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17.europe600 1200
- 1. Umayyads: Capital of Damascus, 661-750
- 2. A comparison with contemporary empires
- 3. Case Study: Coins and their Imagery
- 8. ‘There is no god except God alone, he has no partner; Muhammad is the Messenger of God whom he sent with guidance and the religion of truth that he may make it victorious over every other religion.’
- 10. Umayyad Mosque
- 11. Jerusalem
- 12. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
- 13. Umayyad Caliphate flees to Spain, 750-1492
- 14. Abbasid Empire
- 16. Quick Essay • What happened in the Mediterranean between 200-600 CE?
- 18. Historical Interpretation “The Dark Ages is a term applied in its widest sense to that period of intellectual depression in the history of Europe from the establishment of the barbarian supremacy in the fifth century (400 AD) to the revival of learning at about the beginning of the fifteenth (1400 AD), thus nearly corresponding in extent with the Middle Ages.” - The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, 1883
- 19. Should we call the period 600-1450 “The Dark Ages”?
- 20. Rum/Eastern Roman Empire/Byzantine • Continuities between pax Romana and Byzantine Empire? – Roads – Taxation system – Military structures – Centralized administration – Imperial court – Laws – Christian church
- 21. Eastern Orthodox Church vs. Western Catholicism SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES Teachings of Jesus & the Bible Local languages vs. Latin Church hierarchy of patriarchs, bishops, priests Theological differences (i.e. original sin; nature of Christ) Missionary impulse Priests can marry vs. celibacy Intolerance toward other religions Caesaropapism vs. Pope
- 25. 1000000 500000 0 Population of Rome 100 CE 900 CE 1,000,000 10,000 Population
- 26. 3 Major Developments, 500-1000CE 1. Invasions 2. Feudalism 3. Power of Catholic Church
- 27. 1. Invasions
- 32. Alcuin, English cleric in 793 “Never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race, nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made. Behold, the church of St. Cuthbert spattered with the blood of the priests of God…”
- 33. Ermentarius, a monk in the 860s “The number of ships increases, the endless flood of Vikings never ceases to grow bigger. Everywhere Christ’s people are the victims of massacre, burning, and plunder…”
- 34. 2. Feudalism
- 46. 3. Power of the Catholic Church • Modeled after Roman institutions – Hierarchy reporting to Rome – Latin used in mass (so who read the Bible?)
- 47. Church gained lots of wealth from donations (patrons) & owning land Constantinian Churches in and around Rome
- 48. Pope Gregory, Advice to the English Church, 601 The temples of the idols in that nation ought not to be destroyed; but let the idols that are in them be destroyed…For if those temples are well built, it is requisite that they be converted from the worship of devils to the service of the true God; that the nation, seeing that their temples are not destroyed, may remove error from their hearts, and knowing and adoring the true God, may the more familiarly resort to the places to which they have been accustomed.
- 49. Pope Gregory, Advice to the English Church, 601 …For there is no doubt that it is impossible to efface everything at once from their obdurate minds; because he who endeavors to ascend to the highest places, rises by degrees or steps, and not by leaps…
- 50. Viking Coin, St. Peter & Thor’s Hammer (10th century)
- 53. Charlemagne’s Capitulary 3. If any one shall have entered a church by violence and shall have carried off anything in it by force or theft…let him be punished by death. 6. If any one deceived by the devil shall have believed, after the manner of the pagans, that any man or woman is a witch and eats men, and on this account shall have burned the person, or shall have given the person’s flesh to others to eat, or shall have eaten it himself, let him be punished by a capital sentence.
- 54. Charlemagne’s Capitulary 7. If any one, in accordance with pagan rites, shall have caused the body of a dead man to be burned…let him be punished capitally… 17. Likewise, in accordance with the mandate of God, we command that all shall give a tithe of their property and labor to the churches and priests; 19. …all infants shall be baptized within a year…
- 55. Competition: Religion vs. Political Power 1077
- 56. Pope Gregory VII Excommunicating Henry IV …And therefore I believe it to be through [St. Peter’s] grace and not through my own deeds that…that the Christian people…should obey me….for the honor and security of your church, in the name of Almighty God, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, I withdraw, through your power and authority, from Henry the king…who has risen against your church with unheard of insolence, the rule over the whole kingdom of the Germans and over Italy. And I absolve all Christians from the bonds of the oath which they have made or shall make to him; and I forbid any one to serve him as king…
- 57. Competition: Religion vs. Political Power
- 58. Significant change: 1000-1300 Population of Europe 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 0 1000 CE 1300 CE 35,000,000 80,000,000 Population
- 59. Significant change: 1000-1300 • More land? • Rise of Italian cities of Florence, Genoa, and Venice • Causes?
- 60. Crusades: Why Did They Happen?
- 61. Crusades
- 62. Primary Sources!
- 63. Crusades • Legacy of “Clash of Civilizations” (cf. President Bush) • Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic Byzantine Empire was very weakened • Pope’s authority • European contact with Islamic world, picking up a taste for luxury and Asian goods – Sugar • Absorption of Muslim scholarship
- 64. Sacred spaces: the Catholic Church
- 65. Santa Sabina Basilica (5th century CE)
- 67. Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris
- 68. Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris
- 69. Is “The Dark Ages” a Valid Term?
Editor's Notes
- 661
- Globalization 1.0! Much of Eurasia is connected
- Alexander the Great puts his image on the coin: as a god. Augustus and his coins: capturing Egypt. (cf. Titus and Jerusalem)
- When Arab nomads first conquered Byzantine areas, they came across the usage of coins with emperor’s portrait. They had to make the decision of whether to just keep it or change it.
