The document discusses the period of European history from 600-1200 CE. It provides context around debates over whether this era should be called the "Dark Ages." Key developments included invasions of groups like the Vikings, the rise of feudalism, and increased power of the Catholic Church. The Church grew wealthy and modeled itself after the Roman Empire, spreading Christianity while also competing for power with rulers. Overall population grew significantly from 35 to 80 million between 1000-1300 CE.
This is a study of Jesus as a respecter of women. He was accepting them on the same level as his male disciples. They ministered with Him and followed Him everywhere supporting His ministry.
How Christianity spread the world over, has to be understood by one and all. Mass murders, burning of women. Force, fear, fraud and Finance every course has been used by the missions to make people Christians.
This is a study of Jesus as a respecter of women. He was accepting them on the same level as his male disciples. They ministered with Him and followed Him everywhere supporting His ministry.
How Christianity spread the world over, has to be understood by one and all. Mass murders, burning of women. Force, fear, fraud and Finance every course has been used by the missions to make people Christians.
This PowerPoint presentation was designed to accompany a lecture on the Catholic Counter-Reformation with special emphasis on the Council of Trent, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and the revival of Catholic spirituality in response to the Protestant Reformation.
This presentation was designed primarily for AP European History and Western Civilization courses, but could be used for World History, Church History, and History of Religion courses, as well.
Jesuit Pope
The three angels of Revelation 14 represent the people who accept the light of God's messages and go forth as His agents to sound the warning throughout the length and breadth of the earth. Christ declares to His followers: "Ye are the light of the world." To every soul that accepts Jesus the cross of Calvary speaks: "Behold the worth of the soul: 'Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. {5T 455.2}
Thus the message of the third angel will be proclaimed. As the time comes for it to be given with greatest power, the Lord will work through humble instruments, leading the minds of those who consecrate themselves to his service. The laborers will be qualified rather by the unction of his Spirit than by the training of literary institutions. Men of faith and prayer will be constrained to go forth with holy zeal, declaring the words which God gives them. The sins of Babylon will be laid open. The fearful results of enforcing the observances of the church by civil authority, the inroads of Spiritualism, the stealthy but rapid progress of the papal power,--all will be unmasked.
Henry james-the-old-and-new-theology... london-1861Francis Batt
The Swedenborg moment and movement in America. Henry James 1811-1882. Religion and Philosophy united. ... ... Contents :
1- The Old and New Theology, Part 1
2- The Old and New Theology, Part 2
3- The Church of Christ not an ecclesiasticism : a letter of remonstrance to a member of the SOI-DISANT New-Church.
(source : google + OCR + optim0.4 )
Apologetics: why the cross is still a scandal! Why the cross still imposes itself on our culture today. Why the resurrection is most certainly true and worthy to put your trust in.
This is a study of Jesus as a name that healed. Just speaking the name of Jesus could produce a miracle of healing as we see in this text. His name healed many in HIs day and it still does today.
2. Quick Essay
• What happened in the Mediterranean
between 200-600 CE?
3.
4. Historical Interpretation
“The Dark Ages is a term applied in its widest
sense to that period of intellectual depression in
the history of Europe from the establishment of the
barbarian supremacy in the fifth century (400 AD)
to the revival of learning at about the beginning of
the fifteenth (1400 AD), thus nearly corresponding
in extent with the Middle Ages.”
- The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of
General Knowledge, 1883
6. Rum/Eastern Roman
Empire/Byzantine
• Continuities between pax Romana and
Byzantine Empire?
– Roads
– Taxation system
– Military structures
– Centralized administration
– Imperial court
– Laws
– Christian church
7. Eastern Orthodox Church vs.
Western Catholicism
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
Teachings of Jesus &
the Bible
Local languages vs.
Latin
Church hierarchy of
patriarchs, bishops,
priests
Theological differences
(i.e. original sin; nature
of Christ)
Missionary impulse
Priests can marry vs.
celibacy
Intolerance toward
other religions
Caesaropapism vs.
Pope
8.
9.
10.
11. 1000000
500000
0
Population of Rome
100 CE
900 CE
1,000,000
10,000
Population
12. 3 Major Developments, 500-1000CE
1. Invasions
2. Feudalism
3. Power of Catholic Church
18. Alcuin, English cleric in 793
“Never before has such terror
appeared in Britain as we have
now suffered from a pagan race,
nor was it thought that such an
inroad from the sea could be made.
Behold, the church of St. Cuthbert
spattered with the blood of the
priests of God…”
19. Ermentarius, a monk in the
860s
“The number of ships increases,
the endless flood of Vikings
never ceases to grow bigger.
Everywhere Christ’s people are
the victims of massacre,
burning, and plunder…”
32. 3. Power of the Catholic Church
• Modeled after Roman
institutions
– Hierarchy reporting to
Rome
– Latin used in mass (so
who read the Bible?)
33. Church
gained lots of
wealth from
donations
(patrons) &
owning land
Constantinian
Churches in and
around Rome
34. Pope Gregory, Advice to the
English Church, 601
The temples of the idols in that nation ought
not to be destroyed; but let the idols that are
in them be destroyed…For if those temples
are well built, it is requisite that they be
converted from the worship of devils to the
service of the true God; that the nation,
seeing that their temples are not destroyed,
may remove error from their hearts, and
knowing and adoring the true God, may the
more familiarly resort to the places to which
they have been accustomed.
