A gerund is a noun made from a verb root plus ing (a present participle). A whole gerund phrase functions in a sentence just like a noun, and can act as a subject, an object, or a predicate nominative. ... In all three of these examples, words ending with -ing are acting as nouns.
Grammatical categories and word classesMaría Ortega
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
A gerund is a noun made from a verb root plus ing (a present participle). A whole gerund phrase functions in a sentence just like a noun, and can act as a subject, an object, or a predicate nominative. ... In all three of these examples, words ending with -ing are acting as nouns.
Grammatical categories and word classesMaría Ortega
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
You have now explored in a practical way a number of different aspects of language and learning, including the difference between implicit and explicit knowledge of rules, rule discovery, the grammar of spoken and written English, phonology, and linguistic and communicative competence. I now want to turn to the significance of grammatical and communicative contexts for understanding words and grammatical structures. For example, in this unit you will study not only the grammar of the passive, but also the contexts in which it is used.
The unit begins with a look at what we can find out about a word in a dictionary and includes an activity to test your knowledge of grammar terminology. It finishes with a look at some of the reasons why words and patterns change over time and the question of what we consider to be 'correct' modern English.
Dictionaries can give teachers and learners an overall view of a word, with information about its many different aspects. So it's a good idea to get to enjoy using dictionaries. I'm therefore starting this unit with an activity to test your knowledge of what a dictionary can tell you about a word.
1. What information might a dictionary give about a word you look up (for example, its pronunciation)? Make a note of your ideas.
2. Now look up the word kneel in a dictionary and see what information is given. Summarize what you found.
Comment
1. Dictionaries can tell you about a word's:
pronunciation (including where the stress lies)
meaning(s)
word class(es)
different forms (for example past tense, plural)
usage
origin.
2. You could have found the following information about kneel:
how it is pronounced
that it is a verb
that it is intransitive (see below)
that it has alternative past tense forms: knelt or kneeled
that kneeled is used particularly in the United States
that kneel down is a phrasal verb
that it means fall or rest on the knees or a knee
that it comes from an old English word, cneowlian.
In a dictionary like Cobuild or The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, you will also find examples showing you how the word can be used: for example, He kneels beside the girl or Lottie knelt down to pray. We are also given the -ing form of the verb and an example: The kneeling figure was Mary Darling.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A dictionary always tells you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, that is, whether it can be followed by an object or not.
The verb 'lost' is transitive because we can put a noun after it. The verb yawned is intransitive because we can't put a noun after it.
Active and passive sentences
Sentences in English are either active or passive. Teachers of English need to understand the grammar of each of them and to be clear under what circumstances it is appropriate to use either the passive or the active. Let's start with the grammar.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/words-and-their-context/
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6. A. GERUND
A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and
functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates
that a gerund, like the other two kinds of
verbals, is based on a verb and therefore
expresses action or a state of being.
However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it
occupies some positions in a sentence that a
noun ordinarily would, for example:
subject, direct object, subject complement, and
object of preposition.
7. KINDS OF GERUNDS
1. Gerund as a subject
2. Gerund as direct object
3. Gerund as subject complement
4. Ferund as object of preposition
8. 1. Gerund as subject:
Traveling might satisfy your desire for new
experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
The study abroad program might satisfy your
desire for new experiences. (The gerund has
been removed.)
9. 2. Gerund as direct object
They do not appreciate my singing. (The
gerund is singing.)
They do not appreciate my assistance. (The
gerund has been removed)
10. 3. Gerund as subject
complement
My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The
gerund is sleeping.)
My cat's favorite food is salmon. (The gerund
has been removed.)
11. 4. Gerund as object of
preposition
The police arrested him for speeding. (The
gerund is speeding.)
The police arrested him for criminal activity.
(The gerund has been removed.)
12. B. INFINITIVE
An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to
plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and
functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The
term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the
other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb
and therefore expresses action or a state of
being. However, the infinitive may function as a
subject, direct object, subject
complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence.
Although an infinitive is easy to locate because
of the to + verb form, deciding what function it
has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing.
13. EXAMPLES
1. To wait seemed foolish when decisive action
was required. (subject)
2. Everyone wanted to go. (direct object)
3. His ambition is to fly. (subject complement)
4. He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective)
5. We must study to learn. (adverb)
14. That is the end of my presentation.
Thank you for your attention
nice to have been
with you today,
Good Luck
And see you again