This document discusses traditional costing systems and activity-based costing (ABC). Traditional costing systems allocate overhead using a single rate, such as direct labor hours, which can over- or under-cost complex products. ABC allocates overhead using multiple cost drivers that better reflect resource usage. The document provides an example comparing traditional and ABC costing for two products. ABC costing allocated overhead more accurately without leftover/missing costs. ABC is recommended when products and processes are complex or diverse. It can also be used for activity-based management to reduce non-value adding activities.
The document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and compares it to traditional cost accounting methods. ABC assigns costs to products based on their actual consumption of activities and resources, rather than assuming equal allocation. The document provides an example of a company that manufactures automobile parts and calculates product costs using both traditional and ABC methods. It finds that ABC provides a more accurate assessment of which products are most profitable by tracing indirect costs to individual products based on their activity consumption.
Case classic pen company with extensionCaritAndersen
Classic Pen Company is facing issues with falling profitability and pricing pressures. It currently uses a traditional costing system that allocates overhead equally based on direct labor. An activity-based costing (ABC) system is implemented to better reflect the actual overhead usage of different products. The ABC analysis identifies key activities and their cost drivers. It determines Red and Purple pens have significantly higher overhead costs than reported previously. The new income statement using ABC shows lower profits and some unprofitable customers.
Classic pen company activity based costingHarish B
Classic Pen Company is analyzing its cost accounting system using activity-based costing to better understand profitability. Previously, all overhead costs were allocated based on direct labor, but ABC analysis identified drivers like setup time and production runs. This showed that red and purple pens have higher costs than indicated previously due to more setups. ABC cost per unit for red and purple exceeds their selling price, suggesting price increases are needed to improve profitability for those products.
The document provides solutions to brief exercises on managerial accounting topics including:
1) Calculating predetermined overhead rates and applying overhead using direct labor hours.
2) Differences between traditional and activity-based costing systems, with ABC assigning more overhead to low-volume products.
3) Appropriate cost drivers for various manufacturing activities like materials handling, machine setups, and quality control.
Activity based costing ppt @ mba finaceBabasab Patil
Activity based costing (ABC) provides a more accurate method for assigning overhead costs than conventional costing methods. ABC identifies the activities performed in an organization and assigns costs to products based on their consumption of activities. It recognizes that resources are used to perform activities, not directly by products. ABC involves identifying activities, assigning resource costs to activities, defining activity drivers, and calculating activity costs to determine the full cost of products and services. ABC provides managers with more accurate cost information to improve process efficiency.
This document discusses job-order costing, which accumulates manufacturing costs by job. Costs include direct materials, direct labor, and overhead applied using a predetermined overhead rate. Materials and labor costs are recorded on job cost sheets. Actual overhead costs are recorded in an Overhead Control account, while applied overhead credits Work in Process. Overhead can be applied functionally using a single or multiple rates, or through activity-based costing using multiple rates tied to specific activities. Variances may occur when actual overhead differs from applied overhead.
The document discusses the levels of an activity-based costing (ABC) system. It explains that under ABC, costs are first assigned to activities and then traced to products. There are four levels of costs: unit, batch, product, and facility. Unit costs are directly proportional to the number of units produced. Batch costs are proportional to the number of batches produced regardless of batch size. Product costs can be traced to a product line. Facility costs are incurred for the plant as a whole and cannot be traced to specific units or products. The document provides examples for each cost level.
Activity Based Costing: A Case of Plastim CorporationRahul Dhiman
Activity Based Costing: A Case of Plastim Corporation. This case is about comparison between the Modern Costing system is better than The Traditional System.
The document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and compares it to traditional cost accounting methods. ABC assigns costs to products based on their actual consumption of activities and resources, rather than assuming equal allocation. The document provides an example of a company that manufactures automobile parts and calculates product costs using both traditional and ABC methods. It finds that ABC provides a more accurate assessment of which products are most profitable by tracing indirect costs to individual products based on their activity consumption.
Case classic pen company with extensionCaritAndersen
Classic Pen Company is facing issues with falling profitability and pricing pressures. It currently uses a traditional costing system that allocates overhead equally based on direct labor. An activity-based costing (ABC) system is implemented to better reflect the actual overhead usage of different products. The ABC analysis identifies key activities and their cost drivers. It determines Red and Purple pens have significantly higher overhead costs than reported previously. The new income statement using ABC shows lower profits and some unprofitable customers.
Classic pen company activity based costingHarish B
Classic Pen Company is analyzing its cost accounting system using activity-based costing to better understand profitability. Previously, all overhead costs were allocated based on direct labor, but ABC analysis identified drivers like setup time and production runs. This showed that red and purple pens have higher costs than indicated previously due to more setups. ABC cost per unit for red and purple exceeds their selling price, suggesting price increases are needed to improve profitability for those products.
