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1-anatomy_and_physiology
- 2. Outlines -Introduction -Anatomy and physiologyof: Cardiovascular system. Respiratory system. The skeletal system. The nervous system.
- 3. FIRST AID: Isthe immediate care or treatment that is given to an injured or ill person before professional medical aid can be obtained.
- 4.
- 5. Cardiovascular system Anatomy: I- Heart: - Fist sized organ situated in the center of the chest, between the sternum and the spine and above the diaphragm. Surrounded by the lungs except in a small area in front. (bare area) and the area against the spine.
- 8. - Has ahollow tough muscular wall surrounded by the pericardium. - It is divided into right and left sides, each has an atrium & a ventricle.
- 9. II - Vascularsystem Arteries: Thick walled, carrying blood from the heart under high pressure. Capillaries: Thin walled network of one cell layer. Veins: Thin walled vessels carrying blood under low pressure back to the heart. Two coronary arteries originate from the aorta encircling the heart to supply the myocardium.
- 11. Physiology of theheart Right ventricle Left ventricle ↓ ↓ Pulmonary artery Aortic artery ↓ ↓ Lungs all the body ↓ ↓ Lt atrium Rt atrium
- 14. Functions of cardiovascular system 1 – purify the blood through the pulmonary capillary system. 2 – provide oxygenated blood to all tissues through the systemic capillary system. THE HEART beats 60-90 beats per minute during rest .
- 15. Respiratory system 4 components: 1– Airways: A) Upper airway: nose & mouth, pharynx, larynx. B) Lower airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.
- 18. 2 – Neuromuscularsystem: A) Respiratory center in the brain. B) Nerves. C) Muscles of respiration.( Diaphragm , intercostal muscles) D) Chest cage
- 20. Cont… 3 – Alveoli: Millionsof minute air sacs made of very delicate thin membrane of one cell layer. Capillaries are on outer side (exchange of gases). 4 – Pulmonary vessels: Heart (Rt ventricle)→pulmonary arteries –dark blood→ fine capillary network – pick up O2 & expel CO2 in alveoli→ pulmonary veins → heart (Lt ventricle).
- 21. Physiology of respiration -Inspiration is an active process. - Expiration is a passive process. - Function is to pick up oxygen and expel CO2.
- 22. Cont. ↑CO2 inarterial blood →Brain →respiratory center→ signals →respiratory nerves → respiratory muscles → ↑respiratory rate and depth till normal CO2 →normal respiration.
- 23. Skeletal system Major functions: I– Support, body form. II – Protection of vital organs. III – Movement (muscles, bones, joints). IV – Blood cell production in bone marrow. V – Storage of essential minerals.
- 24. Major divisions I –Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum. II – Appendicular skeleton: Upper extremities, lower extremities, the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle.
- 25. Classification of bones I– Long bones: Arm: humerus, ulna, radius. Lower limb: femur, tibia, fibula. II – Short bones: Bones in the hands and feet. III – Flat bones: Sternum, shoulder blades, and ribs. IV – Irregular bones: Vertebrae of spinal column
- 27. The nervous system Anatomicaldivision: I – Central nervous system: Includes brain and spinal cord. II – Peripheral nervous system: Includes peripheral sensory nerves, peripheral motor nerves, combination of sensory motor nerves.
- 28. Brain Spinal Cord Nerves
- 29. Brain 1 – Cerebral cortex Consists of grey and white matter. Controls higher functions: sensory reception, voluntary motor activity, reasoning, emotions, memory.
- 30. 2 – Cerebellum: Concernedwith maintenance of posture and equilibrium as well as coordination of skilled movements. Cerebellum
- 31. 3 – Brainstem: Subdivided to midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata. Contains important centers maintaining vital functions.
- 32. Functional divisions ofnervous system I – Autonomic nervous system (involuntary): A – Parasympathetic: Causes dilatation of blood vessels, increases tone and contractility of smooth muscles, and induces secretions. B – Sympathetic: Controls many automatic functions: constriction of blood vessels, and increases heart rate. II – Voluntary: Under direct control of the brain.
- 33. Sympathetic CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC Brain “ Fight or flight” Dilates pupil response Stimulates salivation Salivary glands Relaxes bronchi Release adrenaline and Spinal Lungs cord noradrenalin Accelerates heartbeat Increases heart rate and Heart blood pressure Inhibits activity Stomach Increases blood flow to Pancrea s Stimulates glucose Liver skeletal muscles Adrenal Secretion of adrenaline, gland Inhibits digestive no adrenaline Kidney functions Relaxes bladder Sympathetic Stimulates ejaculation ganglia in male
- 34. Parasympathetic CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC Brain Contracts pupil “ Rest and digest ” Stimulates salivation system Spinal Constricts bronchi cord Calms body to conserve and maintain energy Slows heartbeat Lowers Stimulates activity heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs
- 35. Cranial nerves I –Olfactory: smell II – Optic: vision III – Oculomotor: eye lid, pupil, eyeball. IV – Trochlear: turn the eye down and laterally. V – Trigeminal: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular. VI – Abducens: turns the eye laterally. VII – Facial: muscles of expression. VIII – Vestibulocochlear: hearing and equilibrium. IX – Glosso-pharyngeal: taste X – Vagus: parasympathetic for viscera. XI – Spinal accessory: trapezious and sternomastoid muscles. XII – Hypoglossal: motor fibers to the tongue.