This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and bone structure. It defines anatomy and its subdivisions. Key terms are introduced like anatomical position, planes, and positions. Bone classification is explained as long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Long bone structure and ossification processes are detailed. Blood supply and nerve pathways to bone are also summarized. The document aims to equip students with foundational knowledge of anatomical structures and terminology.

1. Anatomical terms &
osteology
Dr. Sabreen Mahmoud
Lecturer of human anatomy

2. O B J E C T I V E S
 It is essential that students understand the terms used
for describing the structure and function of different
regions of gross anatomy.
 Without these terms, it is impossible to describe in a
meaningful way the composition of the body.

3.  Moreover, the physician needs these terms so that
anatomic abnormalities found on clinical examination of
a patient can be accurately recorded.
 This lecture also introduces the basic structure of bones.

4. Definition of anatomy:
the science which deals with the structure of
the body.
Ana = up
tome = cutting

5. Anatomy is subdivided into:
1) Gross anatomy 2) Microscopic anatomy

6. Subdivisions of anatomy:
1) Regional
2) Systemic.
3) Living.
4) Applied.
4) Surgical
5) Surface.
6) Radiological.
7) Developmental = embryology.

7. Anatomical position:

8. Anatomical position:
 used in describing the anatomical structures.
 The body is standing erect (upright) with the
eyes directed for- wards.
 The upper limbs hang by the sides with the
palms facing forwards and the thumbs directed
laterally (outwards).

9. Anatomical planes:

10. 1) Median plane: vertical plane → divides
the body → symmetrical right and left
halves.

11. 2) Sagittal plane: vertical plane → divides
the body → right and left parts.

12. 3) Coronal plane: vertical plane → divides
the body → anterior and posterior parts.

13. 4) Horizontal plane: a transverse plane →
divides the body → upper and lower parts.

14. Terms of position

15. Terms of position
 Anterior
 Posterior.
 Medial.
 Lateral.
 Intermediate.
 Superior.
 Inferior.
 Proximal.
 Distal.
 Superficial
 Deep.
 Internal.
 External.

16. Terms of movememt
 Flexion.
 Extension.
 dduction.
 Abduction.
 Rotation.
 Circumduction.
 Pronation.
 Supination.
 Inversion.
 Eversion.

20. 1) Flexion : bends the joint anteriorly.
2) Extension: is the reverse of flexion.

22. 3) Adduction: is the movement of the limb
medially towards the median plane.
4) Abduction it moves the limb laterally
away from the median plane.

24. 5) ROTATION: In this movement the limb
rotates around its long axis.
There are 2 types of rotation medial
rotation and lateral rotation.

26. 6) circumduction: a series =
 Flexion→abduction→extension→adduction
 in succession.
 the moving part describe a circle.

28. 7) pronation: the palm of the hand turns
backwards or downwards
8) supination: the palm faces forwards or
upwards .

30. 9) inversion: the sole of the foot is directed
inwards.
10) Eversion: the sole is directed outwards.

32. Video

33. Bone anatomy
osteology

34.  The study of bone is called osteology.
 Bone is a hard form of connective tissue
=2 main components:
1) Bone cells =osteocytes.
2) Intercellular matrix.

36. Functions of bone:
1) support to the body.
2) protect soft vital structures.
3) give attachment to muscles, ligaments.
4) contain bone marrow → blood formation
(haemopoiesis).
5) store for calcium salts.

37. Definition of the skeleton:

38. Definition of the skeleton:
(206 separate bones) arranged in:
1) Axial skeleton: (80 bones)
 Skull.
 Ribs
 Sternum.
 Vertebral column.

39. 2) Appendicular skeleton:
(126 bones)
 Bones of upper limb.
 Bones of lower limb.

40. Sex differences in bones:
1) Male bones are, heavier, thicker and
stronger.
2) Sites of muscle attachments.
3) The female pelvis is wider and shorter.

41. Classification of bone:
1) Long bones
2) Short bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones
5) Pneumatic bones
6) Sesamoid bones

43. 1) Long bones:
shaft (or diaphysis) + 2 ends
Ex: bones of the upper limb & the lower
limb.

44. 2) Short bones:
no shafts.
Ex: carpal & tarsal bones.

45. 3) Flat bones:
expanded plates of bones.
Ex: scapula & skull cap.

46. 4) Irregular bones:
With bony processes.
Ex: vertebrae.

47. 5) Pneumatic bones:
Ex: maxillary sinus in the maxilla.

48. 6) Sesamoid bones:
small nodules embedded in tendons to →
diminish friction.
Ex: patella.

49. Parts of a long bone:
 a shaft (diaphysis) + 2 ends ( epiphysis).
 Metaphysis = The part of the diaphysis
close to the epiphysis.
 The shaft → medullary or marrow cavity
→ bone marrow.

51.  The shaft is surrounded by → periosteum.
 The epiphysis bears → articular surface →
covered by articular cartilage.

52. Ossification
= (bone formation)

53. Types of ossification
1) Intramembranous
2) Intracartilaginous (endochondral)

54. 1) Intramembranous ossification:
 bone is formed in a mass of mesenchymal
tissue (i.e. membrane-like).
 Ex: clavicle, skull cap and bones of the face.

56. 2) Intracartilaginous (endochondral) ossification:
 bone is formed in a cartilaginous model .
 Ex: bones of limbs & vertebrae & ribs.

58. N.B:-
* Intramembranous ossification:
mesenchyme then bone.
* Intracartilaginous ossification:
mesenchyme then cartilage then bone.

59. Stage of ossification:
1) Primary centre of ossification
2) Secondary centre of ossification

60. 1) Primary centre of ossification:
By the 8th week of intra-uterine life→ in the
middle of the shaft of long bone.

62. 2) Secondary centre of ossification:
After birth→ (epiphysis).

63. Video

64. Blood supply of a long bone
1) Nutrient artery:
2) Epiphysial and metaphysial arteries
3) Periosteal arteries.

66. Nerve supply of bone
 Sensory nerves → bone + periosteum
 as a result → pain in the bone can be felt.

67. Now
It is the time to test yourself

68. Question 1
Clinically, the bones can be classified by their shape.
Which of the following shapes is used to define the
patella (kneecap)?
a. Flat
b. Irregular
c. Long
d. Sesamoid
e. short

69. Question 2
Long bones are responsible for most of our height.
Which of the following portions of the long bone is
most important in lengthening the bone?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Epiphyseal plate
d. Metaphysis
e. Shaft

70.  What is the anatomical position?

71.  What are the components of the axial skeleton?

72. As a long bone grows, which portion of the
bone is responsible for the greatest growth in
width?
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
metaphysis

88. How many bones are there in the hand and
wrist?
a) 27
b) 26
c) 18

89. The longest bone in the body is the ...
a) Spine
b) femur
c) humerus

90. Thanks
Dr. Sabreen