Electromechanical batteries overcome many problems that may occur when chemical batteries in low orbit satellites (LEO) , In such a configuration of motor generator mode coupling with flywheel is used to store kinetic energy in motor mode through the flywheel during sunlight and supply electrical power from the stored kinetic energy by generator mode.In this paper design of design of Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) using hollow cylindrical flywheel for motor generator mode have been done.Flywheel dimensions and material selection are presented in the paper to achieve optimum weight with the required supplied power.
The Determination of Effects of Primary and Secondary Geometry of Tubular Lin...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, general information on the construction of tubular generators are given. Also, the numeric analyses were conducted by using 2D and 3D finite elements software. The output power, iron loss and cogging force change were compared by sensing the primary and secondary structural geometry of generator. Instead of the annular magnets, the magnets in the form of block were used mobile (secondary) part of generator. Also, analyses were conducted on the generator for two primary geometries.
2 ijaems jul-2015-3-analysis and design of four leg steel transmission tower ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this project, the design of steel lattice tower prescribed for transmission of electricity by the categorized gravity and lateral loads has been studied and analysed for the employment of the project. The analysis has been done by taking different combination of loads and then the design has been come into picture using the code module IS 800:1984.
The present work describes the analysis and design of transmission line tower of 25 meter height viz. various parameters. In design of tower for weight optimization some parameters are considered such as; base width, height of tower , outline of tower. Using STAAD , analysis of transmission towers has been carried out as a 3-D structure. The tower members are designed as angle section.Prior to the design process the convincing site investigation and Envoirmental impact assessment data has to to collected through various modes via Electronic or Print media.
The desired safety factors has been actuated contemplating the selected location i.e Kasouli. The various factors including envoirmental and materials used for the structure is also be considered.The foundation detailing is chosen keeping in consideration the geotechnical investigation data. The software tool used in the process is STAAD.Pro 2008. The load calculations were performed manually but the analysis and design results were obtained through STAAD.Pro 2008. At all stages, the effort is to provide optimally safe design along with keeping the economic considerations.
This was the seminar presentation on my Project report for M.Sc. Degree.
This shows basic and application of Electric propulsion.Which also shows about how electric propulsion is better than chemical propulsion.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
The Determination of Effects of Primary and Secondary Geometry of Tubular Lin...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, general information on the construction of tubular generators are given. Also, the numeric analyses were conducted by using 2D and 3D finite elements software. The output power, iron loss and cogging force change were compared by sensing the primary and secondary structural geometry of generator. Instead of the annular magnets, the magnets in the form of block were used mobile (secondary) part of generator. Also, analyses were conducted on the generator for two primary geometries.
2 ijaems jul-2015-3-analysis and design of four leg steel transmission tower ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this project, the design of steel lattice tower prescribed for transmission of electricity by the categorized gravity and lateral loads has been studied and analysed for the employment of the project. The analysis has been done by taking different combination of loads and then the design has been come into picture using the code module IS 800:1984.
The present work describes the analysis and design of transmission line tower of 25 meter height viz. various parameters. In design of tower for weight optimization some parameters are considered such as; base width, height of tower , outline of tower. Using STAAD , analysis of transmission towers has been carried out as a 3-D structure. The tower members are designed as angle section.Prior to the design process the convincing site investigation and Envoirmental impact assessment data has to to collected through various modes via Electronic or Print media.
The desired safety factors has been actuated contemplating the selected location i.e Kasouli. The various factors including envoirmental and materials used for the structure is also be considered.The foundation detailing is chosen keeping in consideration the geotechnical investigation data. The software tool used in the process is STAAD.Pro 2008. The load calculations were performed manually but the analysis and design results were obtained through STAAD.Pro 2008. At all stages, the effort is to provide optimally safe design along with keeping the economic considerations.
This was the seminar presentation on my Project report for M.Sc. Degree.
This shows basic and application of Electric propulsion.Which also shows about how electric propulsion is better than chemical propulsion.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Electric Propulsion (EP) is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient.
Electric Propulsion, when compared with chemical propulsion, is not limited in energy, but is only limited by the available electrical power on-board the spacecraft. Therefore EP is suitable for low- thrust (micro and milli-newton levels) long-duration applications on board spacecrafts. The propellant used in EP systems varies with the type of thruster and can be a rare gas (i.e. xenon or argon), a liquid metal or, in some cases, a conventional propellant.
Electric Propulsion System components
An Electric Propulsion System is composed by four different building blocks:
The thruster components,
The propellant components or fluidic management system, The power components, which includes the PPU,
The pointing mechanisms (optional).
An Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Generator for Defence Applications - Pa...IDES Editor
This paper discusses the indigenous development of
novel, innovative, compact, lightweight and highly efficient
Permanent Magnet based Alternator incorporating Axial Flux
technology. The above prototype alternator has been
successfully developed and realized by the author team @
R&DE (Engrs), Pune. This development has immense potential
for various defence applications where space is always at
premium. The AFPM generator can be easily configured as a
highly compact and lightweight power source capable of being
accommodated in confined spaces and on different mobile
plateforms such as trains, trailers, tracked and wheeled
vehicles etc. In this paper the basic principles as well as design,
construction, hardware development and performance related
aspects of the AFPM machine are presented.
This pretension present several piezo electric material, which can be used for energy harvesting.
the simulation of this project has done by several software such as Comsol Multiphysics to study the reaction of Piezo material ,CFD computational fluid dynamic
ION THRUSTERS (an application of plasma physics) pptBhushith Kumar
Plasma has lured the attention of physicists towards itself for quite some time now. 99% of the universe is made up of plasma. It is the purest form of raw and intense energy which possesses all the types of matter known to mankind. Scientists have come up with various theories and technologies to harness this versatile source of energy. The “plasma propulsion” is a technology which harnesses plasma to achieve vehicular propulsion, mostly spacecrafts. This technology is gaining importance due to the depletion of conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels which are used to fuel vehicles for transportation. This paper showcases the ideology of plasma and its types. Further, this article also deals with the types of plasma propulsion systems, their architecture, working, pros and cons, and the types of propellants used in ion thrusters. This paper also houses a brief description of various missions which have incorporated ion thrusters. And towards the fag end of this article, a vision of “terrestrial transportation” has also been idealized followed by the list of references.
techTransmission usage and cost allocation using shapley value and tracing me...elelijjournal
In the deregulated power system, transmission pricing has become a very important task because it is necessary to develop an efficient, feasible and reliable pricing scheme that can generate the useful economic signals to network users such as generating companies, transmission companies, distribution companies and customers. The objective of this paper is to compare transmission usage and cost allocation scheme to loads (and/or generators) based on Shapley value method and power flow tracing method.Modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for power flow tracing. A comparison is done between the both methods.
A case study based on sample 6 bus power system is applied to check the feasibility and reliability of the proposed usage and cost allocation methodology.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
The dynamic performance of an asynchronous machine when operated with cascaded Voltage Source Inverter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is presented in this paper. A classical model of Induction Motor Drive based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) method is considered which displays
appreciable run-time operation with very simple hysteresis control scheme. Direct control of the torque and flux variables is achieved by choosing suitable inverter voltage space vector from a lookup table. Under varying torque conditions the performance of the drive system is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software tool. The ripple content in the torque parameter is significant when traditional PI controller and Fuzzy approach are configured in the proposed system. Finally, by replacing the PI-Fuzzy controller with Hybrid Controller the torque ripple minimization can be achieved during no-load and loaded conditions.
Design of matched filter for radar applicationselelijjournal
The aim of this paper is to present the details of signal processing techniques in Military RADARS . These
techniques are strongly based on mathematics and specially on stochastic processes. Detecting a target in
a noisy environment is a many folds sequential process. The signal processing chain only provides to the
overall system boolean indicators stating the presence (or not) of targets inside the coverage area. It is
part of the strategical operation of the radar. This paper mainly focuses on Design of Matched filter and
generation of chirp Signal.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Electric Propulsion (EP) is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient.
Electric Propulsion, when compared with chemical propulsion, is not limited in energy, but is only limited by the available electrical power on-board the spacecraft. Therefore EP is suitable for low- thrust (micro and milli-newton levels) long-duration applications on board spacecrafts. The propellant used in EP systems varies with the type of thruster and can be a rare gas (i.e. xenon or argon), a liquid metal or, in some cases, a conventional propellant.
Electric Propulsion System components
An Electric Propulsion System is composed by four different building blocks:
The thruster components,
The propellant components or fluidic management system, The power components, which includes the PPU,
The pointing mechanisms (optional).
An Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Generator for Defence Applications - Pa...IDES Editor
This paper discusses the indigenous development of
novel, innovative, compact, lightweight and highly efficient
Permanent Magnet based Alternator incorporating Axial Flux
technology. The above prototype alternator has been
successfully developed and realized by the author team @
R&DE (Engrs), Pune. This development has immense potential
for various defence applications where space is always at
premium. The AFPM generator can be easily configured as a
highly compact and lightweight power source capable of being
accommodated in confined spaces and on different mobile
plateforms such as trains, trailers, tracked and wheeled
vehicles etc. In this paper the basic principles as well as design,
construction, hardware development and performance related
aspects of the AFPM machine are presented.
