1. Dr. Y. NARASIMHA MURTHY Ph.D
Sri Sai Baba National College
(Autonomous)
ANANTAPUR- 515001-A.P
yayavaram @ yahoo.com
2. Recent advances in Electronics
Engineering & Technology has
revolutionized almost every aspect of
human life. Communications, household
appliances, medical are few names from
the vast list of areas.
3. Contd..
Rapid advancement in the field of
Electronics Engineering promises a
new future to the mankind by
redefining all aspects of human life.
Let us try to see these developments
in a systematic order.
5. Contd..
In 1875, American, G.R. Carey invented
the phototube.
In 1878, Englishman Sir William
Crookes invented the 'Crookes tube', an
early prototype of cathode-ray tube.
In 1895, German, Wilhelm Roentgen
invented an early prototype X-ray tube.
6. Contd..
In 1897, German, Karl Ferdinand Braun
invented the cathode ray tube
oscilloscope.
In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming
invented the first practical electron
tube called the 'Fleming Valve'. Leming
invents the vacuum tube diode.
7. Contd..
In 1906, Lee de Forest invented the
audion later called the triode, an
improvement on the 'Fleming Valve'
tube.
In 1913, William D. Coolidge invented
the 'Coolidge Tube', the first practical
X-ray tube.
In 1920, RCA began the first
commercial electron tube
manufacturing.
9. Limitations !!
Large size
Power dissipation
Time of operation
Poor responce
Cost…
10. Second Generation -Solid state
electronics
Started in 1930s with the first solid-
state device the "cat's whisker"
detector, first used in radio receivers. A
whisker-like wire is placed lightly in
contact with a solid crystal (such as a
germanium crystal) in order to detect a
radio signal by the contact junction
effect.
11. Revolution in Solid state electronics
Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented
in 1947 the first bipolar point-contact
transistor
As an acknowledgement of this
accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and
Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956
Nobel Prize in Physics "for their
researches on semiconductors and their
discovery of the transistor effect.”
13. Contd….
The first silicon transistor was
produced by Texas Instruments in 1954.
The first MOS transistor actually built
was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in
1960
14. Advantages
Small size and minimal weight, allowing
the development of miniaturized
electronic devices.
Highly automated manufacturing
processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.
Lower possible operating voltages,
making transistors suitable for small,
battery-powered applications.
15. Contd..
No warm-up required for cathode heaters
after power application
Lower power dissipation and generally
greater energy efficiency.
Higher reliability and greater physical
ruggedness.
Extremely long life. Some
transistorized devices have been in
service for more than 50 years.
16. Contd..
Complementary devices available,
facilitating the design of complementary-
symmetry circuits, which is not possible
with vacuum tubes.
Insensitivity to mechanical shock and
vibration, thus avoiding the problem of
micro phonics in audio applications
17. Limitations
Silicon transistors typically do not operate
at voltages higher than about 1000 volts
(SiC devices can be operated as high as
3000 volts). In contrast, vacuum tubes
have been developed that can be operated
at tens of thousands of volts.
18. IC TECHNOLOGY
The integration of large numbers of tiny
transistors into a small chip was an
enormous improvement over the manual
assembly of circuits using discrete
electronic components.
19. Contd..
Early developments of the integrated circuit go
back to 1949, when the German engineer
Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) filed a patent for
an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor
amplifying device showing five transistors on a
common substrate in a 2-stage amplifier
arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap
hearing aids as typical industrial applications of
his patent. A commercial use of his patent has
not been reported.
20. First Commercial IC
Jack Clair Kilby an American
electrical engineer took part
(along with Robert Noyce)
in the realization of the first
integrated circuit while
working at Texas Instruments
in 1958. He was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.
22. VLSI
SSI : "small-scale integration“ , digital
circuits containing transistors numbering in
the tens
MSI : Contained hundreds of transistors on
a single chip, called "medium-scale
integration" (MSI)-1960s.
LSI :Large-scale integration with tens of
thousands of transistors per chip-mid 1970s
23. contd..