The document provides solutions to brief exercises on managerial accounting topics including:
1) Calculating predetermined overhead rates and applying overhead using direct labor hours.
2) Differences between traditional and activity-based costing systems, with ABC assigning more overhead to low-volume products.
3) Appropriate cost drivers for various manufacturing activities like materials handling, machine setups, and quality control.
Activity based costing ppt @ mba finaceBabasab Patil
Activity based costing (ABC) provides a more accurate method for assigning overhead costs than conventional costing methods. ABC identifies the activities performed in an organization and assigns costs to products based on their consumption of activities. It recognizes that resources are used to perform activities, not directly by products. ABC involves identifying activities, assigning resource costs to activities, defining activity drivers, and calculating activity costs to determine the full cost of products and services. ABC provides managers with more accurate cost information to improve process efficiency.
This document discusses job-order costing, which accumulates manufacturing costs by job. Costs include direct materials, direct labor, and overhead applied using a predetermined overhead rate. Materials and labor costs are recorded on job cost sheets. Actual overhead costs are recorded in an Overhead Control account, while applied overhead credits Work in Process. Overhead can be applied functionally using a single or multiple rates, or through activity-based costing using multiple rates tied to specific activities. Variances may occur when actual overhead differs from applied overhead.
The document discusses the levels of an activity-based costing (ABC) system. It explains that under ABC, costs are first assigned to activities and then traced to products. There are four levels of costs: unit, batch, product, and facility. Unit costs are directly proportional to the number of units produced. Batch costs are proportional to the number of batches produced regardless of batch size. Product costs can be traced to a product line. Facility costs are incurred for the plant as a whole and cannot be traced to specific units or products. The document provides examples for each cost level.
Activity Based Costing: A Case of Plastim CorporationRahul Dhiman
Activity Based Costing: A Case of Plastim Corporation. This case is about comparison between the Modern Costing system is better than The Traditional System.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
2. The activity rates are computed as:
Assembling units: AED. 280,000/1,000 units = AED. 280 per unit
Processing orders: AED. 310,000/250 orders = AED. 1,240 per order
Supporting customers: AED. 100,000/100 customers = AED. 1,000 per customer
Activity-Based Costing System 26
3. The table showing overhead costs for VB's 80 units and 4 orders is:
Description Amount (AED.)
Direct materials cost (80 units x AED. 180) 14,400
Direct labor cost
The document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and activity-based management (ABM). It provides details on how Aerotech, a company that produces circuit boards, implemented ABC to more accurately assign overhead costs. ABC identified multiple cost pools associated with different activities. This revealed that the traditional costing system understated the costs of complex, low volume products. ABM focuses on managing activities to reduce costs by eliminating non-value added activities. Customer profitability analysis and just-in-time inventory systems are also discussed.
Cost management systems and activity-based costing (ABC) help managers understand how their decisions impact costs. ABC provides more accurate cost information than traditional costing systems by tracing overhead costs to activities and products based on cost drivers like labor hours. The key steps to implement ABC are to identify activities and their costs and drivers, map the activity flow, collect cost and usage data, and calculate new activity-based costs to help managers improve operations and the value chain.
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing model that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity resource to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each: it assigns more indirect costs (overhead) into direct costs.
In this way an organization can precisely estimate the cost of its individual products and services for the purposes of identifying and eliminating those which are unprofitable and lowering the prices of those which are overpriced.
This document discusses absorption costing and overhead allocation. It defines overheads as indirect costs that cannot be directly traced to products or departments. It explains that absorption costing shares overheads between products on a fair basis using allocation, apportionment, and absorption. Various overhead categories and cost centers are described. Methods for allocating and reapportioning overhead like direct and step-down methods are covered. Finally, it discusses determining predetermined overhead rates and absorbing overhead into production costs.
Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a costing method that assigns overhead costs to products and services based on their use of activities. It arose due to limitations in traditional cost accounting methods. ABC assigns costs to activities first and then to products based on their use of each activity. This provides more accurate product costs compared to traditional methods that use blanket overhead rates. ABC involves identifying activities, assigning costs to activities, determining cost drivers for each activity, calculating activity costs rates, and assigning activity costs to products. It helps eliminate non-value added activities and supports better decision making. However, implementing an ABC system can be expensive and complex.
Acc mgt noreen03 systems design activity based costingJudianto Nugroho
The document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC). It begins by explaining the limitations of traditional costing methods and why ABC was developed. ABC assigns overhead costs to products based on their consumption of activities, rather than a single allocation base like direct labor hours. The document then demonstrates how to design and implement an ABC system using an example company. It shows how ABC can assign costs differently than traditional methods and help identify areas for process improvement.
This document provides information about Activity-Based Costing (ABC), including:
- ABC traces resource consumption and costs final outputs based on activity consumption estimates and cost drivers.
- ABC arose in the 1980s as traditional cost accounting methods became less relevant due to changes in industry.