This pretension present several piezo electric material, which can be used for energy harvesting.
the simulation of this project has done by several software such as Comsol Multiphysics to study the reaction of Piezo material ,CFD computational fluid dynamic
ION THRUSTERS (an application of plasma physics) pptBhushith Kumar
Plasma has lured the attention of physicists towards itself for quite some time now. 99% of the universe is made up of plasma. It is the purest form of raw and intense energy which possesses all the types of matter known to mankind. Scientists have come up with various theories and technologies to harness this versatile source of energy. The “plasma propulsion” is a technology which harnesses plasma to achieve vehicular propulsion, mostly spacecrafts. This technology is gaining importance due to the depletion of conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels which are used to fuel vehicles for transportation. This paper showcases the ideology of plasma and its types. Further, this article also deals with the types of plasma propulsion systems, their architecture, working, pros and cons, and the types of propellants used in ion thrusters. This paper also houses a brief description of various missions which have incorporated ion thrusters. And towards the fag end of this article, a vision of “terrestrial transportation” has also been idealized followed by the list of references.
techTransmission usage and cost allocation using shapley value and tracing me...elelijjournal
In the deregulated power system, transmission pricing has become a very important task because it is necessary to develop an efficient, feasible and reliable pricing scheme that can generate the useful economic signals to network users such as generating companies, transmission companies, distribution companies and customers. The objective of this paper is to compare transmission usage and cost allocation scheme to loads (and/or generators) based on Shapley value method and power flow tracing method.Modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for power flow tracing. A comparison is done between the both methods.
A case study based on sample 6 bus power system is applied to check the feasibility and reliability of the proposed usage and cost allocation methodology.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
The dynamic performance of an asynchronous machine when operated with cascaded Voltage Source Inverter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is presented in this paper. A classical model of Induction Motor Drive based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) method is considered which displays
appreciable run-time operation with very simple hysteresis control scheme. Direct control of the torque and flux variables is achieved by choosing suitable inverter voltage space vector from a lookup table. Under varying torque conditions the performance of the drive system is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software tool. The ripple content in the torque parameter is significant when traditional PI controller and Fuzzy approach are configured in the proposed system. Finally, by replacing the PI-Fuzzy controller with Hybrid Controller the torque ripple minimization can be achieved during no-load and loaded conditions.
Design of matched filter for radar applicationselelijjournal
The aim of this paper is to present the details of signal processing techniques in Military RADARS . These
techniques are strongly based on mathematics and specially on stochastic processes. Detecting a target in
a noisy environment is a many folds sequential process. The signal processing chain only provides to the
overall system boolean indicators stating the presence (or not) of targets inside the coverage area. It is
part of the strategical operation of the radar. This paper mainly focuses on Design of Matched filter and
generation of chirp Signal.
Carbon nano tube based delay model for high speed energy efficient on chip da...elelijjournal
Speed is a major concern for high density VLSI networks. In this paper the closed form delay model for current mode signalling in VLSI interconnects has been proposed with resistive load termination.RLC interconnect line is modelled using characteristic impedance of transmission line and inductive effect.The inductive effect is dominant at lower technology node is modelled into an equivalent resistance. In this model first order transfer function is designed using finite difference equation, and by applying the boundary conditions at the source and load termination. It has been observed that the dominant pole determines system response and delay in the proposed model. Using CNIA tool (carbon nanotube interconnect analyzer) the interconnect line parameters has been estimated at 45nm technology node. The novel proposed current mode model superiority has been validated for CNT type of material. It superiority factor remains to 66.66% as compared to voltage mode signalling. And current mode dissipates 0.015pJ energy where as VM consume 0.045pJ for a single bit transmission across the interconnect over CNT
material. Secondly the damping factor of a lumped RLC circuit is shown to be a useful figure of merit.
