A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck near Kathmandu, Nepal, killing over 2,300 people and injuring more than 5,000. The earthquake destroyed homes and buildings in Kathmandu and nearby areas. It also triggered avalanches on Mount Everest that killed at least 17 climbers. The earthquake was caused by the ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, which is what generates earthquakes in this region of the Himalayas.
Technical view of Earthquake and its measurement. Earthquakes in Nepal. Analysis of recent earthquake in Nepal, 2015. Data related to earthquake and weather. Comparison of earthquake occurrence and weather.
Technical view of Earthquake and its measurement. Earthquakes in Nepal. Analysis of recent earthquake in Nepal, 2015. Data related to earthquake and weather. Comparison of earthquake occurrence and weather.
Dynamical Stress Analysis of Tectonic Earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara and its po...IJERA Editor
Some strong earthquakes are associated with increasing of volcanic activity in near and also in far field. This research is to investigate the effect of the tectonic earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara Island area towards the October 25th,2015 eruption of Mt. Rinjani, Indonesia. Three earthquakes occurred before the eruptions; Mw 5 Sumba earthquake on June 10th 2015, Mw 5.8 South of Java earthaquake July 26th, 2016 and Mw 5 South of Bali on August 6th, 2015. In theory, dynamical stress transfer can be calculated by analyzing synthetic seismogram as a waveform simulation at the volcano and the change of dynamical stress can be calculated with the finitedifference numerical method. Our result indicates that the dynamic stress value is still below the threshold value that can trigger eruptions. Simulation of three earthquakes by varying the magnitude of each earthquake shows that dynamic stress changes will surpass the threshold at Mw 7.5. As all the earthquake that used in this study have magnitude smaller then the threshold, it can be concluded that the eruption of Mount Rinjani was triggered by internal factors, and very unlikely triggered by tyhe earthquake we investigated in this study.
Incorporated Research Institue for Seismology does an amazing job at providing detailed information shortly after large earthquakes. Learn more at: http://www.iris.edu/hq/retm
Dynamical Stress Analysis of Tectonic Earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara and its po...IJERA Editor
Some strong earthquakes are associated with increasing of volcanic activity in near and also in far field. This research is to investigate the effect of the tectonic earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara Island area towards the October 25th,2015 eruption of Mt. Rinjani, Indonesia. Three earthquakes occurred before the eruptions; Mw 5 Sumba earthquake on June 10th 2015, Mw 5.8 South of Java earthaquake July 26th, 2016 and Mw 5 South of Bali on August 6th, 2015. In theory, dynamical stress transfer can be calculated by analyzing synthetic seismogram as a waveform simulation at the volcano and the change of dynamical stress can be calculated with the finitedifference numerical method. Our result indicates that the dynamic stress value is still below the threshold value that can trigger eruptions. Simulation of three earthquakes by varying the magnitude of each earthquake shows that dynamic stress changes will surpass the threshold at Mw 7.5. As all the earthquake that used in this study have magnitude smaller then the threshold, it can be concluded that the eruption of Mount Rinjani was triggered by internal factors, and very unlikely triggered by tyhe earthquake we investigated in this study.
Incorporated Research Institue for Seismology does an amazing job at providing detailed information shortly after large earthquakes. Learn more at: http://www.iris.edu/hq/retm
Earthquake and its predictions. by engr. ghulam yasin taunsviShan Khan
Earthquakes occur where tectonic plates meet, called faults.
California lies on one of the most active faults in the world, the San Andreas Fault.
Methods for predicting earthquakes on these faults vary, none of them being 100% accurate.
Predictions are generally given for a time frame instead of an exact date
A massive earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015 destroyed many thousands of buildings, including family homes, schools, temples, monasteries and shrines. These losses are catastrophic in a country where the per capita income is less than two dollars a day. In the aftermath of the earthquake, The whole world has to put effort to provide immediate help for those most in need as well as long-term rebuilding.