- ABC assigns costs to specific activities first, then assigns activity costs to products based on cost drivers and consumption, providing more accurate product costs than traditional methods.
- ABC identifies wasteful activities and improves processes, leading to more accurate pricing, profitability analysis, and cost reduction. However, ABC is more expensive to implement and maintain than traditional methods.
The document discusses activity-based costing (ABC). It provides an example of calculating activity rates for a purchase invoice processing activity. It shows calculating the activity usage and unused activity amounts as well as the total cost of resources supplied broken into usage and unused amounts. The document also provides an example comparing traditional overhead allocation and ABC for two products. ABC results in more accurate product costs than traditional methods.
This document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC), which is a costing method that assigns overhead costs to products and services based on their use of activities and resources. The document discusses how ABC differs from traditional costing systems by assigning both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs based on causation. It explains that ABC uses multiple cost pools organized by activity and allocates costs to cost objects using activity drivers. The document outlines the basic steps for implementing ABC, including defining activities and cost pools, assigning costs to pools, calculating activity rates, and using those rates to assign costs. It provides an example of how ABC was implemented at a company called Classic Brass.
The document discusses machine hour rate, which is a method used to allocate factory overhead costs based on machine hours. It defines machine hour rate as the cost of running a machine per hour. The key steps to calculate machine hour rate are: (1) identify machine-related overhead costs, (2) divide total overhead by estimated machine hours to get a rate per hour, (3) rates can vary by machine type. The advantages are it allows for accurate overhead allocation and cost comparisons. Disadvantages include additional work to track machine hours and potential inaccuracies if manual labor is also important. Problems and examples are provided to demonstrate the calculation of machine hour rates.
This document analyzes cost allocation and profitability for different colored pens produced by Classic Pen. It includes an ABC analysis showing scheduling, setup, and record keeping costs vary significantly by pen color. The red and purple pens have negative returns on sales. Recommendations include increasing production runs to lower unit costs and discontinuing unprofitable pen colors.
The document defines and discusses key cost accounting terms and concepts. It describes how costs flow through a manufacturing company, from raw materials to work in process to finished goods. It also covers cost accumulation procedures like job order costing and process costing, and how costs move from the balance sheet to the income statement. Cost classification categories like direct vs indirect, variable vs fixed, and product vs period costs are also summarized.
A presentation on Activity Based Costing.pptxSimmiAgrawal8
Activity based costing (ABC) is an approach that allocates overhead costs to products based on their use of resources or cost drivers. Traditional costing systems often allocate overhead based on a single driver like direct labor hours, which can result in under or overcosting complex products. ABC identifies multiple cost drivers like machine hours, labor hours, and purchase orders. It assigns costs to these "activity pools" and then allocates the pool costs to products based on their consumption of each activity. This provides a more accurate allocation of overhead costs than traditional methods.
This document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC) and how it differs from traditional costing systems. ABC assigns overhead costs to products based on their use of activities and cost drivers, rather than simple allocation bases like direct labor hours. This leads to more accurate product costs. The document outlines the steps in ABC, including identifying cost drivers, creating activity cost pools, calculating activity rates, and allocating costs to products. An example is provided to demonstrate how ABC can allocate overhead differently than traditional methods. ABC is more appropriate when products differ in complexity or overhead costs are significant.
This document discusses traditional costing systems and activity-based costing (ABC). Traditional systems allocate overhead based on a single rate like direct labor hours, which can over- or under-cost complex products. ABC allocates overhead using multiple cost drivers like direct labor hours, machine hours, and purchase orders. It calculates overhead rates for each activity cost pool and allocates costs to products based on their usage of each activity. ABC provides a more accurate allocation of overhead costs than traditional methods when production is complex.
This document discusses traditional costing systems and activity-based costing (ABC). Traditional systems allocate overhead based on a single rate like direct labor hours, which can over- or under-cost complex products. ABC allocates overhead using multiple cost drivers like direct labor hours, machine hours, and purchase orders. It provides a more accurate allocation of overhead to products. The document provides an example comparing traditional and ABC allocation for two products, Widget A and B, showing ABC results in a more accurate costing. ABC is more appropriate when products differ significantly in volume and complexity.
This document discusses traditional costing systems and activity-based costing (ABC). Traditional systems allocate overhead based on a single rate like direct labor hours, which can over- or under-cost complex products. ABC allocates overhead using multiple cost drivers like direct labor hours, machine hours, and purchase orders. It provides a more accurate allocation of overhead to products. The document provides an example comparing traditional and ABC allocation for two products, Widget A and B, showing ABC results in a more accurate costing. ABC is more appropriate when products differ significantly in volume and complexity.
cost accounting chapter 6, fundamentals of product and service designBeaDelaPenia1
This document discusses job-order costing systems used by manufacturing firms that produce unique products in small batches. It explains the key aspects of setting up a job-order costing system including cost accumulation, measurement, and assignment. Costs like direct materials, direct labor, and applied overhead are traced to individual jobs and accumulated on job cost sheets. The chapter compares using a single overhead rate versus multiple rates and how they impact cost assignment.