35. Pope Gregory, Advice to the
English Church, 601
…For there is no doubt that it is impossible
to efface everything at once from their
obdurate minds; because he who endeavors
to ascend to the highest places, rises by
degrees or steps, and not by leaps…
39. Charlemagne’s Capitulary
3. If any one shall have entered a church by
violence and shall have carried off anything in it
by force or theft…let him be punished by death.
6. If any one deceived by the devil shall have
believed, after the manner of the pagans, that
any man or woman is a witch and eats men,
and on this account shall have burned the
person, or shall have given the person’s flesh
to others to eat, or shall have eaten it himself,
let him be punished by a capital sentence.
40. Charlemagne’s Capitulary
7. If any one, in accordance with pagan
rites, shall have caused the body of a dead
man to be burned…let him be punished
capitally…
17. Likewise, in accordance with the
mandate of God, we command that all shall
give a tithe of their property and labor to the
churches and priests;
19. …all infants shall be baptized within a
year…
42. Pope Gregory VII
Excommunicating Henry IV
…And therefore I believe it to be through [St.
Peter’s] grace and not through my own deeds
that…that the Christian people…should obey
me….for the honor and security of your church,
in the name of Almighty God, Father, Son and
Holy Ghost, I withdraw, through your power and
authority, from Henry the king…who has risen
against your church with unheard of insolence,
the rule over the whole kingdom of the Germans
and over Italy. And I absolve all Christians from
the bonds of the oath which they have made or
shall make to him; and I forbid any one to serve
him as king…
49. Crusades
• Legacy of “Clash of Civilizations” (cf. President
Bush)
• Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic Byzantine Empire
was very weakened
• Pope’s authority
• European contact with Islamic world, picking
up a taste for luxury and Asian goods
– Sugar
• Absorption of Muslim scholarship
Essay: What happened in Mediterranean between 200 and 600? (10 minutes)
Mediterranean in 600 CE
In the Byzantine empire, the emperor was both head of state and the head of the church. So he appointed the patriarch of the Orthodox Church and even at times made decisions about doctrine or called church councils.
In Western Europe the Pope and Catholic Church remained an independent entity from the political authorities.
Byzantium and Western Europe had both friendly and unfriendly relationship
Cultural influence was especially important with Slavic-speaking peoples in the north.
Conversion to Orthodox Christianity & development of Cyrillic letters
Trade
Long battles with Sassanids helped result in what?
Mediterranean in 800 CE: Can imagine threat posed by Arab empires. Let’s move to Western Europe.
Serious deurbanization! Why?!
Goes back to change over time.
Threat of invasions: Vikings and Arabs. Vikings raid Northern Europe with their longships….nomads of the sea!
Absence of central authority – blending of German and Roman cultures.
Chess is a great way of introducing Western Europe in this time period.
Major trading zones in medieval period. Chess probably came from India around 600 CE.
7th century BISHOP (left) and 9th century KING (right) game pieces. We wouldn’t recognize early chess sets. No queen next to the king: originally a male advisor. Instead of bishop, there was elephant that could only move one space at a time. Not until Muslim period (right) that we see development of queen.
Not until 1100 in Europe do we get a chess set we may recognize. Lewis Chessmen: queen gains her power, bishop can move unlimited spaces diagonally…we can use chess to consider what life actually like in Western Europe.
This is a self-sufficient society – not interested in trading or interacting outside of itself.
Lost of central political power – replaced by central cultural power. The unifier!
What lay behind the power? MONEY! Started with Constantine.
Read Gregory’s advice. What can we conclude?
Accodomation to local practices
Power of Pope
Gregory then explains that the people can continue their holidays/festivals, as long as the rituals are directed towards Christian figures. Here is his justification.
Silver 'St Peter' penny from York. The final 'I' of 'PETRI' takes the form of Thor's hammer. Conversion often meant allowing for local practices to continue (p. 438 textbook)
Another form of power? Conversion! Europe’s souls were in the hand of Church.
Sent missionaries that eventually converted all of Western Europe
Pope crowned Charlemagne in 800 – return ideologically to Roman Empire.
Read Charlemagne’s Capitulary. What can we conclude?
Not the peaceful conversion/accomodation of Pope’s document
Conflict between Christian and non-Christian - HERETICS
Read Charlemagne’s Capitulary. What can we conclude?
Not the peaceful conversion/accomodation of Pope’s document
Conflict between Christian and non-Christian - HERETICS
Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII (year 1077).
Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII (year 1077).
Many new lands were opened for cultivation; by 1300 the forests were reduced to about 20% of the land area.
Italian cities of Florence, Genoa, and Venice become very wealthy after engaging in trade with Byzantine and Islamic Empires. (Museum exhibition; halo looks like trays of inlaid brass with Arabic script from Middle East)
Causes: checked invasions & warming climate? CRUSADES
Pope Urban II calling men to arms
Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic (northern Europe) region were brought under Christian kingdoms
Byzantine Empire was very weakened
Pope’s authority was strengthened as Europe ‘united’ under Crusades
Tens of thousands of Europeans came into personal contact with Islamic world, picking up a taste for luxury and Asian goods
Learned how to produce sugar
Muslim scholarship (including Greek learning) flowed into Europe through Spain and Sicily
Trajan’s Basilica (Courthouse; audience hall)
Basilica form – grandiose with lots of space and columns – continues in Orthodox East. Hagia Sophia, 6th century site, good example. Remove minarets (CLICK) and you can see the sweeping arches and domes that characterize Roman architecture. Like many Roman baths from pax Romana.
Gothic Architecture of Northern Europe: 12th century on.
Pointed arches
Larger windows
Flying buttresses (CLICK: support that is not connected vertically with wall – supports stone, thin walls)