- Christian symbolism on Byzantine coins
- Indeed Byzantine coins show a Combination of ruler and religion going back to Constantine
- “One of the administration solutions that Abd Al Malik borrowed from the Byzantine Emperors was how to manage the currency. He understood that coins are literally the stamp of authority, announcing the dominant power in the society using them and he knew that this power was now his.” His appearance is fierce – he is a desert warrior.
- “If coins declare the dominant power in a society, it is clear that the dominant power in this empire is now not the emperor, but the word of God.” Remove the human figure Also a reminder that Umayyads had to learn civilized tasks: Collecting taxes State archives Postal service Army modeled on Byzantium
- Looks like cathedral (arches of Hagia Sophia!) – Byzantine influence on Umayyads (Damascus as a Greco-Roman city). Was polytheistic temple, then Christian church, then mosque!
- C block: Abd Al Malik Coins
- Why is Jerusalem important to all 3 monotheistic religions?
- Dome of the Rock constructed in Umayyad period, although many later empires added much to the original structure. (Blue tile is an Ottoman addition (Armenians were brought in to do this – in a friendly way, and that’s where the Armenian quarter in Jerusalem came in!).) Nomads must use settled peoples to do fancy things.
- Umayyads lose major battle and flee to Spain.
- Moves capital from Damascus to new capital that they built: Baghdad. The city's name is a Middle Persian compound: Bhaga "god" + dād "given", translating to "god-given" or "God's gift". Very deliberately chosen as right in the middle of their empire. Great access to rivers, which gives them access to Indian Ocean.
- Essay: What happened in Mediterranean between 200 and 600? (10 minutes)
- Mediterranean in 600 CE
- In the Byzantine empire, the emperor was both head of state and the head of the church. So he appointed the patriarch of the Orthodox Church and even at times made decisions about doctrine or called church councils. In Western Europe the Pope and Catholic Church remained an independent entity from the political authorities. Byzantium and Western Europe had both friendly and unfriendly relationship
- Cultural influence was especially important with Slavic-speaking peoples in the north. Conversion to Orthodox Christianity & development of Cyrillic letters Trade
- Long battles with Sassanids helped result in what?
- Mediterranean in 800 CE: Can imagine threat posed by Arab empires. Let’s move to Western Europe.
- Serious deurbanization! Why?!
- Goes back to change over time.
- Threat of invasions: Vikings and Arabs. Vikings raid Northern Europe with their longships….nomads of the sea!
- Absence of central authority – blending of German and Roman cultures.
- Chess is a great way of introducing Western Europe in this time period.
- Major trading zones in medieval period. Chess probably came from India around 600 CE.
- 7th century BISHOP (left) and 9th century KING (right) game pieces. We wouldn’t recognize early chess sets. No queen next to the king: originally a male advisor. Instead of bishop, there was elephant that could only move one space at a time. Not until Muslim period (right) that we see development of queen.
- Not until 1100 in Europe do we get a chess set we may recognize. Lewis Chessmen: queen gains her power, bishop can move unlimited spaces diagonally…we can use chess to consider what life actually like in Western Europe.
- This is a self-sufficient society – not interested in trading or interacting outside of itself.
- Lost of central political power – replaced by central cultural power. The unifier!
- What lay behind the power? MONEY! Started with Constantine.
- Read Gregory’s advice. What can we conclude? Accodomation to local practices Power of Pope
- Gregory then explains that the people can continue their holidays/festivals, as long as the rituals are directed towards Christian figures. Here is his justification.
- Silver 'St Peter' penny from York. The final 'I' of 'PETRI' takes the form of Thor's hammer. Conversion often meant allowing for local practices to continue (p. 438 textbook)
- Another form of power? Conversion! Europe’s souls were in the hand of Church. Sent missionaries that eventually converted all of Western Europe
- Pope crowned Charlemagne in 800 – return ideologically to Roman Empire.
- Read Charlemagne’s Capitulary. What can we conclude? Not the peaceful conversion/accomodation of Pope’s document Conflict between Christian and non-Christian - HERETICS
- Read Charlemagne’s Capitulary. What can we conclude? Not the peaceful conversion/accomodation of Pope’s document Conflict between Christian and non-Christian - HERETICS
- Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII (year 1077).
- Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII (year 1077).
- Many new lands were opened for cultivation; by 1300 the forests were reduced to about 20% of the land area. Italian cities of Florence, Genoa, and Venice become very wealthy after engaging in trade with Byzantine and Islamic Empires. (Museum exhibition; halo looks like trays of inlaid brass with Arabic script from Middle East) Causes: checked invasions & warming climate? CRUSADES
- Pope Urban II calling men to arms
- Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic (northern Europe) region were brought under Christian kingdoms Byzantine Empire was very weakened Pope’s authority was strengthened as Europe ‘united’ under Crusades Tens of thousands of Europeans came into personal contact with Islamic world, picking up a taste for luxury and Asian goods Learned how to produce sugar Muslim scholarship (including Greek learning) flowed into Europe through Spain and Sicily
- Trajan’s Basilica (Courthouse; audience hall)
- Basilica form – grandiose with lots of space and columns – continues in Orthodox East. Hagia Sophia, 6th century site, good example. Remove minarets (CLICK) and you can see the sweeping arches and domes that characterize Roman architecture. Like many Roman baths from pax Romana.
- Gothic Architecture of Northern Europe: 12th century on. Pointed arches Larger windows Flying buttresses (CLICK: support that is not connected vertically with wall – supports stone, thin walls)