- Traditional costing systems allocate overhead based on a single rate like direct labor hours, which can result in inaccurate product costs.
- Activity-based costing (ABC) assigns costs to products based on their use of activities like machine setups, quality inspections, etc. rather than a single rate.
- The example of Bilson Company shows that ABC results in more accurate product costs for Product A and B compared to traditional costing, with A's costs increasing and B's decreasing. This better informs management decisions.
This document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC). It discusses the limitations of traditional costing systems and the need for ABC. It describes ABC as focusing on identifying activities associated with making products and linking resource costs to activities and products. The document outlines the key steps in an ABC system: 1) tracing costs to activities, 2) selecting cost drivers, and 3) tracing costs from activities to products. It also provides an example comparing product costs and profits under traditional and ABC systems.
The document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and activity-based management (ABM). It provides examples of how ABC can more accurately assign costs in a manufacturing company. ABC involves identifying key activities, tracing costs to those activities, and assigning costs to cost objects like products using cost drivers. This provides more accurate product costs than a traditional single-rate system. ABM then uses the ABC information for decisions to improve profits.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
2. The activity rates are computed as:
Assembling units: AED. 280,000/1,000 units = AED. 280 per unit
Processing orders: AED. 310,000/250 orders = AED. 1,240 per order
Supporting customers: AED. 100,000/100 customers = AED. 1,000 per customer
Activity-Based Costing System 26
3. The table showing overhead costs for VB's 80 units and 4 orders is:
Description Amount (AED.)
Direct materials cost (80 units x AED. 180) 14,400
Direct labor cost
The document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and activity-based management (ABM). It provides details on how Aerotech, a company that produces circuit boards, implemented ABC to more accurately assign overhead costs. ABC identified multiple cost pools associated with different activities. This revealed that the traditional costing system understated the costs of complex, low volume products. ABM focuses on managing activities to reduce costs by eliminating non-value added activities. Customer profitability analysis and just-in-time inventory systems are also discussed.
Cost management systems and activity-based costing (ABC) help managers understand how their decisions impact costs. ABC provides more accurate cost information than traditional costing systems by tracing overhead costs to activities and products based on cost drivers like labor hours. The key steps to implement ABC are to identify activities and their costs and drivers, map the activity flow, collect cost and usage data, and calculate new activity-based costs to help managers improve operations and the value chain.
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing model that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity resource to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each: it assigns more indirect costs (overhead) into direct costs.
In this way an organization can precisely estimate the cost of its individual products and services for the purposes of identifying and eliminating those which are unprofitable and lowering the prices of those which are overpriced.
This document discusses absorption costing and overhead allocation. It defines overheads as indirect costs that cannot be directly traced to products or departments. It explains that absorption costing shares overheads between products on a fair basis using allocation, apportionment, and absorption. Various overhead categories and cost centers are described. Methods for allocating and reapportioning overhead like direct and step-down methods are covered. Finally, it discusses determining predetermined overhead rates and absorbing overhead into production costs.
Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a costing method that assigns overhead costs to products and services based on their use of activities. It arose due to limitations in traditional cost accounting methods. ABC assigns costs to activities first and then to products based on their use of each activity. This provides more accurate product costs compared to traditional methods that use blanket overhead rates. ABC involves identifying activities, assigning costs to activities, determining cost drivers for each activity, calculating activity costs rates, and assigning activity costs to products. It helps eliminate non-value added activities and supports better decision making. However, implementing an ABC system can be expensive and complex.
Acc mgt noreen03 systems design activity based costingJudianto Nugroho
The document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC). It begins by explaining the limitations of traditional costing methods and why ABC was developed. ABC assigns overhead costs to products based on their consumption of activities, rather than a single allocation base like direct labor hours. The document then demonstrates how to design and implement an ABC system using an example company. It shows how ABC can assign costs differently than traditional methods and help identify areas for process improvement.
This document provides information about Activity-Based Costing (ABC), including:
- ABC traces resource consumption and costs final outputs based on activity consumption estimates and cost drivers.
- ABC arose in the 1980s as traditional cost accounting methods became less relevant due to changes in industry.
- ABC assigns costs to specific activities first, then assigns activity costs to products based on cost drivers and consumption, providing more accurate product costs than traditional methods.
- ABC identifies wasteful activities and improves processes, leading to more accurate pricing, profitability analysis, and cost reduction. However, ABC is more expensive to implement and maintain than traditional methods.
The document discusses activity-based costing (ABC). It provides an example of calculating activity rates for a purchase invoice processing activity. It shows calculating the activity usage and unused activity amounts as well as the total cost of resources supplied broken into usage and unused amounts. The document also provides an example comparing traditional overhead allocation and ABC for two products. ABC results in more accurate product costs than traditional methods.
