamation but there are limitations to how much more land country can reclaim.
1. Current technology only allows reclamation up to 15m high. Cost a lot more for
deeper waters because more sand needed to fill area. Problem worse if not enough
sand in country and need to obtain somewhere else. Buying sand increase overall
cost.
2. for countries surrounded by others, there is limit to amount of land that can be
reclaimed because cannot extend too far out into sea without entering
neighbor’sterritories. There is also limited sea space for shipping activities.
Negative impact on environment: coastal habitats (Eg. Mangrove swamps, beaches)
destroyed by land reclamation, marine life and birds living in them affected.
4. Land fill
Create dry land from swampy areas, marshes , and shallow parts of the sea
The areas are drained and filled with material (Eg. Sand) to form dry land
Stages :
1. Columns of sand called piles are forced into the soft clay of the seabed to make it
more stable. (Using machines)
2. A sand wall is built around the area to reclaim to keep sea water out. Sand is
loaded into the sea outside the wall to be stored until further use. (Using boat)
3. The sand previously loaded into the sea is sucked and pumped into the enclosed
area. (Ships spread the sand in enclosed area while boat with machine sucks sand)
4. The sand is compressed by rollers and a granite wall is built on the side facing the
sea to prevent the area from being eroded by waves.
5. Tress and other vegetation are grown or planted on reclaimed land to prevent soil
erosion and land is left to rest. The number of years the land needs to rest depends
on how this land will be used.
Singapore is an example to use landfill to reclaim land.
Empoldering
Method of reclaiming land from sea
Involves use of polders , also a way to control floods
Polders – piece of land in a low-lying area that has been reclaimed from a body of
water by building dikes and drainage canals.
Usually carried out in low-lying coastal areas but can apply to further inland such as
lakes
Common in countries that lies below sea level and is prone to flooding
Eg. Netherlands one fifth land is reclaimed from sea. Most successful project called
Zuider Zee.
Polders features: enclosed by dikes to keep sea or river water out, dikes protect
polder from erosion, continually maintained by systems of drainage canals and
pumps to prevent them from becoming water-logged. (suitable for cultivation)
Stages :
1. Dike constructed around area to be reclaimed to keep water from coming in.
2. Area drained using pumps and drainage canals.
3. Reeds, a type of plant are sowed by aircrafts to help soil form
4. After 3 years, reeds are burnt and fertile ash act as fertilizers for the soil.
5. After up to 15 years, polder ready for growing crops, building houses and
constructing roads.
Reclaiming derelict land
Natural disasters (Eg. Forest fire, severe floods) or human activities can cause
damage to land.
The land will then be no longer useful for certain activities.
Damaged land is known as derelict land.
Causes :
1. Improper farming practices
5. Eg. Fertility of arable land can be lost through poor farming practices. As crops grow,
they take up nutrients from the soil. Different harvests of crops are grown too
quickly after one another and insufficient time for soil to regain nutrients, hence
losing soil fertility.
Eg. Excessive ploughing of land cause large amount of soil erosion as soil structure
loosens, making it prone to erosion by water. Nutrients are lost and soil no longer
suitable for cultivation.
2. Mining activities
While mining an area for mineral ores, vegetation and soil have to be removed
because minerals are found in the ground. Enormous holes are dug and form
dangerously deep mining pools when they become filled with rainwater. Heaps of
mining waste is left behind and it produces poisonous substance that contaminates
soil.
Reclaimed by :
1. Making it arable again
Eg. When derelict land form due to poor farming practices,fertilizers can be added
to the soil to restore nutrients removed.
2. Clearance
Eg. If by mining activities, damage greater and more work needed. Waste heaps
need to be leveled out and mining pools filled. Chemicals used to treat
contaminated soil and new vegetation planted as protective cover against soil
erosion.
After reclaim :
Mining land can be used for agriculture, industry, housing, and recreation.
Eg. Mine restored for recreation – Malaysia Sunway Lagoon Theme Park
Maximizing use of existing land
Making full use of land
Improvements in technology allow people to live in environments that were
previously unsuitable for living.
Land use maximized as land not suitable before can now be used to build houses or
used for agriculture.
Maximizing urban land use
In urban areas, popularity density very high so great competition for land.
Mixed land use :
Result of land use planning
Land use planning – process by which different areas on a piece of
land are assigned different land uses
Traditionally, cities are planned on ones and each zone one function.
(Eg. Industrial, commercial, housing, leisure) People travel long
distances in order to get from one zone to another.
6. In order to allow for land to meet needs of more users, countries
develop mixed land use projects where combination of shopping
malls,offices,houses, hotels in one area.
Various land uses are usually packed in a small area, linked by
pedestrian walkways and escalators.
In London and Singapore, this project developed in small scale.
Eg. Singapore – Suntec City (offices, shops, hotels all within walking
distance of one another)
Advantages –
1. Many facilities located within walking distance so people enjoy
convenience of having homes, jobs, wide range of services within
same area.