Design and implementation of pll frequency synthesizer using pe3336 ic for ir...elelijjournal
The design and experimental verification of a low phase noise phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer using Peregrine’s PE83336 IC is presented. This PLL is used as frequency synthesizer which generates stable and low phase noise signal for space applications. A stable reference frequency of 22.8MHz is provided to the PLL through a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO). Experimental results of the PLL frequency synthesizer shows the excellent performance achieved at Xband. The PLL model implemented with frequency resolution of 5.8MHz, and phase noise better than -
81dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz offset at X-band. The complete model is fabricated on RT-duroid 6010 substrate
EFFICIENT MULTIPLIERS FOR 1-OUT-OF-3 BINARY SIGNED-DIGIT NUMBER SYSTEMelelijjournal
This paper proposes new multipliers based on Binary Signed-Digit (BSD) operands. BSD number system has carry free capability in addition operation which causes high speed multiplication. In order to use the numbering system, BSD operand needs to be encoded into binary bits. 1-out-of-3 BSD encoding has been proposed as a subset of m-out-of-n codes which can be used for error detection and correction. However, a multiplier for 1-out-of-3 encoding has not yet been reported in the literature. In this paper, we propose
three different structures for 1-out-of-3 BSD multiplication for the first time to achieve an appropriate trade-off between area, delay, and power parameters. Our target implementation platform is Application Specific Circuits (ASIC).
SINGLE PHASE SYMMETRICAL MULTILEVEL INVERTER DESIGN FOR VARIOUS LOADSelelijjournal
This paper presents a single phase symmetrical multilevel inverter with various loads. This proposed
topology is connected with R-load, RL-load and induction motor drive with unipolar Phase disposition
PWM technique. Among the four modulation technique it gives reduced harmonic. This proposed topology
has less number of switches than the conventional one. In conventional cascaded multilevel inverter have
twelve switches and the proposed topology have eight switches. Totally the four switches have been
reduced from the conventional one. It is designed to produce a seven level output. The simulation analysis
has been done by a MATLAB/SIMULINK model.
Fea of pcb multilayer stack up high voltage planar transformer for aerospace...elelijjournal
High voltage planar transformer is a technology which can replace conventional transformer with its distinct advantages of saturation and cost efficiency. This paper includes, study and solution methods for PCB winding configuration in planar magnetic elements with multilayer
stack up of PCB Cu-tracks, producing High voltage power supply for aerospace application.With finite element analysis (FEA) simulations, different simulation outcomes are discussed for inspecting flux intensity and current density distribution with computing Electric field strength
and Magnetic fields. In principal conclusion of study, complete analysis and some practical design guidelines for
multilayer PCB stack up are discussed in this paper.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MAHESHWAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT AT NARMADA RIVERelelijjournal
Economic hydropower plant generation scheduling is an important feature from the utility point of view,
this scheduling is more important in that case when the plants are at the same river stream & owned by the
different utilities. Various Conventional & Artificial intelligence methods have been used earlier for the
hydro generation scheduling reported through researches and more, all are of them required the
mathematical modeling of each & every hydro power plant.
Theoretical account of problem solving in general and especially methodology to develop the mathematical
models of the hydroelectric power plants has been described in this paper. Reservoir elevation model, tail
race elevation model and hydro turbine model have been developed for Rani Avanti Bai Sagar river bed
hydroelectric power plants by collating actual plant data from competent authorities. Modeling of canal
head hydroelectric power plants have been also included in this paper. This hydro power project is a part
of cascade scheme at Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh, India.
APPLICATIONS OF FLOATING-GATE MOSFET IN THE DESIGN OF INVERTER AND RING OSCIL...elelijjournal
This paper presents the application of floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS) in the design of low voltage and
high speed digital circuits wherein threshold voltage tunability of FGMOS has been exploited to enhance
the performance of inverter in terms of various parameters like switching threshold voltage, noise margins,
propagation delay and energy delay product. It has been observed that by varying the bias voltage in
FGMOS, the voltage transfer characteristics can be altered that result in lowering of switching threshold
voltage, increased noise margins, reduced propagation delay and less energy delay product as compared to
the standard CMOS inverter. This paper also demonstrates the design of ring oscillator using FGMOS and
it has been found that FGMOS based ring oscillator exhibits higher frequency of oscillation as compared to
its CMOS counterpart. The performance of these circuits has been verified through PSpice simulations
carried out using level 7 parameters in 0.13 µm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 1 V.
Under voltage load shedding for contingency analysis to optimize power loss ...elelijjournal
Power system contingency is a condition of operation which may be caused due to line outage in a system
and could lead to entire system voltage instability. This may further result in voltage collapse leading to total blackout of the system. Therefore, voltage collapse prediction and estimating voltage stability margin
is an important task in power system operation and planning. In this paper Line Stability Index Lij utilizing
the concept of power flow in a single line is adopted to determine the condition of voltage instability. The
purpose of Lij is to determine the point of voltage instability, the weakest bus in the system and the critical
line referred to a bus. Analytical approach based technique for load shedding has been developed as a solution for secured operation of power system under various contingency conditions to optimize the power
flow in order to minimize the system losses within acceptable limit. To validate the effectiveness of the
proposed method simulation has been carried out on IEEE 14 bus system.
