Echocardiography, also known as cardiac ultrasound, is a noninvasive diagnostic test that uses ultrasound to examine the structures and function of the heart. It has several advantages over other cardiac tests as it is painless, safe, uses portable equipment, has a short examination time, and can be used for both screening and serial evaluation. Echocardiography modalities include M-mode, 2D, and Doppler ultrasound, which provide different visualizations of cardiac structures and blood flow. The test uses transducers placed in various positions on the chest to obtain ultrasound images of the heart chambers, valves, walls, and surrounding vessels.

1. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
CARDIOSONOGRAPHY
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND
- a noninvasive electronically driven cardio-
vascular diagnostic examination utilizing
ultrasonics in displaying, recording, and
calculating cardiac structures and events.
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2. ADVANTAGES OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
OVER OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
1. Painless and more convenient for the patient.
2. Safe; no known environmental hazard.
3. Equipment is usually mobile.
4. Short examination time.
5. Valuable screening device for early diagnosis.
6. Useful for following serial cardiac changes
over extended period of time.
7.Diagnosis can be made in an instant.-

5. MODALITIES OF CARDIOSONOGRAPHY
1. M-mode-
2. Real time; 2-Dimensional; 2D-
3. Doppler-
Utilizes a narrow ultrasonic beam to display
an “ice-pick one dimensional view” of the heart.
Image displayed does not resemble actual
cardiac structures.
- yields a panoramic view of the heart that results in cross-
sectional images that are anatomically recognizable,
moving in real time.
Used to record and calculate blood flows
and pressures within the heart.

6. FREQUENCY
RESOLUTION
PENETRATION
- number of sound wave cycles in
a given time.
-ability to discriminate the interface
between 2 very close objects.
- ability to transmit sufficient ultra-
sonic energy through the chest to
provide a satisfactory image.
↑ Frequency → ↑ Resolution, ↓ Penetration
↓ Frequency → ↓ Resolution, ↑ Penetration

7. ATTENUATION
SIDE LOBE
NEAR FIELD CLUTTER
ACOUSTIC SHADOW
-loss of ultrasound as it traverses a medium due to
both scattering and absorption
- artefactual ultrasonic beam generated from the side
edges of individual transducer elements which are now
in the direction of the main beam
- acoustic noise seen near the transducer due to high
amplitude oscillations of the piezoelectric elements
- weakened echoes from structures behind or beyond
high intensity materials (e.g. calcifications, prosthetics)

8. TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS/ SCANNERS
MECHANICAL SECTOR SCANNER
ELECTRONIC PHASED ARRAY SCANNER
- moves the ultrasonic beam by way of an electric
motor (either rotating or oscillating)
- usually bigger, vibrations maybe felt
- less side lobes, greater attenuation
- uses multiple small elements electronically fired
individually to create a single focused electronic
beam
- usually much smaller in size, no vibrations
- more side lobes, less attenuation

10. TRANSDUCER POSITIONING
1
2
3
4
1. Parasternal
2. Apical
3. Subcostal
4. Suprasternal

14. RV
IVS
LVPW
AO
LA

15. RA
RV
LA
LV

16. 2D-IMAGE

23. RV
RA
LV
LA

24. RV
RA LA
LV

25. AO
LA
RV
LV

27. RVOT
PA
LA
AORA

28. RV
RA LA
LV