2. Variety of activities carried out within area meet needs of more
users, thus maximizing urban land use.
Disadvantages –
1. In many cities, creation of mixed land use areas require much
construction and reconstruction of new and old building and
transport network. Can be costly.
2. Locating residential areas close to other functions (Eg. Industries,
shopping areas) may lead to traffic congestion, noise and air
pollution due to increased amounts of human and vehicle traffic.
High density building :
Technology advances over years enable taller buildings constructed
where land in scarce and in high demand.
These areas are high density areas because there is too many
people working or living per unit area.
Eg. HDB in Singapore plan to build 30 storeys or more in order to
maximize land use. Most of the flats located in more established
housing estates. (Eg. Bishan, Toa Payoh, close to city centre like
Tanjong Pagar)
Advantages –
1. More people can work or be housed in small piece of land. This
frees up scarce land for other use. (Eg. Conservation as nature
reserves or military training areas)
2. Helps reduce rate at which country’s remaining green space
developed.
Disadvantages –
1. Large number of people in small area results in crowded
environment, traffic congestion; higher noise levels that increase
stress level among people and reduce quality of their life.
Maximizing agricultural land use
Look for land to grow more food crops to feed increasing populations.
Irrigation :
7. Watering of crops by artificial means , allow farmers to grow crops
in areas with water shortage , and ensure their crops receive just
the right amount of water
Water channeled through irrigation pipes from certain water source
(Eg. River , lake , places to where water is scarce)
Advantages –
1. Ensures regular supply of water, allow farmers to grow greater
amounts and wider variety of crops.
2. Maximize the use of land as area previously unsuitable for
cultivation is now made arable.
3. Computerized irrigation system water plants automatically and
efficiently, reducing need for human labor.
Disadvantages –
1. If not proper maintains, irrigation canals can hold stagnant water
and lead to breeding sites for bacteria, mosquitos and other pest.
2. With poor drainage, irrigation causes land to become water-
logged and damage crops.
3. River water used for irrigation contain large amount of dissolved
mineral salts that damage crops.
4. Can be expensive to construct especially if a dam needs to be
built across a waterway to make a reservoir.
Terracing :
Arable and flat land limited (Eg. Japan).
Hilly areas unsuitable for farming because of steep slopes cause
water to run off the slopes very quickly and very little water
retained in soil and plants will not grow well. Rain also erode soil
and wash away nutrients and plants not enough water or nutrients
to grow well. Difficult to operate modern farm machinery on steep
slopes.
Cultivation on slopes made possible by terracing.
Terracing – involves creating flat strips of land by cutting series of
steps into hill slopes.
Increase supply of arable land as flat land more favorable for
cultivation.
Characteristic: low walls built at end of each step, walls called bunds
help to slow down runoff of rainwater so it can seep into soil and
absorbed by plant roots, walls of terraces hold water in enclosed
area and created flooded conditions needed for growing crops (Eg.
Padi)
Advantages –
1. Inexpensive method of increasing area of arable land
2. Bunds used in terracing prevent soil from being washed away
3. Strips of flat land created by terracing also make it possible for
modern machinery to be used, making farming more efficient
Disadvantages –
8. 1. Terraces are hard to construct and a lot of human labor, energy,
time needed to cut steps into hill slopes
2. a lot effort needed to maintain terraces after they are
constructed. If bunds damaged, they may not hold the soil back,
resulting in soil erosion.
Soil-less farming :
Maximize land for agriculture by growing crops without soil
Enable crops to be grown closer together , maximizing land use for
agricultural purpose
Without soil agriculture – soil-less farming
Eg. Hydroponics, aeroponics
Advantages –
1. Plants grown by soil-less farming can be grown closer together
and more crops can be grown on a single area of land at the same
time.
2. Found to be effective in increasing output of crops as sufficient
nutrients is delivered and distributed evenly at regular intervals.
The controlled conditions also prevent growth of weeds or insects.
Disadvantages –
1. Farmers must invest in high technology equipment and specially
prepared nutrient solution for plants which may be too costly for
farmers without enough funds.
2. May not be practical in countries where farmers do not receive
enough training to enable them to operate high technology
equipment
- Conserving Land
As country develops, demand for land to build house, industries and other facilities will
naturally increase.
While these developments benefit people, country’s forest and other nature areas
should be protected.
Government need to make plans for conserving land.
Conserving land – careful use of land resources to ensure that damage is kept to the
minimum
One way to conserve land is to set aside land as nature reserves where land is carefully
managed to protect wildlife , plants , other natural features and provide special
opportunities for study or research
Eg. In Singapore, 5% of total land area is set aside as nature reserve.
Eg. Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve located at northwestern coast of Singapore. Home to
126 species of birds only found in the area and protected for its natural heritage.
.