NOVEL PSO STRATEGY FOR TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENTelelijjournal
In post deregulated era of power system load characteristics become more erratic. Unplanned transactions
of electrical power through transmission lines of particular path may occur due to low cost offered by
generating companies. As a consequence those lines driven close to their operating limits and becomes
congested as the lines are originally designed for traditional vertically integrated structure of power
system. This congestion in transmission lines is unpredictable with deterministic load flow strategy.
Rescheduling active and reactive power output of generators is the promising way to manage congestion.
In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weight strategy, with two variants
e1-PSO and e-2 PSO is applied for optimal solution of active and reactive power rescheduling for
managing congestion. The generators sensitivity technique is opted for identifying participating generators
for managing congestion. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Comparison is made
between results obtained from proposed techniques to that of results reported in previous literature.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Magnetic thrust bearing is a device which is used to support the object by
controlling the magnetic field. Permanent magnets or electromagnets or both are used
to produce magnetic field. The type of magnetic bearing discussed in this paper is a
single acting active magnetic thrust bearing. A prototype magnetic thrust bearing is
made to study the thrust capability. The measured values of force are compared with
theoretical values. A leakage factor is estimated. The experiments are done at different
air gaps from 1mm to 5 mm in steps of 0.5 mm. The variation of leakage factor is
plotted at different air gaps. An attempt is made to find the optimum air gap between
the stator and rotor of AMTB
Air Gap Effect on the AFPM Generator (Inner Rotor) PerformanceIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The axial flux permanent generator double stator- single rotor ((inner rotor) is presented in this paper. The aim study is find the relation between air gap size and output performance of the generator. By changing, the air gap size and observe the output generator are discussed. Torque types of the coreless AFPM generator (initial torque and electromagnetic torque) are calculated. The stators (S1 &S2) can be connected either in parallel to get more voltage or in series to get more current. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to calculate flux density of the permanent magnet at deferent air gap size by using (ANSOFT Maxwell) software. Also the output voltage sine wave of the generator and the phase angle between each pairs of the phases are verified. Moreover the output voltage can be controlled by control in air gap size, when the shaft speed was fixed is discussed.
There are abundant of wave energy converter technologies available to convert wave energy into useable energy. However, most of them are huge and suitable for large application. Thus, this paper aimed to propose portable pico generator designs for small scale application. Investigation on the performance of designs with varying halbach magnet shapes was mainly focused and discussed. Two designs of different magnet shape i.e. triangular and trapezoid were proposed. Open-circuit simulation and optimization results were obtained using Finite Element Method. From the results, it was found out that Trapezoid Magnet Design produced better performance and lower material cost compared to another proposed design, Triangular Magnet as well as conventional Rectangular Magnet shape.
Analysis of Permanent Magnets Bearings in Flywheel Rotor DesignsIJERA Editor
This paper discusses analysis of permanent magnet bearing in flywheel rotor designs. This work focuses on
the advantages of using permanent magnets in flywheel rotor design as compared to that of the
convectional mode of levitating the rotor position. The use of permanent magnet in magnetic bearing
design to generate the steady state position of the magnetic field results in less variation of the force
exerted on the rotor when it deviates from the nominal position than when an electrical coil is used for the
same purpose. Theresults of the analysis shows that the magnetic bearing dynamics as well as its load
carryingcapacity improves when the rotor is offset from its central position. The use of permanent magnet
compared to current-carrying coils results in smaller overall size of magnetic bearing leading to a more
compact system design resulting in improved rotordynamic performance.
Design and Simulation of a Fractal Micro-TransformerIJERA Editor
Due to advancement in smart technologies, the issues like renewable energy integrations into the existing power
systems, reduced weight and size of power equipments is required. In this regard, this work is focused on the
study and design of fractal type micro-transformer for day-to-day applications. An air core transformer is
designed using finite element modeling. The obtained results showed far better implementation parameters in
comparison to the macro transformers.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
Design and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Linear Generator for Wave Energy Po...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a linear generator, which can convert any mechanical energy wave or other vibration to electric energy. A mover of the proposed linear generator, which includes permanent magnets, is linearly driven through a stator, by wave energy. Nd Fe B magnets in the mover are placed so that the same magnetic poles face each other, in order to make the large change in magnetic flux in the coils of the stator. Therefore, the magnetic flux is extended through the case and reduces cancellation of the flux in the coils of the stator. In this paper permanent magnet linear generator is proposed and analyzed by means of numeric field computations and FEMM Software. It was designed for wave power energy systems to be placed in the coasts. Aung Myo Naing ""Design and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Linear Generator for Wave Energy Power Plant"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25108.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/25108/design-and-simulation-of-permanent-magnet-linear-generator-for-wave-energy-power-plant/aung-myo-naing
Design and Simulation of Array of Rectangular Micro Cantilevers Piezoelectric...IJERA Editor
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Electro-Mechanical Batteries for low earth orbit satellite with hallow cylinder flywheel machine
1. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
1
Electro-Mechanical Batteries for low earth orbit
satellite with hallow cylinder flywheel machine
Ahmed M.Atallah , Mahmoud M.Kashef, M.A.L.Badr
Elec. Dept. Eng, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract — Electromechanical batteries overcome many problems that may occur when chemical
batteries in low orbit satellites (LEO) , In such a configuration of motor generator mode coupling with
flywheel is used to store kinetic energy in motor mode through the flywheel during sunlight and supply
electrical power from the stored kinetic energy by generator mode.