This document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC), which is a costing method that assigns overhead costs to products and services based on their use of activities and resources. The document discusses how ABC differs from traditional costing systems by assigning both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs based on causation. It explains that ABC uses multiple cost pools organized by activity and allocates costs to cost objects using activity drivers. The document outlines the basic steps for implementing ABC, including defining activities and cost pools, assigning costs to pools, calculating activity rates, and using those rates to assign costs. It provides an example of how ABC was implemented at a company called Classic Brass.
The document discusses machine hour rate, which is a method used to allocate factory overhead costs based on machine hours. It defines machine hour rate as the cost of running a machine per hour. The key steps to calculate machine hour rate are: (1) identify machine-related overhead costs, (2) divide total overhead by estimated machine hours to get a rate per hour, (3) rates can vary by machine type. The advantages are it allows for accurate overhead allocation and cost comparisons. Disadvantages include additional work to track machine hours and potential inaccuracies if manual labor is also important. Problems and examples are provided to demonstrate the calculation of machine hour rates.
This document analyzes cost allocation and profitability for different colored pens produced by Classic Pen. It includes an ABC analysis showing scheduling, setup, and record keeping costs vary significantly by pen color. The red and purple pens have negative returns on sales. Recommendations include increasing production runs to lower unit costs and discontinuing unprofitable pen colors.
The document defines and discusses key cost accounting terms and concepts. It describes how costs flow through a manufacturing company, from raw materials to work in process to finished goods. It also covers cost accumulation procedures like job order costing and process costing, and how costs move from the balance sheet to the income statement. Cost classification categories like direct vs indirect, variable vs fixed, and product vs period costs are also summarized.
A presentation on Activity Based Costing.pptxSimmiAgrawal8
Activity based costing (ABC) is an approach that allocates overhead costs to products based on their use of resources or cost drivers. Traditional costing systems often allocate overhead based on a single driver like direct labor hours, which can result in under or overcosting complex products. ABC identifies multiple cost drivers like machine hours, labor hours, and purchase orders. It assigns costs to these "activity pools" and then allocates the pool costs to products based on their consumption of each activity. This provides a more accurate allocation of overhead costs than traditional methods.
This document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC) and how it differs from traditional costing systems. ABC assigns overhead costs to products based on their use of activities and cost drivers, rather than simple allocation bases like direct labor hours. This leads to more accurate product costs. The document outlines the steps in ABC, including identifying cost drivers, creating activity cost pools, calculating activity rates, and allocating costs to products. An example is provided to demonstrate how ABC can allocate overhead differently than traditional methods. ABC is more appropriate when products differ in complexity or overhead costs are significant.
This document discusses traditional costing systems and activity-based costing (ABC). Traditional systems allocate overhead based on a single rate like direct labor hours, which can over- or under-cost complex products. ABC allocates overhead using multiple cost drivers like direct labor hours, machine hours, and purchase orders. It calculates overhead rates for each activity cost pool and allocates costs to products based on their usage of each activity. ABC provides a more accurate allocation of overhead costs than traditional methods when production is complex.
This document discusses traditional costing systems and activity-based costing (ABC). Traditional systems allocate overhead based on a single rate like direct labor hours, which can over- or under-cost complex products. ABC allocates overhead using multiple cost drivers like direct labor hours, machine hours, and purchase orders. It provides a more accurate allocation of overhead to products. The document provides an example comparing traditional and ABC allocation for two products, Widget A and B, showing ABC results in a more accurate costing. ABC is more appropriate when products differ significantly in volume and complexity.
This document discusses traditional costing systems and activity-based costing (ABC). Traditional systems allocate overhead based on a single rate like direct labor hours, which can over- or under-cost complex products. ABC allocates overhead using multiple cost drivers like direct labor hours, machine hours, and purchase orders. It provides a more accurate allocation of overhead to products. The document provides an example comparing traditional and ABC allocation for two products, Widget A and B, showing ABC results in a more accurate costing. ABC is more appropriate when products differ significantly in volume and complexity.
cost accounting chapter 6, fundamentals of product and service designBeaDelaPenia1
This document discusses job-order costing systems used by manufacturing firms that produce unique products in small batches. It explains the key aspects of setting up a job-order costing system including cost accumulation, measurement, and assignment. Costs like direct materials, direct labor, and applied overhead are traced to individual jobs and accumulated on job cost sheets. The chapter compares using a single overhead rate versus multiple rates and how they impact cost assignment.
- Traditional costing systems allocate overhead based on a single rate like direct labor hours, which can result in inaccurate product costs.
- Activity-based costing (ABC) assigns costs to products based on their use of activities like machine setups, quality inspections, etc. rather than a single rate.