Mapping Recent Earthquake In Nepal and Its Geo-spatial ImpactsBijesh Mishra
Nepal is located in tectonically active zone in-between three main fault lines: The Main Central Thrust, The Main Boundary Fault and The Siwaliks and The Himalayan Frontal Fault running parallel through the country resulting Indian Plate under Eurasian Plate. This country is hit by major earthquakes in every 80 to 100 years resulting into heavy losses of lives, properties and historical and world heritage sites. The story maps developed using ArcGIS online demonstrate the recent 7.6 MW Richter scale earthquake devastated locations and its major destruction in infrastructure, human lives, landscape , and impacts on human settlement and out-migration.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. A magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurred with an epicenter 77 km
(48 miles) northwest of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal that is
home to nearly 1.5 million inhabitants. The earthquake flattened
homes, buildings and temples, causing widespread damage across
the region and killing more than 2,300 and injuring more than 5,000.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
Rescue workers remove
debris as they search for
victims of earthquake in
Bhaktapur near Kathmandu,
Nepal. A major earthquake
shook Nepal's capital and the
densely populated
Kathmandu Valley before
noon Saturday, causing
extensive damage with
toppled walls and collapsed
buildings, officials said.
(AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
2. The earthquake centered outside Kathmandu, the capital, was
the worst to hit Nepal in over 80 years. It destroyed swaths of
the oldest neighborhoods of Kathmandu and severely damaged
three Unesco World Heritage sites. The earthquake was strong
enough to be felt all across parts of India, Bangladesh, China's
region of Tibet and Pakistan.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
Image courtesy of the BBC
Reports of damage
and injuries are still
being confirmed.
The situation is
unclear in remote
areas which remain
cut off or hard to
access. Many
mountain roads are
damaged or blocked
by landslides.
3. Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
People approach
the scene after
an avalanche
triggered by a
massive
earthquake swept
across Everest
Base Camp,
Nepal on
Saturday, April
25, 2015.
(AP Photo/ Azim
Afif)
The earthquake triggered a major avalanche on the south slopes of Mt. Everest,
located approximately 160 km east-northeast of the epicenter. The avalanche
destroyed the base camp, where climbers were waiting for a break in the weather to
ascend the mountain. According to reports, the avalanche killed at least 17 people
and injured 61 others.
4. Modified Mercalli Intensity
Perceived
Shaking
Extreme
Violent
Severe
Very Strong
Strong
Moderate
Light
Weak
Not Felt
USGS Estimated shaking Intensity from M 7.8 Earthquake
The Modified Mercalli Intensity
(MMI) scale depicts shaking
severity. The area nearest
Katmandu experienced very
strong to severe shaking.
Image courtesy of the US Geological Survey
Shaking Intensity
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
5. USGS PAGER
Population Exposed to Earthquake Shaking
Image courtesy of the US Geological Survey
The color coded contour lines outline regions of MMI intensity.
The total population exposure to a given MMI value is obtained by
summing the population between the contour lines. The estimated
population exposure to each MMI Intensity is shown in the table.
The USGS PAGER map shows the population
exposed to different Modified Mercalli Intensity
(MMI) levels.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
Nearly 5.3 million people
experienced severe
ground shaking during
this earthquake.
6. The earthquake activity in Nepal is caused by the ongoing
continent-continent collision between India and Asia. That
collision has produced the Himalaya Mountains and the
Tibetan Plateau. The collision zone wraps around the
northwest promontory of the Indian continent in the Hindu
Kush region of Tajikistan and Afghanistan then extends to
the southeast through Nepal and Bhutan.
The motion of India into Asia is essentially
perpendicular to the Himalaya Mountains in
Nepal. So thrust faulting earthquakes are the
most common kind of earthquake in the central
Himalayan region.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
7. This earthquake occurred as the
result of thrust faulting between the
subducting Indian Plate and the
overriding Eurasian Plate to the
north.
At the location of this earthquake the
Indian Plate is converging with
Eurasia at a rate of 45 mm/yr towards
the north-northeast, driving the uplift
of the Himalayas and the Tibetan
Plateau.
USGS Centroid
Moment Tensor
Solution
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
The tension axis (T) reflects the minimum compressive stress direction.
The pressure axis (P) reflects the maximum compressive stress direction.
8. Northward underthrusting of India beneath
Eurasia generates numerous earthquakes and
consequently makes this area one of the most
seismically hazardous on Earth.
This earthquake hazard map illustrates the peak ground
acceleration expected to be exceeded with 10%
probability during a 50-year period. The dark red zones
indicate accelerations of about 0.5g where g=acceleration
of gravity.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
Seismic Hazard Image courtesy of the US Geological Survey
9. This map shows epicenters
of earthquakes since 1990
(>M4) within the India – Asia
collision zone. Note the belt
of earthquakes along and
south of the Himalaya
Mountains sweeping through
Nepal (yellow outline).