In this paper design of design of Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) using hollow
cylindrical flywheel for motor generator mode have been done.
Fywheel dimensions and material selection are presented in the paper to achieve optimum weight with the
required supplied power. The hollow cylindrical flywheel composed of two parts shown in fig1
Fig 1 – Hallow cylindrical flywheel Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
Index Terms — Electro-Mechanical batteries, Hollow cylindrical flywheel, Surface Permanent magnet
synchronous machine, satellite.
NOMENCLATURE
E kinetic energy stored
I moment of inertia
ω the angular velocity
ρ the density of material
Z the axial length of the cylinder
r2 , r1 the outer and inner radius
Mn the magnetic vector
R6, R4 , R5 outer stator , inner and outer PM radius
µr , µm air gap flux and Iron permeability
p t he number of pole pair
2. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
2
Br, αp magnet remnant and PM arc to pole pitch ratio
N, Kα coil number of turns ,first harmonic coefficient
Nt number of tooth
R_p,R_t Air gap reluctance front of pole and tooth
Wt, Wy thickness of rotor and stator material
ff, Kcu filling factor and necessary cupper area to flow one ampere of current
t the time duration during discharge periodic
Ipm , Ife, If moment of inertia of permanent magnetic , ferromagnetic and flywheel
material
I. INTRODUCTION
LEO satellites usually include nano and micro satellite witch rotate around the earth by period of
some minutes to few hours [2], the most critical part of these satellites are their batteries which
supply power during eclipse period .
The advantages of EMB [4], [5], [7], [17] are unlimited charge/discharge cycle as well as satellite
life time, more efficient, more energy density, more discharge depths, thermal independent, no
voltage sag over life, matches well with peak power tracking solar array, much higher specific
energy, easy charge/discharge control as the stored energy depends on the wheel speed alone and
hence lower mass and volume.
Electro-Mechanical Battery consists of Surface Permanent magnet synchronous machine coupled
with flywheel.
In this paper we have selected the materials of rotor, stator and flywheel to minimize the
dimension while achieving the required magnetic field and stored energy.
Selection of material for rotor, stator, flywheel is an important part to minimize the domination
and achieve require magnetic field and stored energy
II. PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
The energy storage in a flywheel system is given by
E =
ଵ
ଶ
Iωଶ
(1)
So the moment of inertia of hallow cylinder which is made of a composite or steel rim attached to
a shaft is given by
I =
ଵ
ଶ
. π. Z. ρ. (rଶ
ସ
− rଵ
ସ
) (2)
Then, substituting equation (2) in equation (1) the energy that can be stored in a flywheel system
as a function of its speed, inner and outer radii is .
E =
ଵ
ସ
. π. Z. ρ. (rଶ
ସ
− rଵ
ସ). ωଶ
(3)
3. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
3
The most efficient way to increase the energy stored in a flywheel is to speed it up and increase
its radius as large as possible beside volume and mass optimization. However, the materials of
rotating system will limit the speed of the flywheel, due to the stress developed, and called tensile
strength, σ
In this paper, flywheel mass and dimensions are minimized using certain of carbon material and
hollow cylinder flywheel as will be shown. Also, Radial-flux Permanent Magnet (PM) machines
are used in the proposed design for efficiency and compact size
III. MATERIALSELECTION
The most important part of EMB’s is their Electrical machine used for energy conversion and
material selection.
Motor/Generator used in spacecraft EMB is a variable high speed small machine with some
limitations as thermal, heat transfer, volume and mass. Rotor or flywheel is floated by magnetic
bearings in EMB’s and rotor dissipations excrete by radiation. Therefore the magnets installed on
rotor experience high temperature and its variations. The adequate material for this part is chosen
to be samarium-cobalt (Sm-Co) [6].