The final step in the development process,
starting in the 1980s and continuing
through the present, was "very large-scale
integration" (VLSI). The development
started with hundreds of thousands of
transistors in the early 1980s, and
continues beyond several billion
transistors as of 2009.
24. ADVANTAGES
Size : Sub-micron size
Speed and Power: Smaller size of IC
components yields higher speed and lower
power consumption due to smaller parasitic
resistances, capacitances an.d inductances.
Design is versatile , Simply change the mask
to change the design .
But designing the lay-out is a time
consuming process
25. MICROPROCESSOR
The first known advertisement for the 4004 is
dated November 15, 1971 and appeared in
Electronic News.
The Intel’s 4004 is generally regarded as the
first commercially available microprocessor.
Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin and Busicom
engineer Masatoshi Shima are the people who
took part in the design of first 4-bit
microprocessor INTEL 4004.
26. The 4004 with cover removed (left) and as
actually used (right)
30. Microcontroller
TI engineers Gary Boone and Michael
Cochran succeeded in creating the first
microcontroller (also called a
microcomputer) in 1971.
The result of their work was the TMS
1000, a 4-bit microcontroller and released
commercially into market in 1974
31. ASIC Technology
An application-specific integrated circuit, or
ASIC , is an integrated circuit (IC) customized
for a particular use, rather than intended for
general-purpose use. For example, a chip
designed to run in a digital voice recorder is an
ASIC. Application-specific standard products
(ASSPs) are intermediate between ASICs and
industry standard integrated circuits like the
7400 or the 4000 series.
32. A tray of Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
chips
33. SOC- System on -chip
Modern ASICs often include entire
microprocessors, memory blocks
including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash
and other large building blocks. Such an
ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on-
chip)
34. The implications of these developments
The rapid advancements in electronics influenced :
Consumer Electronics
Communications & Wireless
communication
Medical electronics
Transport Electronics(Automobile)
Optoelectronic systems
Remote sensing & Power Electronics
35. Consumer Electronics
High-definition TV sets
have become a part
of almost every household .
Resolution is now up
to 4096 x 2160 (4K) pixels,
equivalent to more than
8 megapixels, and visitors
will be amazed by the pin-sharp images. With four times
the resolution of full HD now available this technology
is ideal for beamers and large screens.
37. OLED displays
OLED displays are very thin, making them
ideal for devices with very slim designs.
To date they have found their way onto
mobile phones, smart phones and tablet
PCs.
Small OLED TVs have been on the market
for some time and this year the first large
(55-inch) OLED are ready for sale.
38. Smart TVs
Conventional broadcasts are not the only
thing that smart TVs can receive. They can
also access internet content and services.
Owners can start apps on-screen, play
games with partners “in the cloud“, take out
films from media theques, or keep in touch
with friends through e-mails, Skype, Twitter
or Face book.
39. Contd …
By 2011 some 6 million internet TVs had
already been sold. According to market
researchers, in 2012 every second set sold
in Germany will be a smart TV.
In addition to apps some smart TVs
also feature browsers that can surf the
internet, similar to a PC.
40. Ultra Books
Last year tablets were the big hit and in 2012
ultra books are setting a new trend. They are
extremely thin, feature extended battery
life, boot up in seconds and sport handsome
looks. Some models even let the user decide
whether to operate this mobile device as a
notebook or tablet. Weighing only 1 to 2
kilograms, ultra books fully match the
performance of a conventional notebook.
42. Contd…
Photos, music and videos are no longer stored
on shelves, in albums and shoe boxes. All that
is a thing of the past. Nowadays they are
archived digitally on PCs, notebooks and
network hard drives and via a home network
can be retrieved by virtually any digital device,
be it a smart phone, networked TV set or a
tablet. Standards such as UPnP and DLNA
make accessing media in a home network easy
43. Contd..
Communication between CE components and
household appliances opens up wealth of
possibilities for future applications. Washing
machines can be monitored via a smart phone
or tablet while their owners are on the move.
The lighting or blinds in the house can be
activated even when on holiday. When
shopping, users can be alerted to low food
stocks in the fridge.