Four earthquakes >M6 have
occurred within 250 km of the
April 25 earthquake over the
past century. The largest
included a M6.9 in August
1988 and a M8.0 in 1934
which severely damaged
Kathmandu. The 1934
earthquake is thought to
have caused around 10,600
fatalities.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
M7.8
April 25, 2015
Map created using the IRIS Earthquake Browser:
10. This map shows the
magnitude 7.8 earthquake
(mainshock) and the
distribution of 40 aftershocks
of magnitude 4 or larger that
occurred over the following
27 hours.
The aftershock distribution
outlines the rupture zone of
the mainshock. The rupture
during the mainshock
initiated beneath the
epicenter and propagated
toward the southeast.
On the next slide, a map of
fault displacement during the
earthquake is superimposed
on this same map.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
Map created using the IRIS Earthquake Browser:
www.iris.edu/ieb
M7.8
April 25, 2015
20 km
11. Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
20 km
5
10
15
20
30
40
25
50
60
Kathmandu
This map shows fault
displacement during this
earthquake. The red star is
the epicenter while the purple
arrow shows the direction of
rupture propagation towards
the southeast. Contours
show the rupture front in
5 second increments after
rupture initiation. Small red
arrows show the direction and
amount of motion of the rocks
above the fault with respect to
the rocks below the fault.
The amount of slip is shown
by color of shading.
Maximum fault displacement
of about 3 meters occurred in
the rupture zone about 20 km
north of Kathmandu.
12. Because it is built in a basin underlain by lake
sediment, Kathmandu was particularly
vulnerable during this earthquake. The city is
located in a broad valley surrounded by the
Himalayas. This valley was formerly the site
of a lake within which river delta and lake
sediment accumulated to thickness of about
100 meters.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
Simplified geologic cross-section of the Kathmandu Valley showing basin-fill sediments. Lakebed
deposits are labeled “lacustrine” whereas sediments deposited by rivers are labeled “fluvial”. After
Sakai et al. Pleistocene rapid uplift of the Himalayan frontal ranges recorded in the Kathmandu and
Siwalik basins, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 241, p.1 6–27, 2006.
13. This earthquake was destructive due to
both the shallow depth (15 km), and the fact
that Kathmandu lies in a basin filled with
about 2000 feet of soft sediment.
Sedimentary basins can have a large effect
on ground motion above them. Earthquake
waves travel at high velocity through the
stiff, crystalline rock of the crust but slow
dramatically when entering the basin. This
increases the amplitude of the earthquake
waves within the basin fill. In addition, the
sharp density contrast of the soft basin
rocks with surrounding material can cause
waves to reflect, trapping energy in the
basin for a period of time. This extends the
duration of shaking.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
14. Direct P and S waves cannot travel to stations at an epicentral distance
Δ > 103° because of the large decrease in wave velocities across the
boundary between the mantle and the liquid outer core. There is a
"shadow zone" for direct P waves in the range 103° < Δ < 140°.
The S-wave shadow zone exists for Δ > 103° because the liquid outer
core blocks S waves that cannot travel through liquids.
The record of the earthquake on the Mt Tabor Middle School seismometer (MTOR) is illustrated below.
Portland is about 11,355 km (~7055 miles, 102.3 degrees) from the location of this earthquake.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
15. Image and
text courtesy
of the US
Geological
Survey
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
A magnitude 6.7 aftershock was felt
on Sunday in Nepal, India and
Bangladesh, and more avalanches
were reported near Mt. Everest.
Aftershocks following the magnitude
7.8 mainshock have resulted in
additional damage and have been a
major disruption to recovery efforts.
Aftershock sequences follow
predictable patterns as a group,
although the individual earthquakes
are themselves not predictable. The
graph shows how the number of
aftershocks and the magnitude of
aftershocks decay with increasing
time since the main shock. The
number of aftershocks also
decreases with distance from the
main shock.
Image modified from the Guardian
16. Teachable Moments are a service of
IRIS Education & Public Outreach
and
The University of Portland
Magnitude 7.8 NEPALMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL
Saturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTCSaturday, April 25, 2015 at 06:11:26 UTC
Editor's Notes
Shaking intensity scales were developed to standardize the measurements and ease comparison of different earthquakes. The Modified-Mercalli Intensity scale is a twelve-stage scale, from I to XII. Lower numbers represent imperceptible shaking while XII represents total destruction.
The USGS PAGER map shows the population exposed to different Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) levels. MMI describes the severity of an earthquake in terms of its effect on humans and structures and is a rough measure of the amount of shaking at a given location.