Because of the high electrical frequencies associated with machine operation, a high-frequency
ferromagnetic "core" material was chosen for the stator. Core losses are particularly important in
permanent magnet machines, as they represent a constant power loss, relatively independent of
the power output of the machine.
Many kinds of Ferromagnetic materials can be used in stator and rotor yokes design such as
cobalt-iron alloys, non-oriented nickel-iron alloys, and amorphous metals.
Non-oriented nickel-iron alloys have electrical resistivity and saturation flux density
approximately half that of amorphous materials. So it does not appear to be a viable candidate.
Iron-cobalt alloys are often used to achieve high power density because of their high saturation
flux density, approximately 2.2 Tesla [9].
it is also desirable to keep flux densities low in the core material at high frequencies to keep core
losses reasonable, thus the Benefits of the high saturation flux density of the iron-cobalt materials
is not the main priorities .The electrical resistivity of amorphous iron materials are approximately
5 times higher than that of the iron-cobalt alloys, and their intrinsic coercively is lower by
roughly a factor of 6. Backiron are used for rotor yoke and stator core because of its high
resistance (silicon steel) to decrease Eddy currents formation. Frequency properties of the
material are less important, as the flux densities in the rotor are ideally DC, although some
harmonics will exist due to the winding structure, current waveforms, and the slotting of the
stator iron. However, if a laminated backiron is chosen, losses due to these harmonics should be
negligible.
4. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
4
TABLE I
REPRESENTATIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOFT FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL
Amorphous IronIron-Cobalt Alloy
(annealed)
145 Kpsi53 KsiYield strength
100 GPa200 GPaModulus of
Elasticity
A solid backiron (high resistance silicon steel to discourage Eddy current formation) would be
preferable to a laminated backiron from a strictly structural standpoint because of its increased
strength. However, the lower modulus of a laminated backiron has the benefit of reducing the
maximum principal stresses in the magnets. Representative mechanical properties of laminated
iron-cobalt and amorphous iron alloys are given in Table [2] where Ksi is thousands of pounds
per square inch and GPa is gigapascals. Though their modulus elasticity is about half that of iron-
cobalt, it was determined that amorphous material is also desirable for the rotor backiron, as their
yield strength is about three times higher when compared to other annealed soft magnetic alloys.
In our design an amorphous iron alloy are used for high strength (145Ksi) and suitable saturation
flux densities.
The materials that compose flywheel’s rotor [3, 9] will limit its rotational speed, due to the tensile
strength developed. Lighter materials develop lower inertial loads at a given speed, therefore
composite materials, with low density and high tensile strength, are excellent for storing kinetic
energy. Table (3) shows characteristics of several materials used on wheels. The analysis of the
table confirms that the carbon composite materials will maximize the energy density. Composite
materials are a new generation of materials that are lighter and stronger than the conventional
ones, such as steel.
For the simulations carbon AS4C was chosen because it is the second best on tensile strength and
on energy density while the first one (carbon T100) have higher weight (density) which may be a
problem in satellite performance so carbon AS4C can achieve the required energy stored with
optimal dimension (volume) and optimal weight.
TABLE II
CHARACTERIZES OF COMMON ROTOR MATERIAL
Max
energy
density(for
1 kg)
Tensile
Strenght
(MPa)
Density(Kg/m3)Material
0.19MJ/Kg15207700Monolithic material
4340 steel
composites
0.05MJ/Kg1002000E-glass
0.76MJ/Kg14701920S-glass
1.28MJ/Kg19501520Carbon T1000
1.1MJ/Kg16501510Carbon AS4C
5. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
5
IV. SURFACE PM MACHINE
Surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) is the most common rotor configuration for PM
machines. The magnets are placed on the rotor surface. The magnets are glued onto the rotor
surface and fixed by a carbon or glass fiber bandage. In relation to other PM concepts, the surface
mounted machines are easy to manufacture and consequently the construction cost is low. As the
permeability of the magnets is almost the same as the permeability of air, the d-axis and the q-
axis reluctances are equal. Hence, the SMPM machines have no saliency and the torque is only
produced by the interaction between the stator currents and the magnets [16].
Fig 2 –the proposed surface PM machine
A. Machine Design
Parametric design will be done according to Fig (2). Permanent magnet machine design for EMB
application consists of the flowing steps [14, 1]:
Flax density, coil current and number of turns is found according to machine torque and induced
voltage [1].Using the equations total number of poles = 4 , R4=17mm, R5=18mm, R6=20mm.
