The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large. The second generation used transistors which made computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits which further increased speed and reduced size. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors which placed all computer components on a single chip. The fifth generation focuses on artificial intelligence and technologies like quantum computing and nanotechnology. Each generation brought improvements in size, speed, cost and capabilities.

2. GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER
PRESENTED BY: ZARA ASHI
PRESENTED TO: Dr.BUSHRA
KANWAL
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
BS.BIOCHEM

3. AGENDA
GENERATIONS
OF COMPUTER
EXAMPLES
BASIC COMPONENT
ADVANTAGES
DISADVAN
TAGES

4. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
• A generation refers to the state of
improvement in the development of a
product. This term is also used in the
different advancements of computer
technology.
• With each new generation, the circuitry
has gotten smaller and more advanced
than the previous generation before it.

5. GENERATIONS.
• Currently, there
are five
generations of
computer.
• Comparison of
the technology
used by them
(hardware and
software),
computing
characteristics
(speed, i.e.,
number of
instructions
executed per
second),
physical
appearance,
and their
applications
First Generation The period of first
generation : 1942-1955. Vacuum tube based
Second Generation The period of second
generation : 1955-1964. Transistor based.
Third Generation The period of third
generation : 1964-1975. Integrated Circuit
based.
Fourth Generation The period of fourth
generation : 1975-1990. LIC and VLIC
microprocessor based.
Fifth Generation The period of fifth
generation : 1990-onwards.ULIC
microprocessor , Nanotechnology

6. The UNIVAC (universal automated computer) was the first
commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S.
Census Bureau in 1951 developed by Mauchly and Eckert.
• Generation period: 1942-1955
• Basic component: vacuum tubes
• For Storage: magnetic drums
EXAMPLES:
ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer

7.  Vacuum tube is a device that
controls electric
current between electrodes in
an evacuated container. Vacuum
tubes mostly rely on thermionic
emission of electrons from a
hot filament or a cathode heated
by the filament.
 A vacuum tube is a device
generally used to amplify a signal
by controlling the movement of
electrons in an evacuated space.
VACUUM TUBES

8. FIRST
GENERATION
COMPUTER

9.  Calculate data in
milliseconds
 Vacuum tubes were the
only electronic devices
available those days
 Vacuum tubes
technology made
possible to make
electronic digital
computers.
 Non portable i.e large in
size
 Vacuum tubes burn
frequently
 They were producing heat
 Maintainance problems
 Machine language only
 Punch cards for input
 Consumed a lot of
electricity
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

10. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
o period: 1955-1964
o Basic component: Transistor
o American physicists John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain, and William Shockley in Bell laboratories
 EXAMPLES:
• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600

11. TRANSISTOR is
a semiconductor
device used
to amplify or switch elec
tronic signals
and electrical power It is
composed
of semiconductor materi
al usually with at least
three terminals for
connection to an
external circuit.
SECOND
GENERATION
COMPUTER

12.  Smaller size
 Used less energy
 Better portability
 Faster peripherals like
tape drivers, magnetic
disks
 Assembly language
 More accuracy and
reliability
 Wider commercial use
 Processing data in
microseconds
 Punch cards continued
during this period also.
 Constant maintainance
was required
 Commercial production
was difficult
 Cooling system was
required
 Costly and not versatile
 Still very costly
 Only used for specific
purposes
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

13.  THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER:
 Period: 1964-1975
 Basic component: integrated circuit
 A single I.C has many transistors,
resistors and capacitors along with the
associated circuitry. The I.C was invented
by Jack Kilby. Transistors were
miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of
computers
 EXAMPLES:
 IBM-360 series
 Honeywell-6000
 PDP (Personal Data Processor)
 TDC-316
IC
INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS

14. Versatile to extent
Commercial production increased
Support high level language
Consumed lesser electricity
Lesser maintenance
Faster and can calculate data in nanoseconds
Input devices key board and mouse
Good storage
Use fan for heat discharge
Generate less heat
Smaller size
Highly sophisticated technology required for the
manufacturing of IC chips
Air conditioning was required
ADVANTAGES
DISADVAN
TAGES

15. FOURTH GENERATION
COMPUTER
 PERIOD: 1975-Present
 Basic Component: Microprocessor
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a
single silicon chip. Ted Hoff invented the first
microprocessor in 1971 for Intel. The Intel 4004 chip,
developed in 1971, located all the components of the
computer—from the central processing unit and
memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
 LSI (large scale integration)
 VLSI (very large scale integration)
EXAMPLES:
DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1(Super Computer

16. MICROPROCESSORS COMPUTER

17. DISADVANTAGE
 Latest technology is
required for
manufacturing of
microprocessor
 ADVANTAGES
 VLSI technology used
 Very cheap
 Portable and reliable
 Very small size
 Pipeline processing
 No A.C. needed
 Concept of internet was introduced
 Great developments in the fields of
networks
 Computers became easily available

18. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
artificial intelligence
 voice recognition.
Quantum computation and nanotechnology
natural language input
capable of learning and self-organization.
Respond to environment
 neural networks
 EXAMPLE
robots

19. ROBOT

20. QUESTIONS