This document discusses the history of computers through five generations: - First generation computers used vacuum tubes and were large, power-intensive machines. - Second generation introduced transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable. - Third generation used integrated circuits which further improved processing speed, power usage, and size. - Fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors and personal computers. - Fifth generation enables artificial intelligence capabilities through parallel processing.

1. Mule Institute

2. REPRESENTATION BY
Pooja Khamkar

3. • COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT

6. First Generation Of
Computer…
 Vacuum tubes were used in First Generation computers as major active devices in
circuitry and magnetic drums were used for memory. The input to the system was
provided through paper tapes and punched cards. Machine languages were used to
write instructions for the computer. Since a large number of vacuum tubes was used for
circuitry; it was bulky in size and required large area to set up the system. These vacuum
tubes generate lots of heat and consume lots of electricity. These tubes were burned out
frequently due to overheating. The performance was also reliable and are too
expensive to operate the system.

7. Second Generation Of
Computer…
 Second Generation Expert Systems have
been a very active field of research during
the last years. Much work has been carried
out to overcome drawbacks of first
generation expert systems. This book
presents an overview and new contributions
from people who have played a major role in
this evolution. It is divided in several sections
that cover the main topics of the subject: -
Combining Multiple Reasoning Paradigms -
Knowledge Level Modelling - Knowledge
Acquisition in Second Generation Expert
Systems - Explanation of Reasoning -
Architectures for Second Generation Expert
Systems. This book can serve as a reference
book for researchers and students and will
also be an invaluable help for practitioners
involved in KBS developments.

8. Third Generation Of
Computer…
 The Third generation of computers was based on the Integrated Circuits which
replaced the transistors in the second generation. The various advantages in the 3rd
Generations of computer due to Integrated circuits were increased processing
speed, less power consumption, less heat generation, reduced size of the system,
greater storage capacity, portability, etc. Due to all these reasons the third
generations of computers were an instant commercial success. Let’s discuss the
features, advantages, and disadvantages of the third generation of computers in
more detail.

9. Fourth Generation Of
Computer…
 The period of Fourth generation was
1971-1980.The fourth generation
computers were made using very large
scale integration technology. Tens of
thousands of components were packed
on a single chip, the size of a fingernail. It
led to the development of
microprocessor. Magnetic core memories
were replaced by semiconductor
memories. Personal computer operating
systems were developed during this
period.
» More powerful and reliable than previous generations.
» Small in size
» Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
» Fast processing power with less power consumption

10. Fifth Generation Of
Computer…
 Fifth Generation Computer is a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology gave
way to Ultra Large Scale Integration that led to the development of microprocessor
chip with several million electronic components on each. Powerful laptops,
notebook PCs and desktops were the other developments during this period.
The fifth generation is essentially about a new super-breed of computers. These
computers will be able to think and take decisions. Artificial Intelligence is being built
into the computer. The revolutionary parallel processing is being used in the new breed
of computers in place of conventional Von Neumann architecture.

11.  First Generation Used Vacuum Tube
A Vacuum Tube, electron tube,[1][2][3] valve (British
usage), or tube (North America),[4] is a device that controls
electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to
which an electric potential difference has been applied.
The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve
utilizes thermionic emission of electrons from a hot cathode
for fundamental electronic functions such as signal
amplification and current rectification. Non-thermionic types
such as a vacuum phototube, however, achieve electron
emission through the photoelectric effect, and are used for
such purposes as the detection of light intensities. In both
types, the electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the
anode by the electric field in the tube.

12.  Second Generation Used Transistor
A Transistor is a kind of semiconductor device that is short for transfer resistance
regulates or controls the electrical signal like current or voltage. On 23 December
1947, it is developed by three American physicists William Shockley, Walter Brattain,
and John Bardeen. Generally, it is a switching device or miniature device used to
transfer a weak signal from a short resistance circuit to a high resistance circuit. It is a
component that is made up of semiconductors. The below picture represents the
example of a transistor.

13.  Third Generation Used IC
An Integrated circuit (IC) is a small Silicon semiconductor crystal called a chip,
containing the electronic components for the digital gates. The various gates are
interconnected inside the chip to form the required circuit. The chip is mounted in a
ceramic or plastic container and connections are welded by thin gold wires to external
pins to form the Integrated circuit. each IC has memory designation printed on the
surface of the package for identification.

14.  Fourth Generation Used VLSI
Technology
VLSI Technology, Inc., was an American company that designed and manufactured
custom and semi-custom integrated circuits (ICs). The company was based in Silicon
Valley, with headquarters at 1109 McKay Drive in San Jose. Along with LSI Logic, VLSI
Technology defined the leading edge of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
business, which accelerated the push of powerful embedded systems into affordable
products.
Very Large-Scale Integration Circuit (VLSI) is an integrated circuit in which large
number of transistors are combined into a single chip, and the integration of this
circuit is greater than that of large-scale integrated circuits.

15.  Fifth Generation Used ULSI
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) is a technology used in computer hardware that
connects multiple integrated circuits onto a single chip. The term ULSI was initially
used to describe microprocessors with more than 2 million transistors, which allowed
for higher computing power than ever before. ULSI has become the norm in the
computer world and is continuously being developed and refined to deliver greater
performance. This technology allows for smaller device sizes, increased speed, and
higher levels of integration and complexity while using less energy. ULSI enables
manufacturers to better meet customer demands for powerful computers, digital
media players, and other high-end electronics devices with greater performance
capabilities.

16.  History of Computer :
" Who invented the computer? " is not a question with a simple answer. The real
answer
is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer
is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be
considered a separate invention. Charles Babbage commenced the Analytical
Engine about 1833.
History and Generations of Computer
 The history of computers goes back over 200
years. At first theorized by mathematicians and
entrepreneurs, during the 19th century mechanical
calculating machines were designed and built to
solve the increasingly complex number-crunching
challenges. The advancement of technology
enabled ever more-complex computers by the
early 20th century, and computers became larger
and more powerful.

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