From working point below flux density saturation 1.4 T widths of stator and rotor yoke, dent can
be calculated as
ܹ௧ =
Φ (୲୭୲ୟ୪)
୫ୟ୶
(4)
W୲ Should be at least equal to 5.8×10-3
m so selecting
W୷ =
ଵ
ଶ
୲
ଶ୮
Wt α (5)
So we will consider the value of Wy = 6.8×10-3
m
Then the necessary slot space is:
Aୡ୳ =
ଵଶ୮୧ୡ୳
୲
(6)
On the other hand according to Fig.1 available slot space is:
6. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
6
ܣ௦ =
గ(ோయ
మିோమ
మ)
ே
− ܹ௧(ܴଷ − ܴଶ)
(7)
By equalizing necessary and available space:
As = Acu
ܴଷ
ଶ
−
ேௐ
గ
ܴଷ +
ேௐ
గ
ܴଶ − ܴଶ
ଶ
−
ೠே
గ
= 0 (8)
Solving equation (8) we get R3 = 0.021 m
All machine dimensions is found except outer radius of flywheel. The kinetic energy stored on a
hallow cylinder can be define as:
ܧ = ܲݐ =
ଵ
ଶ
߱(ݐܫଶ
ଶ
− ߱ଵ
ଶ
) (9)
t is equal (30 min).
If N1 =20000 rpm min speed of flywheel
N2=60000 rpm max speed of flywheel
Considering a power load of LEO satellite equal to 50 watt So the total energy required from the
flywheel is E= 90000
So
ݐܫ = 5.135 g.m2
ݐܫ = ݉ܫ + ݂݁ܫ + ݂ܫ (10)
Now we can apply equation (1) for our design to determined the dimension of flywheel and
achieve our target to minimize dimension, weight and used material.
Considering table (3) carbon AS4C will be used as a material of the flywheel design.
݉ܫ =
ଵ
ଶ
ߩܴ(ߨܿܮଷ
ସ
− ܴଶ
ସ) (11)
݂݁ܫ =
ଵ
ଶ
ߩܴ(ߨܿܮସ
ସ
− ܴଷ
ସ
) (12)
݂ܫ =
ଵ
ଶ
ߩܴ(ߨܿܮହ
ସ
− ܴସ
ସ
) (13)
Where
ߩ = 8400 kg/m3 density of permanent magnet material
ߩ = 7400 kg/m3 density of ferromagnetic material
ߩ = 1510 kg/m3 density of carbon epoxy material
݂ܫ = ݐܫ - ݉ܫ - ݂݁ܫ = 4.857 g.m2
Now we want to calculate the effect of gap thickness (g) on the outer radius and overall mass of
the flywheel.
7. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
7
TABLE III
SELECTION OF OUTER RADIUS OF FLYWHEEL
.05
m
.04
m
.03
m
.02
m
.01
m
0g
.0824
m
.0724
m
.0624
m
.0524
m
.0424
m
.0324
m
R8
.1034
m
.0989
m
.0956
m
.0933
m
.092
m
.0913
m
R9
1.17
(KG)
1.2609
(KG)
1.3614
(KG)
1.4629
(KG)
1.563
(KG)
1.65
(KG)
Mass of
machine
Fig 2. Effect of gap thickness on the outer radius of the flywheel.
Fig 3. Effect of gap thickness on the total mass of flywheel.
8. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
8
So we can select gap thickness g= .03 to optimize the effect of volume at R8 = 62.4 mm which given
overall mass equal 1.31 kg and R9 =95.6 mm
.
TABLE VI
DESIGN RESULTS FOR THE SURFACE PM MACHINE
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
10
mm
16.1
mm
21.3
mm
22.8
mm
23.8
mm
R6 R7 R8 R9 Acu
25.6
mm
32.4
mm
62.4
mm
95.6
mm
19.19
mm2
TABLE IV
USED PARAMETER FOR THE HALLOW CYLINDER MACHINE DESIGN
V. CONCLUSION:
The Design of an external rotor permanent magnet machine used in spacecraft electro-mechanical
batteries is presented in this paper. This machine is required to supply a load of 50 watt for 30
minutes, the expected time of eclipse for LEO Satellite.
The used hollow cylindrical flywheel composed of two parts to minimize its weight rather than
only one sold part while storing the same energy required.
The effect of hallow gap thickness on both the overall radius and mass of the proposed hallow
cylinder flywheel is depicted
Samarium-cobolt is selected in the design of PM material for thermal and volume decrease,
amorphous iron is used as ferromagnetic material because of its high strength (145ksi) to
withstand high centrifugal force at high speed, Also the use of carbon AS4C as flywheel material
to decrease the flywheel radius and suitable energy storage capacity.
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