- The example of Bilson Company shows that ABC results in more accurate product costs for Product A and B compared to traditional costing, with A's costs increasing and B's decreasing. This better informs management decisions.
This document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC). It discusses the limitations of traditional costing systems and the need for ABC. It describes ABC as focusing on identifying activities associated with making products and linking resource costs to activities and products. The document outlines the key steps in an ABC system: 1) tracing costs to activities, 2) selecting cost drivers, and 3) tracing costs from activities to products. It also provides an example comparing product costs and profits under traditional and ABC systems.
The document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and activity-based management (ABM). It provides examples of how ABC can more accurately assign costs in a manufacturing company. ABC involves identifying key activities, tracing costs to those activities, and assigning costs to cost objects like products using cost drivers. This provides more accurate product costs than a traditional single-rate system. ABM then uses the ABC information for decisions to improve profits.
In this 30-minute session, you will learn:
1) ERP’s role in capturing manufacturing costs
2) The different methods used to track manufacturing costs
3) How overhead is calculated in total cost
This document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and activity-based management (ABM). It provides examples of implementing ABC at a company called Super Corporation. ABC involves identifying activities within a company and assigning indirect costs to products based on their use of each activity. This provides more accurate product costs than traditional costing systems. ABM uses the cost information from ABC to make decisions around pricing, cost reduction, process improvement and product design to improve profits. While more complex than departmental costing systems, ABC provides benefits like more accurate product costs and insights to help management make better decisions.
This document discusses job costing, including its definition, purpose, characteristics, applicability, differences from process costing, basic terminology, the seven steps of job costing, related journal entries, and an example problem involving actual, normal, and variance costing for a job. Job costing involves collecting and assigning costs to identifiable jobs or orders, and is used when production involves made-to-order or custom goods of short duration. It helps with planning, cost control, and decision making.
Process costing is used to assign costs to units produced in continuous production and calculates equivalent units of production to account for incomplete units, while job order costing tracks costs for individual jobs or orders; process costing uses weighted average or FIFO methods to calculate equivalent units, with the difference being whether beginning inventory is combined or separated from current production; a company may use a hybrid costing system to apply aspects of both job order and process costing to different product lines or processes within the company.
Activity based costing is considered to be useful only for Manufacturing Organizations whereas reality is that it is equally usefull to Service providers
The document discusses job costing and batch costing. It defines job costing as a method where cost is compiled for specific jobs or work orders, rather than for stock. Cost is charged directly to jobs for materials, labor, and expenses. Overhead is apportioned to jobs based on department rates. Batch costing determines cost per unit by dividing total batch costs by the number of units in a batch. The document also discusses determining economic batch quantity to minimize setup and carrying costs, and provides examples of job and batch costing applications.
Cost and Management Accounting I Chapter 3 (2)(2)-1 (1).pptxObsaKamil
This document discusses cost allocation, which is the process of assigning indirect costs to cost objects like products or services using an allocation base. It provides definitions for key terms like cost object, cost pool, and cost driver. It also outlines the steps in the cost allocation process, including planning, application, recording, and reconciliation. Finally, it compares traditional cost allocation using a single overhead rate to activity-based costing, which uses multiple cost pools and drivers.
This document discusses activity-based costing and its advantages over traditional costing methods. It covers key concepts such as tracing overhead costs to activities and products using cost drivers, calculating activity and product unit costs, and addressing issues like product cost distortions that can occur when products consume overhead activities in different proportions. The document provides examples of calculating predetermined overhead rates and variances, and assigning costs using multiple cost drivers and activity rates. It explains how activity-based costing can provide more accurate product costing than traditional methods.
Job order costing is used by companies that produce custom or batch products. Key documents include bills of materials, time tickets, and cost sheets to accumulate costs for each job. Manufacturing overhead is applied using a predetermined overhead rate based on budgeted overhead costs and activity, such as direct labor hours. This ensures accurate overhead assignment to individual products. Variances may occur between actual and applied overhead costs.
1) The document discusses various product costing models including unit-level, functional-based, and activity-based costing.
2) It provides examples of how overhead costs are assigned to products using plantwide or departmental predetermined overhead rates under unit-level costing.
3) Under activity-based costing, it describes the design steps which include identifying activities, assigning resource costs to activities, assigning activity costs to cost objects, and calculating activity rates to determine unit costs.
Similar to 186658027-Activity-Based-Costing-1.ppt (20)
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Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Traditional Costing Systems
• Product Costs
– Direct labor
– Direct materials
– Factory Overhead
• Period Costs
– Administrative expense
– Sales expense
Appear on the income
statement when
goods are sold, prior
to that time they are
stored on the balance
sheet as inventory.
Appear on the income
statement in the
period incurred.
3. Traditional Costing Systems
• Product Costs
– Direct labor
– Direct materials
– Factory Overhead
• Period Costs
– Administrative expense
– Sales expense
Direct labor and direct
materials are easy to
trace to products.