44. Communications –Wireless
GPS, Bluetooth ,CDMA ,2G,3G ,WiFi ,
Zigbee etc.. are the recent trends in
communication technology.
The mobile phone technology has
revolutionized the entire communication
domain
45. Contd..
The Cell Phone Has Become the Biggest
Platform Created.
Nearly 3 ~ 4.6 B Total Wireless
subscribers and nearly 950 M 3G
Subscribers are now enjoying . It is
expected to be ~2.7B by 2014
47. Contd…
The recent technology that
revolutionized the home security
is the Zig Bee. i.e Zig Bee enabled
digital home.
48. A ZigBee-enabled digital home
As soon as you use your digital key to
unlock the door, your house adjusts the
lighting, heat, and window blinds to your
liking and puts on your favorite CD in the
kitchen. While you were at work, the
house fed the cat, turned off the space
heater your kids accidentally left on in the
basement, and recorded motion-triggered
video from security cameras around the
property.
49. Contd…
Your refrigerator detect an almost empty
milk carton and add a gallon of two
percent to the shopping list that it will e-
mail to you automatically. Your house was
ready to detect water or gas leaks,
freezing pipes, and fire and could have
called you or the fire department or a
plumber.
50. Safety trends in automotive electronics
Safety awareness for vehicles has been
increasing strongly since the 1980s. It
started with simple seat-belt systems
continued with airbags, and has now led
to the first really intelligent safety
systems.
51. Contd --
With today’s advances in sensor and
processor technology, the possibilities are
growing rapidly. Governments are also
viewing these as ways to decrease traffic
casualties, and legislation is starting to
demand that car manufacturers make use
of the technology.
53. Most car headlights can light the road up to
around 60 meters away. Lamps like High-
Intensity Discharge (HID) types have
gradually increased the range, but it is still
limited.
Infrared imaging systems will allow drivers
to gain information about traffic up to
around 150 meters away - more than twice
the distance of ordinary low beam
headlights.
54. Blind spot detection
Most blind spot detection systems use
radar sensors located behind the rear
bumper that can monitor both sides of a
vehicle. The driver is alerted to any
potential hazard when another vehicle
enters the blind spot. Very often, this is
done by a visible icon displayed in the
side view mirror, although some vendors
are now also using cameras for blind spot
detection.
55. Contd..
Radar has the advantage of operating in
all weather conditions, and accurately
measures the distance to moving objects.
Cameras can identify moving and
stationary objects, though, and can
therefore improve the accuracy of radar
obstacle detection systems.
57. Driver alertness
Drivers not being alert, whether from
fatigue or distraction, is one of the main
causes of vehicle crashes. For some high-
end cars, buses and trucks offer an option
that monitors the driver’s face using a
camera located in the vehicle instrument
panel.
58. Contd..
The camera monitors a driver’s head and
eye position , and the frequency at which
the driver blinks his or her eyes. When
needed, it sounds an alert to keep the
driver awake, and can apply additional
braking force when other sensors predict
an imminent collision.
60. Lane departure warning
In US alone, around 4,500 deaths occur
each year from head-on collisions or
sideswipes when vehicles cross the
enterline and collide with oncoming
traffic. Lane departure warning systems
can indicate when it’s possible to cross
the centerline using a green symbol on the
dashboard display.
61. They can provide an auditory alert if a
driver crosses a lane marking without first
having indicated. Most recent systems use
CMOS cameras to "follow" the
centerlines. Besides lane departure
warning systems, these cameras will in
the near future also be used for traffic sign
recognition.
63. Medical Electronics
Recent developments in electronics has
also revolutionized the medical
domain especially patient monitoring
and diagnosis. Tele medicine ,remote
patient monitoring technology is
slowly gaining momentum
64. contd…
The huge advances in medical devices,
especially the new mobile and connected
devices, are being driven by the latest
developments in semiconductors. These
include large scale integration and reduced
power consumption, but also semiconductor
devices specifically targeted at medical
applications.
72. Contd..
The electronics has given everything to
make lives happy, but its up to the
humans to use the technology for the
betterment of their lives.
Otherwise….