The problem comes
with factory
overhead.
4. Traditional Costing Systems
• Typically used one rate to allocate overhead to
products.
• This rate was often based on direct labor
dollars or direct labor hours.
• This made sense, as direct labor was a major
cost driver in early manufacturing plants.
5. Problems with Traditional Costing
Systems
• Manufacturing processes and the products
they produce are now more complex.
• This results in over-costing or under-costing.
– Complex products are not allocated an adequate
amount of overhead costs.
– Simple products get too much.
6. Today’s Manufacturing Plants
• Are more complex
• Are often automated
• Often make more than one product
• Use proportionately smaller amount of direct
labor making direct labor a poor allocation
base for factory overhead.
7. When the manufacturing process is
more complex:
• Then multiple allocation bases should be
used to allocate overhead expense.
• In such situations, managers need to
consider using activity based costing
(ABC).
8. ABC Definitions
• Activity based costing is an approach for
allocating overhead costs.
• An activity is an event that incurs costs.
• A cost driver is any factor or activity that has a
direct cause and effect relationship with the
resources consumed.
9. ABC Steps
• Overhead cost drivers are determined.
• Activity cost pools are created.
– A activity cost pool is a pool of individual costs
that all have the same cost driver.
• All overhead costs are then allocated to one of
the activity cost pools.
10. ABC Steps:
• An overhead rate is then calculated for each
cost pool using the following formula:
– Costs in activity cost pool/base
– The base is, of course, the cost driver
• Overhead costs are then allocated to each
product according to how much of each base
the product uses.
11. Let’s work an example . . .
• Assume that a company makes widgets
• Management decides to install an ABC system
12. Overhead Cost Drivers are Determined:
• Management decides that all overhead costs
only have three cost drivers—sometimes
called activities (obviously a simplification of
the real world)
– Direct labor hours
– Machine hours
– Number of purchase orders
13. All overhead costs are then allocated to one of the
activity cost pools.
Direct Labor
Machine Hours
# of Purchase Orders
General Ledger
Payroll taxes Rs.1,000
Machine maintenance Rs.500
Purchasing Dept. labor Rs.4,000
Fringe benefits Rs.2,000
Purchasing Dept. Supplies Rs.250
Equipment depreciation Rs.750
Electricity Rs.1,250
Unemployment insurance Rs.1,500
Which overhead costs do you
think are driven by direct labor
hours?
14. All overhead costs are then allocated to one of the
activity cost pools.
Direct Labor
Machine Hours
# of Purchase Orders
General Ledger
Payroll taxes Rs.1,000
Machine maintenance Rs.500
Purchasing Dept. labor Rs.4,000
Fringe benefits Rs.2,000
Purchasing Dept. Supplies Rs.250
Equipment depreciation Rs.750
Electricity Rs.1,250
Unemployment insurance Rs.1,500
Rs.1,000
2,000
1,500
Rs.4,500
Overhead driver by direct labor
hours
15. All overhead costs are then allocated to one of the
activity cost pools.
Direct Labor
Machine Hours
# of Purchase Orders
General Ledger
Payroll taxes Rs.1,000
Machine maintenance Rs.500
Purchasing Dept. labor Rs.4,000
Fringe benefits Rs.2,000
Purchasing Dept. Supplies Rs.250
Equipment depreciation Rs.750
Electricity Rs.1,250
Unemployment insurance Rs.1,500
Rs.1,000
2,000
1,500
Rs.4,500
Which overhead costs are
driven by machine hours?
Rs. 500
750
1,250
Rs 2,500
16. All overhead costs are then allocated to one of the
activity cost pools.
Direct Labor
Machine Hours
# of Purchase Orders
General Ledger
Payroll taxes Rs.1,000
Machine maintenance Rs.500
Purchasing Dept. labor Rs.4,000
Fringe benefits Rs.2,000
Purchasing Dept. Supplies Rs.250
Equipment depreciation Rs.750
Electricity Rs.1,250
Unemployment insurance Rs.1,500
Rs.1,000
2,000
1,500
Rs.4,500
And finally, which overhead
costs are driven by # of
purchase orders?
Rs. 500
750
1,250
Rs.2,500
Rs.4,000
250
Rs. 4,250
17. An overhead rate is then calculated for each cost pool:
Direct Labor
Machine Hours
# of Purchase Orders
Rs1,000
2,000
1,500
Rs4,500
Rs 500
750
1,250
Rs2,500
Rs4,000
250
Rs4,250
Again the formulas is:
Costs in Activity Cost Pool/Base = rate
Assume the following bases:
Direct labor hours = 1,000
Machine hours = 250
Purchase orders = 100
Rs4,500/1,000 = Rs4.50 per direct labor hour
Rs2,500/250 = Rs10 per machine hour
Rs4,250/100 = Rs42.50 per purchase order
The ABC rates are:
18. Overhead costs are then allocated to each product
according to how much of each base the product uses.
Rs4,500/1,000 = Rs4.50 per direct labor hour
Rs2,500/250 = Rs10 per machine hour
Rs4,250/100 = Rs42.50 per purchase order
The ABC rates are:
Lets assume the company makes two products, Widget A and Widget B:
Let’s also assume that each product uses the following quantity
of overhead cost drivers:
Base Widget A Widget B Total
Direct labor hours 400 600 1,000
Machine hours 100 150 250
Purchase orders 50 50 100
Notice that
all base units
are
accounted
for.
19. Now let’s allocate overhead to Widget
A:
Base A Rate Allocated
Direct labor hours 400 Rs. 4.50 Rs. 1,800.00
In this case, 400 hours used to make Widget A is
multiplied by the rate of Rs.4.50. This gives total overhead
applied for this activity cost pool of Rs.1,800 to
Widget A.
20. Continuing the calculation:
Widget A Base Rate Allocated
Direct labor hours 400 Rs. 4.50 Rs. 1,800.00
Machine hours 100 Rs. 10.00 Rs. 1,000.00
Purchase orders 50 Rs. 42.50 Rs. 2,125.00
Total Rs. 4,925.00
Let’s do the same thing for the other two rates, to get the total amount
of overhead applied to Widget A:
21. Now let’s allocate overhead to Widget
B:
Let’s do the same thing for the other two rates, to get the total amount
of overhead applied.
Widget B Base Rate Allocated
Direct labor hours 600 Rs. 4.50 Rs. 2,700.00
Machine hours 150 Rs. 10.00 Rs. 1,500.00
Purchase orders 50 Rs. 42.50 Rs. 2,125.00
Total Rs. 6,325.00
The original overhead to be applied was Rs.4,500 of direct labor
driven overhead + Rs.2,500 of machine hour driven overhead + Rs.4,250 of
purchase order driven overhead = Rs.11,250 total overhead to apply.
The actual overhead allocated was Rs.4,925 for Widget A + Rs.6,350 =
Rs.11,250 overhead applied.
22. Same Problems Traditional Method
• Okay, so what if we had allocated the
overhead in this company using traditional
cost accounting allocation.
• Let’s assume the base is direct labor hours.
• What would be the amount allocated to each
product?
23. Calculation
General Ledger
Payroll taxes Rs.1,000
Machine maintenance Rs.500
Purchasing Dept. labor Rs.4,000
Fringe benefits Rs.2,000
Purchasing Dept. Supplies Rs.250
Equipment depreciation Rs.750
Electricity Rs.1,250
Unemployment insurance Rs.1,500
This the total
overhead we were
given, the total
amount is
Rs.11,250 as
explained on the
previous slide.
Base Widget A Widget B Total
Direct labor hours 400 600 1,000
Machine hours 100 150 250
Purchase orders 40 60 100
Total direct labor
hours are 1,000, also
given earlier.
24. Calculation
• The rate would be:
– OH Rate = Overhead/Direct Labor Hours
– Rs.11,250/1,000 = Rs.11.25 per hour.
• Applying overhead using this rate:
– Widget A: 400 hours x Rs.11.25 = Rs.4,500
– Widget B: 600 hours x Rs.11.25 = Rs.6,750
– Total overhead applied = Rs.11,250
25. Comparison
Widget A Widget B Total
Traditional Method Rs.4,500 Rs.6,750 Rs.11,250
Activity Based
Costing
Rs.4,925 Rs.6,325 Rs.11,250
Difference - (Rs.425) Rs.425 -0-
Which is more accurate?
ABC Costing!
Note these are total costs. To get per-unit costs we would divide by the
number of units produced.
26. When do we use ABC costing?
• When one or more of the following conditions
are present:
• Product lines differ in volume and
manufacturing complexity.
• Product lines are numerous and diverse, and
they require different degrees of support
services.
• Overhead costs constitute a significant portion
of total costs.
27. When do we use ABC costing?
• The manufacturing process or number of
products has changed significantly—for
example, from labor intensive to capital
intensive automation.
• Production or marketing managers are
ignoring data provided by the existing system
and are instead using “bootleg” costing data
or other alternative data when pricing or
making other product decisions.
28. Additional Uses of ABC
• Activity Based Management (ABM)
– Extends the use of ABC from product costing to a
comprehensive management tool that focuses on
reducing costs and improving processes and
decision making.
29. ABM
• ABM classifies all activities as value-added or
non-value-added.
– Value-added activities increase the worth of a
product or service to the customer.
• Example: Addition of a sun roof to an automobile.
– Non-value added activities don’t.
• Example: The cost of moving or storing the product
prior to sale.
30. The Objective of ABM . . .
• To reduce or eliminate non-value related
activities (and therefore costs).
• Attention to ABM is a part of continuous
improvement of operations and activities.